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标题: feifei-96,FEIFEI-97(95的最后一句似乎有误) [打印本页]

作者: cranberry 时间: 2003-10-9 20:52
标题: feifei-96,FEIFEI-97(95的最后一句似乎有误)
96. Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fundraisers or backroom strategists, but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative. As a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power-sharing, which are inherent in politics.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weaken the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president?
(A) Many of the most active presidential fundraisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians.
(B) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power-sharing than are business executives.
(C) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader.
(D) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office.
(E) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president.

96解答 B
A）无关选项
B）由于题目中认为商人不象军人、律师和职业政治家成为参选人的主要原因在于可以带来商业成功的个性和技巧并不能带来政治上的成功（此为论点），比如政治要求合作，而商场上是等级分明，因此商人对政治上司空见惯的让步和权力分享感到很不舒服。题目要求削弱，选项举出新的论据来削弱原论点，即商人讨厌分权等等不是导致他们不参选的原因，因为同样是讨厌分权的军人也经常参选。
C）无关选项
D）有一点反驳的暗示，但非常不确定
E）无关选项

97. A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle’s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements---earth, air, fire, and water---satisfied the first requirement, but it did not make any definite predictions. Thus, Aristotle’s cosmological theory was not a good theory.
If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT:
(A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory
(B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle’s cosmological theory.
(C) For elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simple enough to meet the simplicity criterion of a good theory.
(D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory.
(E) Aristotle’s cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements.

97解答 B
A）和文中表述一致
B）亚里士多德关于四种元素的理论只满足第一个标准，即可以描述很多的观察到的现象，而不满足第二个标准，这个选项和文章意思相反。
C）一致
D）一致
E）一致

95. Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams conducted by single researchers.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers.
(B) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received.
(C) The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports.
(D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are produced by international collaboration.
(E) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers.

作者: bobomomo 时间: 2004-10-28 01:02

觉得96 T 的思路是- 文章把结论- 商人不参选，而LAWYER 什么的参选，归结于这两类的不同 ---- 商人不舒服那些POWERSHARING 什么的（就暗示了，LAWYER 什么的舒服）， WEAKEN 的方式-就把这钟不同说成是相同----- 两类人其实都不COMFORTABLE ，否定了原因，暗示一定是其他原因导致商人不去参选

不知这种思路正确否

作者: honeytt 时间: 2004-10-28 01:27
Answer for Q1, in the article, it says that business man enjoys power-sharing. In fact, militory leader is in a strong sense of power sharing compare to business man. So the argument explains the reason why business man does not become president is not precise. Therefore, choice B with militory leader will be the most choice to weaken the explaination from the author.

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-11 14:15
97. 为什么 A 不对呢？

作者: leeon 时间: 2004-11-11 14:21

根据原文A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.

得到推倒：a good scientific theory －>accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements 和 make definite predictions about the results of future observations。

A刚好是a good scientific theory －>predictions about the results of future observations。所以符合原文。

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-11 14:32

原文是 and it must make DEFINITE predictions about the results of future observations.

而 A 是 predictions, 区别在于 definite 不见了！所以对 A 的理解可以是只要是 prediction, 不管却不确定，都必须用科学理论推出，这不是和原文不符么？应该是把原文的概念扩大了，except 题， A 有原文推不出的，就应该选它了。

谢谢 Leeon!

作者: leeon 时间: 2004-11-11 14:38
明确的预言也是预言啊。所以A一定能推出。

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-12 02:05

重贴 97 题，字大一点好读。

97. A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle’s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements---earth, air, fire, and water---satisfied the first requirement, but it did not make any definite predictions. Thus, Aristotle’s cosmological theory was not a good theory.
If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT:
(A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory
(B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle’s cosmological theory.
(C) For elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simple enough to meet the simplicity criterion of a good theory.
(D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory.
(E) Aristotle’s cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements.

B 太明显了，就是答案。现在讨论 A. A 也像答案。

Let me juxtapose the premises and choice A:

原文：A scientific theory is a good theory if it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.

选项(A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory

为了比较方便，将上述两句简化：

原文：A scientific theory is a good theory IF it must make definite predictions 可以理解为

选项(A) Prediction must be made by any good scientific theory

我看见的区别在于， prediction（总集合）包括了 definite prediction （子集）, 所以选项 A 偷换概念，而且延拓太多。Prediction MUST be made ... 既然广义化了，那就不需要 MUST 来强调非要 good scientific theory 来预测，随便在大街上抓个人作个prediction, 也是 prediction 呀。

并且，原文末句专门指出 "but it did not make any definite predictions".

所以， A 是由原文所推不出的。这道题出的不严密。

大家再看看？

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-11-12 2:53:08编辑过]

作者: lawyer_1 时间: 2004-11-12 06:35
如果有人说上哈佛GMAT必须考800分是对的。那麽上哈佛GMAT必须考高分就一定对了。反过来就不对了。

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-12 08:38

800 分是高分的子集。 A -> B, and C 包含于 B, So, A -> C. OK.

