89. The argument in the passage relies on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Sandactylus would not have had networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings if these networks were of no use to Sandactylus.
(B) All creatures that fly by flapping their wings have networks of blood vessels in the skin of their wings.
(C) Winged dinosaurs that flapped their wings
t ,, in flight would have been able to fly more effectively than winged dinosaurs that could only glide.
(D) If Sandactylus flew by flapping its wings, then paleontologists would certainly be able to find some evidence that it did so.
(E) Heat generated by Sandactylus in flapping its wings in flight could not have been dispersed by anything other than the blood vessels in its wings.
本题不解为何选A，请ｎｎ帮忙解释一下！！
A is right,
Look at the bold-faced words below:
"Networks of blood vessels in bats' wings serve only to disperse heat generated in flight. This heat is generated only because bats flap their wings." That means that the only use of the networks of blood vessels is for fly. Now the dinosaur Sandactylus had the same kind of network, what do you think? A answers the question.
在bat's的血管系统的出现是为了散热，热是由于扑腾翅膀
在Sandactylus 恐龙的翅膀里也有类似的血管系统，所以Sandactylus 这种恐龙是扑腾翅膀的，不是滑翔的
问：assumption
A：如果这样的血管系统没用是不会出现的。－－－血管就是用来散热的，散扑腾翅膀产生的热
B：所有的扑腾翅膀的动物都有这样的血管系统。－－－现在还不知道Sandactylus 是不是扑腾翅膀
C：讲Sandactylus的飞行和滑行，没有提到血管
D:： 发现Sandactylus飞行的证据，还是无关
E：同B现在还不知道Sandactylus 是不是扑腾翅膀，需要建立assumption才能成立
这里的assumption有点加强的做法
时隔很久，再问问这道题
E的解释是
Since this point is not addressed in the argument, it can not be assumed.
看不懂这句话的意思，难道是说已经承认Sandactylus flap its wings in flight？
刚才又看了一下，有点理解这句话的意思了
大概是说heat generated是不是只能被blood vessels disperse不是文中讨论的内容
这道题自己做的时候有点粗心了，结论是provide evidence for the hypothesis，我一直认为结论是hypothesis是对的。
所以看来A的正确性就完全没有问题了。
这里应该是排除他因
请众人指教：）
题干里说血管的唯一作用就是散热，也就是不散热，这些血管就没用。
把A取非，得出即使不散热，这些血管也还在，产生削弱。
我错选B,题中fly by flapping their wings => networks of blood vessels in the skin of their wings.
反过来却不成立networks of blood vessels in the skin of their wings=*>fly by flapping their wings
我是这样想E选项的:
将E取非:S龙拍打翅膀所产生的热可以通过血管以外的地方散发.就产生了两种可能:其一,血管不是用来散热的,而是其它地方用来散热;其二,血管和其他地方都可以散热.
若是第一种情况,则结论不成立;若是第二种情况,结论则成立.
这题很像OG202题的B选项,将人数不变取非,得到的是两种可能,有可能上升也有可能下降.
我对以下比较有争议的选项取非做个整理，请各位帮忙看思路是否正确
原文前提：Networks of blood vessels in bats' wings serve only to disperse heat generated in flight. This heat is generated only because bats flap their wings.
结论：Thus paleontologists' recent discovery that the winged dinosaur Sandactylus had similar networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings provides evidence for the hypothesis that Sandactylus flew
by flapping its wings, not just by gliding.
问assumption
(A) Sandactylus would not have had networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings if these networks were of no use to Sandactylus.
取非：血管无用，S还保有血管(感觉怪怪的，但是如果不取非来看-->没用就没有血管，符合前提血管用来散热的)
(B) All creatures that fly by flapping their wings have networks of blood vessels in the skin of their wings.
取非：所有会飞的生物没有血管-->原文没有提到，排除
(E) Heat generated by Sandactylus in flapping its wings in flight could not have been dispersed by anything other than the blood vessels in its wings.
取非：热可以由其他东西除了血管来散热-->其他东西不在原文的讨论范围内，所以排除
不知这样的思路是否正确，请指请！！
对于做这些题还是一头雾水啊...唉...看了MBZ的解释,比较容易接受,也还是有困惑的,到底这类型题该怎么做?
能像我这样理解吗?举个例子吧:
小张长得很好看,她是个演员; 小李长得跟小张一样好看,所以小李也是演员.
(A)长得好看的姑娘除了当演员什么也做不了.
(B)演员长得都好看.(不对,就算演员长得都好看,长得好看的也不一定都是演员啊,老师也可以是美女呀~!!)道理是逆命题不一定成立.
(E)当演员必需要长得好看.(不对,同(B)一个道理)
能这样理解吗?
