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标题: Boldface第4题和第8题及几个术语的再解释 [打印本页]

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-26 10:46
标题: Boldface第4题和第8题及几个术语的再解释

Boldface第8题

8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument

解答：
Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.

第一句中的Over the past several years表明了这是一个发生在过去的事实。有人认为：“这句话中must be就不太对，谁知道是true 还是不true呢？“我们不论他实际上true or false,我们必须承认它是真的为了下面的因果关系的推论。但我们不能由此判定它就是前提。

关于fact和premise,

我的意见是：

简单讲，我认为fact是不可能做premise。因为premise是an idea that you use to support another theory。that idea can be wrong. but fact is that thing happened indeed in the past, it must be true.

举一个例子：
在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。
我是男孩子且在热恋
所以，我也要送花（后面的但是我没钱，能否像你借钱somethings like that）

在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。（前提）
我是男孩子且在热恋(事实)
所以，我也要送花（结论）

由此看出，前提是一种理论，我认为正确，从而推出有利于我的或我想要得结论。决不是一个事实。至于“在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。“是不是事实，(例如，就有女追男的吗！） who knows! who care! that is my premise.

这时你可以说：“我们邻居小张就是送的花，结果去年就结婚了。“

这就是一个事实，用来支持你的论证。
实际上8题并不是一个推论性的论证。他实际上是一个因果关系
先描述了一个现象，然后提出了一个因果论证。
希望有所帮助。

fyhllj

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-26 11:08
第四题：

4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument.

解答：

1。More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced。是一个fact,不是premise.
2.it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.是根据第一句话得出的一个结论。但同时又是第四句话的premise.
3。 Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles 这半句话实际上是第二句话的inference.实际上是原句的同义变换。
4。so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects. 是作者的结论，但绝不是inference。

选项e: The first is the first conclusion in this argument(其并没有反对其作premise的作用）
the second is the second conclusion in this argument.
但是选项c: The first is the part of premise that the argument includes.却误把第一句也作为premise而实际上，他是一个fact.

that is why we should choose e rather than c.

关于inference and conclusion:

inference :inference let you say sth that the author said using indirectly way. 通常我们只对文章中的句子进行同义词转换或句型转换局可以了。
despite the fact that the （definition） of useful on Earth has become more （far-reaching in recent years）==〉The （notion） of what is useful on Earth （is not necessarily constant）
但再进一步的推出就是结论而不是暗示。
In oder to justify the cost of space exploration, we must show that space is worth understanding for its own sake可以是一种结论。
we think we should cancel space exploiration because its huge cost.可以是另一种结论。
当然你也可以得出更多的结论。

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-26 12:22
principle and fact

Principle:

A rule or standard, especially of good behavior: a man of principle.

for example: BF-01
During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway

Fact:

Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed or A real occurrence; an event.

In one word, principle is you have to follow in the future and fact is the thing that has been done or existed.

principle是一种原则，你必须遵守。通常是好的规律。没有时间上的分别，通常用现在时。
fact是一件已经发生的事情，不可能是将来的。我只能评价，研究和分析它。
BF题中是有这样的区分的，但是不难区分。

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-26 12:23
consideration and evidence:

Consideration:

I think it is a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision: Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.

Evidence:

A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment: Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.

In one word, consideration is you have to think about it when forming a desion and evidence is that for or against your opinion based on that

consideration是在作决定时必须要考虑的。
evidence是对你的决定进行支持。
举个例子：
决定去读MBA。
读MBA的投资是否值得？
读MBA可以挣大钱。
第一个就是consideration，而第二个是evidience.

希望解释清楚了。

作者: freegirl 时间: 2003-9-27 04:41
精彩！酷必帅呆！

作者: remeo 时间: 2003-9-27 13:38

以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 11:08:00的发言：
第四题：

4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument.

解答：

1。More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced。是一个fact,不是premise.
2.it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.是根据第一句话得出的一个结论。但同时又是第四句话的premise.
3。 Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles 这半句话实际上是第二句话的inference.实际上是原句的同义变换。
4。so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects. 是作者的结论，但绝不是inference。

选项e: The first is the first conclusion in this argument(其并没有反对其作premise的作用）
the second is the second conclusion in this argument.
但是选项c: The first is the part of premise that the argument includes.却误把第一句也作为premise而实际上，他是一个fact.

that is why we should choose e rather than c.