Lawyer, 不要那么抽象么，就事论事，我的推理有道理吧。

好感谢！

作者: lawyer_1 时间: 2004-11-12 10:08
当然不对了。再举个例：这里所有人（A）是学生（B）。你能推出这里所有人（A）是女学生（C）吗。C（女学生）包含于B（学生）

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-12 10:32

Lawyer, 那您就是认为我在 8 楼的解释时有道理的，是吧？

即，您同意选项 A 不能有原文推出。请明示。

怪我没把问题问清楚，对不起。还得您再视察一下。谢过。

作者: lawyer_1 时间: 2004-11-12 11:01

我看你是转晕了。当然你在8楼的分析是错的。

definite prediction 是子概念。predition是全概念。就像上面例子的女学生和学生一样。这里的人都是女学生，一定能推出这里的人都是学生。好的原理必须作definite prediction ，就一定能推出好的原理必须作 prediction。

作者: lawyer_1 时间: 2004-11-12 11:24

请注意下面的区别：

所有A是B，C是A的子集，所以所有C是B （对）

所有A是B，C是B的子集，所以所有A是C（错）

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-12 22:57

For example:

现有100人，20 人是女学生，80 人是农民。

现考虑 100 人这个整体：

这里的20人都是女学生，一定能推出这里的人都是学生。这个结论就不对了吧。

现考虑 20 名女学生这个整体：

" 这里的人是女学生，一定能推出这里的人都是学生?" 这个结论就对了。

结论：根据你上文的例子不能得出定论。所以我还是很晕菜。

--- " 我看你是转晕了。"

--- 的确是呀。

“请注意下面的区别：

所有A是B，C是A的子集，所以所有C是B （对）

所有A是B，C是B的子集，所以所有A是C（错）”

----- 看得很明白。和题目有什么关系？

原文：A scientific theory is a good theory ------------------ C

IF (1) and (2).

(1) describe a large class of observations in a simple model ------ A

(2) it must make definite predictions ----------------- B

可以理解为 A + B -----> C, 于是就有 C ---> A AND C ---> B.

这个推理没问题吧？这一点我有点不太肯定。请指正。****** Question-1

假设我的理解没有误，那么有 C ---> B， ie.

A good scientific theory must make definite predictions.

好的科学理论一定能得出定论预测。

选项(A) Prediction must be made by any good scientific theory

可以理解为，变为主动语态，

Any good scientific theory must make Predictions.

好的科学理论一定能得出所有的预测。

我们已知：定论预测《= 所有的预测

小节：原文 C---> [subset of B] (定论预测 )

选项（A) C ---> B (所有的预测)

你认为这合理么？ ******** Question - 2

Please help me with Question-1, and Question-2 before pursuing further explainations.

Sincerely appreciate.

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-11-13 0:32:13编辑过]

作者: valarie 时间: 2004-11-13 00:14

Let me try.

Questions 1, I think you are right but the reasoning may include the following,

原文应该是C=>A+B , 所以C=> B (这里的A, B, C 和lawyer 的ABC 所指意思不同） . because A, B 是C的必要条件，所以C=>A+B. 因为原文说"A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements", 即 (if it satisfies two requirements) (D=A+B) => C, 所以我认为A+B 和C是充分必要条件

Question 2, 我觉得你的想法是对的，但是写错了。如果在你的questions 2 中B 代表predictions ，而不是像你前面所说的代表"definite predictions", 那就对了。

因为B (Definite predictions) 是predictions 的自集，所以good theory must make predictions (because good theory must make definite predictions and definite predictions belongs to predictions, so good theory must make predictions)

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-13 00:35

Question 2 终于明白了。

97. A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements:

it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.

"原文应该是C=>A+B"

为什么不是 A + B => C 呢？

作者: leeon 时间: 2004-11-13 00:40
A和B都是C的必要条件，当然有C必有A和B了。所以是C－>A+B.

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-13 01:57

IF A, Then B :: A => B

IF it satisfied A, Then B :: B => A ???

They are all " IF ...., Then ...." structure, how come the understanding is so different?

作者: valarie 时间: 2004-11-13 02:04

A+B=> C 也对，因为这里A+B 和C 是充分必要条件

我们还是用一致的字母吧，

If D, then C : D=>C

If it satisfies D, then C: D=>C, but here D=A+B, and A， B，是two requirements, requirements 是必要条件，前面if D, then C, 说明D 又试C 的充分条件，所以是充分必要。

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-11-13 2:05:52编辑过]

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-13 04:40

oh.... 原来是这样的

感谢！

作者: lawyer_1 时间: 2004-11-13 05:05

争来争去你原来不但没明白大小概念问题，还没明白原文的推理。if 带充分条件。require带必要条件（请注意不是SATISFY带必要条件）。当两者出现在同个句子时，就变成了充分必要条件。VALARIE的理解是对的。

我上面的例子只是解释大小概念在这题中的不是问题。即从小概念能推出大概念。

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-11-13 5:07:44编辑过]

作者: joe11 时间: 2004-11-13 13:55

Thanks, now I know. Appreciate.

Lost in translation ...

作者: foreinter 时间: 2005-9-13 10:50
搞明白了if 和requirement的关系。

作者: xiaoda 时间: 2008-7-3 19:33
up

作者: billding 时间: 2011-8-3 10:23
标题: UP
对于本题，我看了上面的讨论，不是很清晰。我始终认为 A选项不对。举个例子。
北大的学生必须满足两个条件： A高考考上800分；B报了北大。

那么按照 A答案的逻辑：就是高分（800分是高分的子集）的同学肯定是北大的学生。这显然不对，高分的学生也可能是清华的学生！

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