E. including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of [D]
这道语法题虽然选对，但对其中的语法现象至今困惑。按很多语法准则，动名词including应该就近修饰名词population似乎有修饰歧义，
The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then
determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.
还有一道逻辑题，无意间注意到在句首的动名词与逻辑主语也不匹配；
希望CD NN能够可以拨开云雾
GWD-3-Q3:
The other choices all have serious problem: A and B should use "include"; C clearly violates parallelism; E also violates parallelism by omitting "the" before "requiring". Therefore D is the only possible choice. Admittedly, "including" does introduce certain degree of ambiguity, but the rule there is not clear-cut.
GWD-12-Q29:
There is indeed a problem. However, this is not the only instance in CR and RC. It is not important, so don't read too much into that -- it certainly doesn't imply that such problem is tolerated in SC.
GWD-3-Q3:
为什么用INCLUDE而不是用单数呢？不是非限定性定语从句吗？
还是看 a number of remedies?
E. including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of [D]
这道语法题虽然选对，但对其中的语法现象至今困惑。按很多语法准则，动名词including应该就近修饰名词population似乎有修饰歧义，
the key point here is to clarify what is talking about here.The key words here is "remedies " the aim of which is to reverse the populations of the shark.So the word "including" ,a present participle, works as adverbial modifier to explain the details of remedies mentioned above.And then use the parrallelism tools to test the rest part of the choices ,D and E.You wil found D is the best one you can chose in this group of choices.
The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then
determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.
还有一道逻辑题，无意间注意到在句首的动名词与逻辑主语也不匹配；
here,the logical subjection is "the age of the ocean".To make the sentence more clear ,you can relocated the parts of it.The structure here can be expressed as " the age of .... can be estimated by doing ...and (then) doing ".Now you can find out the meaning more clear.
迟了回复，还是要感谢前面的NN们在这里发贴，虽然心头的疑云还是挥之不去，麻烦CD牛牛们再看几例
The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry is universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally she deals with racial issues.
A is universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally she deals
OG229. The colorization of black-and-white films by
computers is defended by those who own the film rights, for the process can mean increased revenues for them; many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.
(A) which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue
(B) which they liken to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it
(C) which they liken to lipstick put on a Greek statue
(D) likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put
on it
(E) likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue(E)
likening的逻辑主语是many others吧，那么likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue应该是伴随状语吧，谁能具体分析分析
Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.
为什么这里的动名词结构“viewing xxx”是做定语修饰policy maker 而不是像前例那样做伴随状语对
“Many financial experts believe” 进行补充和说明；这样不是也会产生歧义吗
另外，
OG44.
Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
(A)Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heart-beats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
(B)
Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.
(C)
Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of
pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler
ultrasound device.
(D)By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heartbeats
can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound
device by a physician.
(E)
Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
Choice A presents a dangling modifier. The phrase beginning the sentence has no noun that it can logically modify and hence cannot fit anywhere in the sentence and make sense. Coming first, it modifies heartbeats, the nearest free noun in the main clause; that is, choice A says that the heartbeats are using the Doppler ultrasound device. Choice B contains the same main clause and dangling modifier, now at the end. Contrary to intent, the wording in choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats. In choice D the phrase using ... device should follow physician, the noun it modifies. Choice E is best.
OG 里明确表示动名词结构在句首（包括带介词的动名词结构，i.e. in assessing the xx, by implementing xx）与主句中的逻辑主语是要保持一致的
以上各例除非完全如楼主2所言”Admittedly, "including" does introduce certain degree of ambiguity, but the rule there is not clear-cut.”，这样有点爱钻牛角尖的我才会有些释然；或者说事物本身就是矛盾的，GMAT也无法超越；ETS就是在肯定与否定中不断的创造和检验着某种标准。。。。。。又晕
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