看了大家的讨论怎么还是一头雾水！
难道本题的E选项不是排除他因吗？
这种问法及答案的给出方式应该怎么总结呢？很容易混淆啊
那位好心人可以总结一下本题的套路及相似易混选项的区别。
比如E的说法不是我们通常做排除他因的典型说法吗？
为什么在这里却行不通呢？
为了方便手上没有11版OG的朋友对此题的分析，现将OG的原题与分析一并给出。希望大家帮帮忙，实在是混惑很就了！
Networks of blood vessels in bats' wings serve only to disperse heat generated in flight. This heat is generated only because bats flap their wings. Thus paleontologists' recent discovery that the winged dinosaur Sandactylus had similar networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings provides evidence for the hypothesis that Sandactylus flew by flapping its wings, not just by gliding.
89. The argument in the passage relies on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Sandactylus would not have had networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings if these networks were of no use to Sandactylus.
(B) All creatures that fly by flapping their wings have networks of blood vessels in the skin of their wings.
(C) Winged dinosaurs that flapped their wings in flight would have been able to fly more effectively than winged dinosaurs that could only glide.
(D) If Sandactylus flew by flapping its wings, then paleontologists would certainly be able to find some evidence that it did so.
(E) Heat generated by Sandactylus in flapping its wings in flight could not have been dispersed by anything other than the blood vessels in its wings.
Argument Construction
Situation The network of blood vessels in bats' wings is compared with a similar structure in the wings of the dinosaur Sandactylus to explain how the dinosaur flew. (The same as the previous item.)
Reasoning What assumption does this argument make? The networks of blood vessels in the wings of bats are shown to have a purpose: to disperse the heat generated by wing-flapping flight.
In proposing that a similar structure had a similar purpose in Sandactylus, the argument assumes that the network of blood vessels found in the dinosaur wings had a purpose.
A Correct. This statement properly identifies the assumption that underlies the argument: there was a purpose for the network of blood vessels found in the wings of Sandactylus.
B This statement is too broad to be assumed; the comparison between bats and Sandactylus cannot be extended to all flying creatures.
C No conclusion is drawn about the efficiency of flight, so this point is not assumed.
D The argument does not assume that evidence is certain to be found.
E Since this point is not addressed in the argument, it cannotbe assumed.
The correct answer is A.
尤其是E选项，请大家关注一下！
拜托
(E) 说S龙拍打翅膀所产生的热只能由血管来散发. 其前提是S龙的确靠拍打翅膀飞, 但在这里我们都还不确定S龙是否是拍打翅膀飞行.所以这个假设要想成立就还需要另外的假设.
不知道讲明白没有~!!
楼上的JJ，
文章中有提到啊 S龙可以靠拍打翅膀飞行
Sandactylus flew by flapping its wings, not just by gliding
这道题目的前提是: S龙和BAT有相似的血管系统,
结论是: 因为BAT用拍打翅膀飞, S龙也用拍打翅膀飞.
问假设.假设是什么,简单想就是支持你结论的证据,你引用的那句话就是文章的结论,用结论来支持结论是不可以的哦~~!!
问假设.假设是什么,简单想就是支持你结论的证据,你引用的那句话就是文章的结论,用结论来支持结论是不可以的哦~~!!
原来如此
sigrid JJ
THANKS A LOT！
由于S与bat有类似的network of blood vessel, 所以可推得：Networks of blood vessels in S’ wings serve only to disperse heat generated in flight. This heat is generated only because S flap their wings.
那么如果假设A成立，既然S确实有network of blood vessel，则说明 S的network of blood vessel 一定是只用来disperse heat generated in flight，且This heat is generated only because Sflap their wings.
我觉得这两个only很重要。
不知道说明白没有。
本人的看法：
前提：1. B有b/v, only for flapping
2. S 也有B/V
结论：S也会flap
明显是不完美的推理！怎样使其完美：对于所有生物而言，B/V这种东西用来（有用性）且只能用来（唯一性）for Flap。S有，所以S是Flap的。
以上我认为是正常的逻辑图。而答案A是此假设的一部分（有用性）。所以是正确答案。
但是，是不是有A的存在，此题就是完美推理了呢？当然不是！！！因为A没有涉及到唯一性。B/V对S有用，并不说明S也一定要想BAT那样FLAP。鬼知道S用B/V来干什么。
此题的难度在于A并不是完美假设，而只是一部分。容易让人糊涂。
另外有人问E的问题。其实E应该被迅速排除，结论不能作为前提，否则循环论证。
但是不是当我们接受BAT与S有的B/V是完全相同的一样东西，我们也就接受了其在S身上的作用唯一性呢？楼上说的还是很好啊
一直纠结在A与B之间，1L的解释让自己更倾向于A，但始终觉得A不够严谨，文章是通过"血管仅用于散热，而热量仅来自于飞行"这样的关系将血管和飞行联系在一起。A选项恰恰省略了中间的有关热量的部分，所以个人认为应该将A选项改写为Sandactylus would not have had networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings if these networks were of no use other than dispersing heat to Sandactylus，新增下划线部分，这样才能保证A的严谨性，否则如果血管有用，但仅用于传输养料和氧气，还是得不出会飞行的结论。
B其实错误挺明显的，文章是由血管推飞行，而B是由飞行推血管，因果关系倒了
A和E的比较很搞.
