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The settlement of the United States has occupied
traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner developed his Frontier Thesis, a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion. From the perspective of women’s history, Turner’s exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a major drawback: his defenders and critics alike have reconstructed men’s, not women’s, lives on the frontier. However, precisely because of this masculine orientation, revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women’s experience introduces new themes into women’s history—woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur—and, consequently, new interpretations of women’s relationship to capital, labor, and statute.(准确的解释??)

Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture, and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality. He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell. In their works these authors tended to glorify women’s contributions to frontier life. Western women, in Turnerian tradition, were a fiercely independent, capable, and durable lot, free from the constraints binding their eastern sisters. This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals, free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist attitudes. In Turnerian terminology, the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”

By the middle of the twentieth century, the Frontier Thesis
fell into disfavor among historians. Later, Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the live of women in the East. In one now-standard text, Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey.(准确的解释???) Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.

4. According to the passage, Turner makes which of the following connections in his Frontier Thesis?

5. It can be inferred that which of the following statements is consistent with the Reactionist position as it is described in the passage?

(A) Continuity, not change, marked women’s lives as they moved from East to West.

(B) Women’s experience on the North American frontier has not received enough attention from modern historians.

(D) Gender relations were more difficult for women in the West than they were in the East.

(E) Women on the North American frontier adopted new roles while at the same time reaffirming traditional roles.

(A) A current interpretation of a phenomenon is described and then ways in which it was developed are discussed.

(B) Three theories are presented and then a new hypothesis that discounts those theories is described.

(D) A controversial theory is discussed and then viewpoints both for and against it are described.

(E) A phenomenon is described and then theories concerning its correctness are discussed.

这篇文章有描写"ways in which it has been revised are described",我觉得D会不会相对好一些呢?

7. Which of the following is true of the Stasist School as it is described in the passage?

(A) It provides new interpretations of women’s relationship to work and the law.

(B) It resolves some of the ambiguities inherent in Turnerian and Reactionist thought.

(D) It avoids extreme positions taken by other writers on women’s history.

(E) It was the first school of thought to suggest substantial revisions to the Frontier Thesis.

以下是引用dursy在2006-8-26 18:12:00的发言：

这篇文章基本未讨论过,可我却错了很多,恳请NN 帮忙看看吧

Passage 28 (28/63)

Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture, and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality. He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell. In their works these authors tended to glorify women’s contributions to frontier life. Western women, in Turnerian tradition, were a fiercely independent, capable, and durable lot (a number of associated persons: SET), free from (free from: adv.没有...的) the constraints binding their eastern sisters. This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals, free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist (sexist: n.男性至上主义者) attitudes. In Turnerian terminology, the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”

By the middle of the twentieth century, the Frontier Thesis
fell into (fall into: v.落入, 陷于(混乱,错误等)) disfavor among historians. Later, Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the live of women in the East. In one now-standard text, Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey.(准确的解释???) Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.

4. According to the passage, Turner makes which of the following connections in his Frontier Thesis?

I. A connection between American individualism and economic equality

II. A connection between geographical expansion and social change

III. A connection between social change and financial prosperity

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) I and II only（D）

(E) I, II and III

II是从哪儿定位出来的???

答：第4题定位于文章第二段开头：Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture, and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality. （I） He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change （II）.

为什么frontier=geographical expansion, 请见文章第一段的定义： ...Frontier Thesis, a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion.

5. It can be inferred that which of the following statements is consistent with the Reactionist position as it is described in the passage?

(A) Continuity, not change, marked women’s lives as they moved from East to West.

(B) Women’s experience on the North American frontier has not received enough attention from modern historians.

(D) Gender relations were more difficult for women in the West than they were in the East.（D）

(E) Women on the North American frontier adopted new roles while at the same time reaffirming traditional roles.

哪儿可以定位到D ???

答：定位于文章第三段：Later, Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that
intensified the worst aspects of gender relations.

6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A current interpretation of a phenomenon is described and then ways in which it was developed are discussed.

(B) Three theories are presented and then a new hypothesis that discounts those theories is described.

(D) A controversial theory is discussed and then viewpoints both for and against it are described.（C）

(E) A phenomenon is described and then theories concerning its correctness are discussed.

这篇文章有描写"ways in which it has been revised are described",我觉得D会不会相对好一些呢?

答：我也不明白。

7. Which of the following is true of the Stasist School as it is described in the passage?

(A) It provides new interpretations of women’s relationship to work and the law.

(B) It resolves some of the ambiguities inherent in Turnerian and Reactionist thought.

(D) It avoids extreme positions taken by other writers on women’s history.（D）

(E) It was the first school of thought to suggest substantial revisions to the Frontier Thesis.

为什么选D ,我选了A ,郁闷!!!???

答：定位于第三段：The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped （avoid, to move out of the way of) the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the live of women in the East.