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标题: feifei-62，feifei-73，feifei-76和feifei-74的推理过程，请XDJM多多指点 [打印本页]

作者: liflyy 时间: 2003-10-6 18:30
标题: feifei-62，feifei-73，feifei-76和feifei-74的推理过程，请XDJM多多指点
62. Brushing your teeth regularly no matter which toothpaste you use, will reduce your chances of tooth decay. Scientists have concluded that, when you brush, you reduce tooth decay by removing the film of plaque that forms on teeth and gums. So, you can forget about fluorides: brush your teeth carefully and say goodbye to cavities.
Which one of the following is a criticism of the reasoning in the argument?
(A) Brushing with fluoride toothpaste has been shown to reduce tooth decay.
(B) The fact that brushing will reduce tooth decay does not show that fluorides are of no value.
(C) Few people adequately remove plaque by brushing.
(D) People have plaque on their teeth most of the time.
谁能用第进推理给推一下。这种需要两步以上的推理在GMAT中多么？

73. There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific findings, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientists, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.
Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument?
(A) Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated.
(B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication.
(C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication.
(D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud.
(E) Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone.
我认为A应该是支持呀！正因为很多年都没变，所以才不会影响复制第效果呀。而且这是一个很好得假设，假设不是可看成支持的么，请大侠多指教。
76. Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.
Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?
(A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds.
(B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increase with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction.
(C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.
(D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.
(E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.
我觉得B是无关选项

试根据逻辑链推理。
74. Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.
Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
(A) The quality of child-care will improve.
(B) The cost of providing child-care services will increase.
(C) The government will use funding to foster advances in child-care.
(D) If public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond.
(E) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing childcare will not increase.

One response -> regulation of activity->more expensive->(strained resources)
respond to child service->regulation->more expensive,所以B对，成本上升。我的推理对么？

作者: liflyy 时间: 2003-10-7 09:51
NN们帮我看看吧，我离领悟只差一步了。NOD

作者: dorbear 时间: 2003-10-7 11:14
62. Brushing your teeth regularly, no matter which toothpaste you use, will reduce your chances of tooth decay. Scientists have concluded that, when you brush, you reduce tooth decay by removing the film of plaque that forms on teeth and gums. So you can forget about fluorides: brush your teeth carefully and say goodbye to cavities.

Which one of the following is a criticism of the reasoning in the argument?
(A) Brushing with fluoride toothpaste has been shown to reduce tooth decay.
(B) The fact that brushing will reduce tooth decay does not show that fluorides are of no value.
(C) Few people adequately remove plaque by brushing.
(D) People have plaque on their teeth most of the time.
(E) Scientists have been wrong about fluorides.
谁能用第进推理给推一下。这种需要两步以上的推理在GMAT中多么？
=========================================
这里没有发现多层次的推理，只是一个明显的逻辑错误（False Causal）存在，即一个事实成为一个结果的充分条件，并不排除其它事实也是充分条件的可能。这里刷牙可以防蛀，但这病不能否认其它因素对防止蛀牙的效用。

作者: dorbear 时间: 2003-10-7 11:23
73. There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific findings, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientists, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.
Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument?
(A) Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated.
(B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication.
(C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication.
(D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud.
(E) Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone.
我认为A应该是支持呀！正因为很多年都没变，所以才不会影响复制第效果呀。而且这是一个很好得假设，假设不是可看成支持的么，请大侠多指教。
=======================================================
关键是对“the replication ”的理解；这里是重复验证的含义，学理工的都知道，任何一项实验结果必须是可重复的才能成立；所以如果这种验证要很久以后才能进行，那么不经过确认就发布的实验结论将可能是错误并有害的。

作者: dorbear 时间: 2003-10-7 11:36
74. Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.
Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
(A) The quality of child-care will improve.
(B) The cost of providing child-care services will increase.
(C) The government will use funding to foster advances in child-care.
(D) If public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond.
(E) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing childcare will not increase.

One response -> regulation of activity->more expensive->(strained resources)
respond to child service->regulation->more expensive,所以B对，成本上升。我的推理对么？
=======================================================
没错！

作者: dorbear 时间: 2003-10-7 11:44
76. Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.
Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?
(A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds.
(B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increase with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction.
(C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.
(D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.
(E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.
我觉得B是无关选项
======================================================
两个事件的时间先后并不代表着两个事件之间的因果关系；而（B）恰好给Breeding More Successful 一个合理的理由。本题属于它因存在型削弱。

作者: liflyy 时间: 2003-10-7 11:47
73，论点 officially confirmed 不重要，因为replication。但是A选项说replication可能很多年都不进行，所以R不是一个让科学家不CONFIRM科研成果的理由。这也就是语法书中讲的A无意义，我这样理解对么？

其他两道题还需要NN继续点拨

作者: liflyy 时间: 2003-10-7 22:02
OH,我明白76错在哪啦，论点是第一句话，而我把最后一句话当成论点了，这样中心词找成NESTING了，所以得不到答案。
NESTING->BREEDING 有其他原因导致B

作者: kevinwww 时间: 2004-5-13 14:05

74题：

逻辑推理：

由：public criticism+necessary->only One response -> regulation of activity->more expensive->(strained resources)
可以推出：child service necessary-> respond (->regulation->more expensive) -> cost increase 答案B

而得不出以下推理：

respond -> child-care will improve 答案A（即使行动了，目的也不一定能达到）

respond -> regulation of activity-> use funding to foster advances 答案C（只是很多办法中的一种，而且原文未提到）

strongly voiced(criticism) -> respond答案D（缺少necessary的条件，only one response不等于一定要response）

not regulated -> not increase 答案E（由“A-> B”得不出 “非A-> 非B”，如由2+3=5，推不出不是2+3就不等于5）

分析了4个错误选项，可以得出ETS常考察的几个逻辑错误（有利于排除迷惑选项）

1、结果的多样性：为某一目的而采取的行动，并不一定能达到实现该目的的结果；A

2、唯一性不等于必然性：对一件事物唯一的反应，不等于必然要这样反应（也可能不反应）C

3、办法的多样性：由采取行动得不出一定要采取某个特定的行动 D

4、否命题：由A发生则B发生，得不出A不发生B就一定不发生。（若原命题成立，则逆否命题一定成立，但逆命题和否命题不一定成立。）E

作者: cocoabean 时间: 2004-6-1 02:42
kevin, cool, really good job!

作者: yangyuxiao 时间: 2008-11-12 10:19
多谢了kevin的详细解释~！

作者: hazy_yoo 时间: 2009-2-15 22:56
顶.

作者: xiaoniuren 时间: 2009-8-5 04:36
D

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