想了好久 才有点做这题的感觉.
我觉得E错,因为E说的是散热的方式.
题目的逻辑是:存在和BAT相似的血管分布==>恐龙是飞行而不是滑翔。
这与散热方式无关。OUT OF SCOPE.
前提：1. B有b/v, only for flapping
2. S 也有B/V
结论：S也会flap
明显是不完美的推理！怎样使其完美：对于所有生物而言，B/V这种东西用来（有用性）且只能用来（唯一性）for Flap。S有，所以S是Flap的。
看了三页的讨论还是一头雾水，自己再读了一遍题。
感觉（A）项的确能够取非削弱原文
前提：1. B有b/v, only for flapping
2. S 也有B/V
结论：S也会flap
（A）项的意思是说S的B/V肯定是有用的。 取非：S的B/V 没有作用。如果没有用的话S 怎么飞？ 所以削弱原文
不知道我的想法对不对。呵呵
NN们的解释已经很到位了，但我想补充一点，也许对本题的理解有点帮助。
文中说S龙 具有与蝙蝠相类似的 networks of blood vessels，这个"相类似"首先让我们想到的是结构上的类似，但它们在功能上是不是也相类似
呢？这里存在两种情况：1、S龙的networks of blood vessels对它来说没有任何用途，那么，S龙的networks of blood vessels与蝙蝠的
networks of blood vessels在功能上不相似；2、S龙的networks of blood vessels对它来说有用，那么，S龙的networks of blood vessels与蝙蝠的
networks of blood vessels在功能上也相似。选项 A 的作用正是为了强调情况2，即S龙的networks of blood vessels与蝙蝠的
networks of blood vessels在结构上和功能上都相似，从而可以通过“血管”与“蝙蝠飞翔”之间的关系，来推测“血管”与“S龙飞翔”之间的
关系。
看了这么多 觉得最能接受的是 那位说两个“ONLY”很重要的大大的说法 的确重视原文中的两个ONLY后 特别是第一个 我就很明显觉得在A 和 E中 我会选A
E实在是很CONFUSE阿。。。因为E反过来说的话 就是“热量可以通过B/V以外的途径放出” 那么恐龙有B/V就不能推出它是通过扇翅膀飞行的 它也可能只是拥有一样的结构 但是没有那个功能
所以我觉得作者的结论也得建立在E的假设之上 还是觉得它对阿 不过A和E相比 A更好 更符合文章
做逻辑的方法我还没看过 原来是要把各答案“取非” 很复杂。。。
不知道这题 算是难题呢 还是简单题
總結一下上述NN們所說，看下有沒問題。。。
因果推理一：
1.B/V only for 蝙蝠散熱
===>B/V only for 蝙蝠拍翅膀
2.熱量only from 蝙蝠拍翅膀
---------------------------------------------------------
類比推理二：
1.B/V only for 蝙蝠拍翅膀
===>S龍拍翅膀
2.S龍有B/V
缺一個前提：B/V對於s龍是有用的，（而且only用於拍翅膀）
---------------------------------------------------------
B项说 拍翅膀的都有B/V 拍翅膀==>有B/V （拍翅膀是充分非必要条件）
所以有B/V不一定拍翅膀
所以S龙有B/V，不一定拍翅膀
假如 拍翅膀<==>有B/V
依然错，为什么？
因为既然有这个前提，就不需要B/V only for 蝙蝠拍翅膀这个前提了，知道S龙有B/V就可以推出结论了。
----------------------------------------------------------
E项说 假如S龙拍翅膀，只能通过B/V散热
即 S龙拍翅膀 ==> S龙有B/V
而原论证是 S龙有B/V==>S龙拍翅膀
所以成了循环论证
例如：
一个瘦子问胖子：“你为什么长得胖？”
胖子回答：“因为我吃的多。”
瘦子又问胖子：“你为什么吃的多？”
胖子回答：“因为我长得胖。”
peterchang 发表于 2006-6-30 17:47
Networks of blood vessels in bats' wings serve only to disperse heat generated in flight. This heat ...
elusive 发表于 2016-3-23 17:52
这道题选C
属于相关推理（相似性推倒出因果）
晓嘉听话 发表于 2016-8-4 03:12
我今天也看到这道题目，奇怪半天，国外网站的答案是 C啊，怎么06年那会儿那么多人讨论貌似都不是选C然后 ...
elusive 发表于 2016-9-12 04:22
C不对因为
就算flap可以让fly更有效率，我们不能得出结论说S龙的飞行就是flap而不是glid。
而且这个选项 ...
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