No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a Democrat. No Democrat both spoke at the convention and was a senator.
Which one of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn from the statements above?
(A) No one but senators spoke at the convention.
(B) No Democrat spoke at the convention.
(C) Only Democrats spoke at the convention.
(D) No senator spoke at the convention.（D）
(E) Some Democrat senators spoke at the convention.
这道题是LSAT题型，如果不用推理链我能根据句意理解作对，但是想总结方法需要整理出推理链。Help!
我的理解：
根据第一句话A unless B推出/A--->B 即Senator not speak-àDemocrat
根据第二句话 Democrat-àsenator but not speak
Democrat-à not Senator but speak
之后就不会联系起来了。在需要怎么联系来分析呢？按照这个推理链好像C也可以推出阿，很困惑。请帮忙，在线等。多谢大家指导
No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a Democrat. -->
Only Democrats senators might spoke at the convention.
No Democrat both spoke at the convention and was a senator.-->No democrats senators spoke at the convention.
so no senators spoke at the convention.
2楼的分析又有点看不明白：
No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a Democrat. -->
Only Democrats senators might spoke at the convention.
No Democrat both spoke at the convention and was a senator.-->No democrats senators spoke at the convention.
由上面两个分析好像不能直接推出 so no senators spoke at the convention. 而且，no senators spoke at the convention.与Only Democrats senators might spoke at the convention.似乎有点矛盾，因为后面时说只有民主党的参议员才可以。。。。，而前面确是 没有参议员可以。。。。 从本题目来看A,B,C,E是可以排除的 。。但我觉得答案D好像也不是很严谨！！ 个人意见，请不要bs... 呵呵
so no senators spoke at the convention.
而且，no senators spoke at the convention.与Only Democrats senators might spoke at the convention.似乎有点矛盾，因为后面时说只有民主党的参议员才可以。。。。，而前面确是 没有参议员可以。。。。
从本题目来看A,B,C,E是可以排除的 。。但我觉得答案D好像也不是很严谨！！
个人意见，请不要bs... 呵呵
不要套用别人整理的路子，用自己的，只有自己路数的才是最适合自己的。
看不懂题的就做的情况下那多数都是在蒙了，推理链总结的再好也是没用的，毕竟逻辑的前提就要准确的掌握句子意思。
多谢caterpillarcn
有空的话再帮我看看这三道题，我下午另外发的可还没有人回复我呢。多谢你啦
4. At one time, European and Japanese companies tried to imitate their American rivals. Today, American appliance manufacturers import European scientists to lead their research staffs; American automakers design cars that mimic the styling of German, Italian, and French imports; and American electronics firms boast in their advertising of “Japanese-style” devotion to quality and reliability. In the world of high technology,
Each of the following statements, if true, would help to support the claim above EXCEPT:
(A) An American camera company claims in its promotional literature to produce cameras “as fine as the best Swiss imports.”
(B) An American maker of stereo components designs its products to resemble those of a popular Japanese firm.
(C) An American manufacturer of video games uses a brand name chosen because it sounds like a Japanese word.
(D) An American maker of televisions studies German-made televisions in order to adopt German manufacturing techniques.（E）
(E) An American maker of frozen foods advertises its dinners as “Real European-style entrees prepared by fine French and Italian chefs.”
答案是E，我选的D不明白为什么E 。感觉E确实有支持结论的作用啊？反倒是D感觉不像支持，因为老美采用德国的技术他可以生产美国产品并打美国产旗帜并不一定说美lost the battle for international prestige.如果说一定要选E是因为frozen food不属于high technology，属于out of scope对吗？不知道这样理解对不对？nn帮忙分析一下。thanks!
An unbiased observer of everyday encounters in Western societies would surely not find many instances of unkindness by people under 65 toward people over 65. There are undoubtedly incidents of unkindness based on age, and these warrant reproof. However, the very fact that such reproof occurs and is generally accepted implies that our Western societies basically respect the elderly. The same conclusion can be drawn from a recent survey finding: 71 percent of the under 65 population agreed with the statement that “people over 65 receive too little respect from society”, while only 44 percent of the over-65 population, the target of the alleged irreverence agreed with it.
The author concludes that Western societies basically respect the elderly partly because
(A) people under 65 are just as kind to people over 65 as they are to people of their own age group
(B) survey data suggest that fewer people over 65 than under 65 get too little respect
(C) disrespect for the elderly does not go so far as to result in actual harm
(D) survey data suggest that people over 65 are more aware of incidents involving disrespect to the elderly than are people under 65（E）
(E) incidents of unkindness to the elderly are neither common nor generally accepted in Western societies
Why not D?我觉得E说不通呢？感觉是无关选项耶，帮我分析一下好吗？
23. The function of government is to satisfy the genuine wants of the masses, and government cannot satisfy those wants unless it is informed about what those wants are. Freedom of speech ensures that such information will reach the ears of government officials. Therefore, freedom of speech is indispensable for a healthy state.
Which one of the following, if true, would NOT undermine the conclusion of the argument?
(A) People most often do not know what they genuinely want.
(B) Freedom of speech tends ultimately to undermine social order, and social order is a prerequisite for satisfying the wants of the masses.
(C) The proper function of government is not to satisfy wants, but to provide equality of opportunity.
(D) Freedom of speech is not sufficient for satisfying the wants of the masses: social order is necessary as well.（D）
(E) Rulers already know what the people want.
答案是D，我猜是因为削弱了必要条件freedom of speech而不是直接削弱conclusion。这样理解对吗？
E为什么不对呢？帮我分析一下如何理解E进行了削弱conclusion.好吗？多谢各位
4.结论： In the world of high technology,
D 没错，老美研究德国人的电视来学习他们的技术。
是说high tech，E中是说food, 不沾边的。
作者讲不尊重老人的事情在西方很少发生，即使有时候发生了也受到谴责（不被接受），然后引用了一个survey作例子。
E 正好是作者文中概括的。
D 文中根本没提到。文中提到的是，认为65岁以上老人受到尊重太少的人中，65岁一下的比例要大过65岁以上的。
23 注意结论里是讲freedom of speech is indispensable
for a healthy state, 就是说是必不可少的，如果没有freedom of speech，就没有healthy state。
E 政府已经知道了人们要什么，所以freedom of speech就不是一个必须条件了，因为即使没有它，也可以有healthy state。
D 是讲freedom of speech不足够，但是并不代表说freedom of speech是dispensable的。所以没有消弱。
恩，都明白了。第一题是应该用high tech来进行排除food，这样就比较容易得到E.第二题应该紧扣原文用有关无关排除就对了，D确实没有说到。第三题关键就在必要条件那里。我还是需要强化这个充分必要条件的练习。
实在太感谢你了caterpillarcn，跟你学了好多。以后还会向你多请教的，多谢你的帮忙！
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