as,like,despite(of),although,except(for),besides,with怎么用... - ChaseDream

2. despite(of),although,except(for),besides,with 应该引导从句还是短语？还是都可以？

請問carolhide在哪裡下LONGMAN字典的电子版阿？...in addition, 在哪裡可以找到GWD31对应GWD13题号之讨论区?(我觉得GWD31有些答案怪怪的.....)

以下是引用carolhide在2006-8-26 14:33:00的发言：
建议LZ去下LONGMAN字典的电子版。

以下是引用晴天小狗在2006-8-26 11:44:00的发言：

1.as & like

as is a conjunction that may introduce a subordinate clause;

like is a preposition that may introduce a phrase

我只知道这些，请问还有什么用法呢？各表达什么意思

Like (verb)
1. not used in progressive forms
Like  is one of those verbs which are not usually used in progressive forms (see PS1)even when we are talking aobut temporary present events.
‘What do you think of the soup?’  ‘I like it.’  (NOT…I’'m liking it.’)

2. not used without an object
Like  cannot normally be used without an object.
‘How do you feel about ballet?’  I like it.’  (NOT …’I like.’)
‘Do you like music?’  “Yes, I do.’ (NOT…..’Yes, I like.’)

3. position of adverbs
Note that very much  does not come between like and its object.
I like you and your sister very much.
OR I very much like you and your sister.  (NOT I like very much you and your sister.)
I very much like going to parties and meeting people.  (NOT I like very much going….)

4. like + verb
In American English, like + infinitive is used either to talk about enjoyment and to talk about choices and habits.  Compare:
I like climbing mountains.(more typically British English) = I like to climb mountains. (more typically US)
When I’m pouring tea I like to put the milk in first.

Not like to  can mean ‘think it better not to’
‘Why didn’t you tell me before?’ ‘I didn’t like to disturb you while you were having breakfast.’
Like  can be followed by object + verb form.
I don’t like people phoning me in the middle of the night.
She likes people to feel at home when they stay with her.

5. would like
The conditional would like (+ infinitive) is often used as a polite way of saying ‘want’, especially in requests and offers.
I’d like two kilos of tomatoes, please.
‘Would you like to dance?’ ‘Yes, OK.’  (NOT ‘Would you like dancing?’…)
Do you like…?  is not used in this way.  (NOT Do you like some more coffee?)
To can be used instead of repeating a whole infinitive.
‘How about playing tennis?’ ‘I’d like to.’
Polite requests often begin if you would like….;   the following clause is sometimes dropped.
If you would like to take a seat, I’ll see if Mr Smithers is free.
If you would like to come this way.
Would is sometimes dropped in this structure.
If you like to come this way

6. if you like etc
In subordinate clauses after if, any, as soon as, who(ever), what(ever), when(ever), where, wherever andhow(ever), we often use like  to mean ‘want (to)’. Note that to is not used.
‘Can I go now?’ ‘If you like.’ (NOT If you like to.)
Do it any way you like.    Come when you like.
You can sit wherever you like

like and as (Similarity, function)

We can used like or as to say that things are similar.

1.  Similarity: Like (preposition)
Like  is similar to a preposition.  We use it before a noun or pronoun.
like + noun/pronoun
You look like your sister.  (Not .... as your sister.)
He rain like the wind.
Like his brother, he is a vegetarian.
She's dressed just like me.
We can use very , quite  and other adverbs of degree to modify like.
He's very like his father.    She looks a bit like Queen Victoria.
We can use like  to give examples.
She's good at scientific subjects, like mathematics.  (Not ... as mathematics.)
In mountainous countries, like Peru, ....

2. Similarity: as (conjunction)
As  is a conjunction.  We use it before a clause, and before an expression beginning with a preposition.
as + clause
as + prepostion phrase.
Nobody knows her as I do.
We often drink tea with the meal, as they do in China.
In 1939, as in 1914, everybody seemed to want war.
On Friday, as on Tuesday, the meeting will be at 8: 00am.

3. as  with inverted word order.
In a very formal style, as  is sometimes followed by auxiliary verb +subject
She was a Catholic, as were most of her firends.
He believed, as did all his family, that money is everything.

4. as you know etc
Some expressions beginning with as are used to introduce facts which are 'common ground' -- known to both speaker/writer and listener/reader.  Examples are as you know , as we agreed, as you suggested.
As you know, next Tuesday's meeting has been cancelled.
I am sending you the bill for the repairs, as we agreed.
There are some passive expressions of this kind -- for example as is well known; as was agreed.  Note that there is  no subject it   after as in these expressions.
As is well known, more people get colds in wet weather.  (NOT As it is well known....)
I am sending you the bill, as was agreed.  (NOT....as it was agreed.)

5. comparison with as  and  like  after negatives:
After a negative clause, a comparison with as or like usually refers only to the positive part.
I don't smoke, like Mary.  (Mary smokes.)
I am not a Conservative, like Mary.  (Mary is a Conservbative.)
Before a negative clause, the comparison refers to the whole clause.
Like Mary, I don't smoke. (Mary doesn't somke.)

6. function or role: as  used as a preposition.
Another use of as  is to say what function or role a person or thing has -- what jobs people do, what purposes things are used for, what category they belong to, etc.  In this case, as  is used like a preposition, before a noun.
He worked as a manager for two years.  (not ... like a manager)
Please don't use that knife as a screwdriver.
A crocodile starts life as an egg.

compare this use of as with like.
As your brother, I must warn you to be careful. (i'm your brother.)
Like your brother, I must warn you to be careful. (i'm not your brother, but he and I have similar attitudes.)

PS1: common non-progressive verbs
Here is a list of some common verbs which are not often used in progressive forms (or which are not used in progressive forms with certain meanings.)

Mental and emotional states
Believe, doubt, feel (= ‘have an opinion’), imagine, know, (dis)like, love, hate, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, see(=’understand’), suppose, think(=’have an opinion’), understand, want, wish

Use of the senses
Appear, hear, look (=’seem’), see, seem, smell, sound, taste.

Communicating and causing reactions
Agree, astonish, deny, disagree, impress, mean, please, promise, satisfy, surprise

Other
Be, belong, concern, consist, contain, depend, deserve, fit, include, involve, lack, matter, measure(=’have length etc’), need, owe, own, possess, weigh(=’have weight’)

PS2: likely is an adjective
Some words ending in –ly are adjectives, and not normally adverbs. Common examples: costly, cowardly, deadly, friendly, likely, lively, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly, unlikely

　　「语法难点精析之besides，but，except，exept for，excepting，apart from的区别」

　　（1）besides与except前者表示＂除。。。以外，还有。。。＂；后者表示＂从整体中除去。。。＂这个大家都知道，就不举例子了。

　　All the essays are well written except Nelson‘s. Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同类事物，所以用except.

b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用except for，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾。

　　eg：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes. a few spelling mistakes（除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同类的事物。

　　（3）apart from具有多重意义：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，还可以表示without的意思eg：

　　The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.（=except）

　　There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知。（＝without）

（4）excepting =except，但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等词之后

eg：Excepting his brother，they are all right. Everyone，not excepting myself，must share the blame. All of us，without excepting those who know more about the subject，should study. All my brothers com here every day，always excepting the youngest.

（5）but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，nobody等词以后及all，none之后

eg：The children go to school everyday but Sunday. They are all gone but me. You can get the book anywhere but here. There is no one but me. Who but George would do such a thing？