关于inference and conclusion:

inference :inference let you say sth that the author said using indirectly way. 通常我们只对文章中的句子进行同义词转换或句型转换局可以了。
despite the fact that the （definition） of useful on Earth has become more （far-reaching in recent years）==〉The （notion） of what is useful on Earth （is not necessarily constant）
但再进一步的推出就是结论而不是暗示。
In oder to justify the cost of space exploration, we must show that space is worth understanding for its own sake可以是一种结论。
we think we should cancel space exploiration because its huge cost.可以是另一种结论。
当然你也可以得出更多的结论。

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-26 12:23:42编辑过]

但是bf8的第二句应该是conclusion而不是inference，如何解释？

作者: givemeahome 时间: 2003-9-27 17:43
第5题中的general point和special evidence指的是什么

作者: givemeahome 时间: 2003-9-27 17:46
另外inference和CONCLUSION有什么差别呢？

作者: PopularKing 时间: 2003-9-28 01:41

作者: PopularKing 时间: 2003-9-28 01:53

以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 12:23:00的发言：
consideration and evidence:

Consideration:

I think it is a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision: Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.

Evidence:

A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment: Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.

In one word, consideration is you have to think about it when forming a desion and evidence is that for or against your opinion based on that

consideration是在作决定时必须要考虑的。
evidence是对你的决定进行支持。
举个例子：
决定去读MBA。
读MBA的投资是否值得？
读MBA可以挣大钱。
第一个就是consideration，而第二个是evidience.

希望解释清楚了。

I think 决定去读MBA is the conclusion, while 读MBA可以挣大钱 is a promise or evidence to support the conclusion.

I don't think "consideration" can be a structure of a reasoning.

Evidence or promise (can be a fact or a non-fact)
conclusion (can be deducted from the evidence or promise)

Please correct me if I am wrong.

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-28 06:53
PopularKing真火眼金睛也，谢谢，已更正。

但我依然坚持认为premise is an idea or theory not a fact.

作者: 祈晴坊主 时间: 2003-9-29 15:13
fyhllj GG
在我的帖子中我的一些问题，你还没有回答
我到这里来问吧

以下是你说的：
举一个例子：
在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。
我是男孩子且在热恋
所以，我也要送花（后面的但是我没钱，能否像你借钱somethings like that）

在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。（大前提）
我是男孩子且在热恋（小前提）
所以，我也要送花（结论）

由此看出，前提是一种理论，我认为正确，从而推出有利于我的或我想要得结论。决不是一个事实。至于“在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。“是不是事实，(例如，就有女追男的吗！） who knows! who care! that is my premise.

这时你可以说：“我们邻居小张就是送的花，结果去年就结婚了。“

这就是一个事实，用来支持你的论证。
实际上8题并不是一个推论性的论证。他实际上是一个因果关系
先描述了一个现象，然后提出了一个因果论证。
希望对你有所帮助。

以下是我的一些仍旧不是很搞的清楚的地方：

这样讲的是不是，premise是已经即存的现象是吗，把这种现象用一种陈述加肯定的语气描述出来是不是就是premise,
那这样的premise 和assumption是一个样子的吧

前提是男的追女的都送花，这个也可能当作一个assumption对不，因为有可能有人说，男的追女的不一定送花的

由此我想到一些的推论题或是演绎类的题目

GG说premise是不一定正确的，而fact是肯定正确的，因为已经发生了
所以在选项中，如果要weaken的话，是不是决不能去反对fact，而只能去质疑它的premise or assumption ?
对吗

还有，照这样的讲来，其实隐含的前提如果没有告诉你的话，是不是可以当做结论来推的

比如
你在热恋
你送你女朋友花（然后再是别的证明，比如证明你是男的，是典型的男的之类的一干废话……）

那是不是有可能会推出：所有在热恋的男的都送女的花

而这个是不是从fact ------conclusion的一个演绎过程呢？
而这里的，你是男的这个能不能做另外一个premise呢，还是仅仅是fact or evidence呢？
我的意思是，premise和conclusion其实是不是都是一回事儿，只是前者一般出在归纳题中，而后者出现在演义题中呢

因而有些题，是不是要你求conclusion，其实就是要你说出隐含的premise呢

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-30 00:33

以下是引用祈晴坊主在2003-9-29 15:13:00的发言：
fyhllj GG
在我的帖子中我的一些问题，你还没有回答

So sorry for not replying your questions. I was returning to school last week and a lot of thing need to do so that cannot answer MM's question. Give me two more days, I will do it asap.

作者: cognito 时间: 2003-10-24 23:42
我觉得是选c
从意思上来讲 so that.... 有那么这样就可以....得意思，并没有结论的色彩啊
谁可以肯定这道题得答案？
是来自哪里得？ lsat？or 真题？

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-26 12:23:42编辑过]

作者: cognito 时间: 2003-10-25 00:13

以下是引用givemeahome在2003-9-27 17:46:00的发言：
另外inference和CONCLUSION有什么差别呢？

an inference is a conclusion implied in an argument.

作者: lichangmu 时间: 2003-11-5 15:09
I think, there is no strict difference between "conclusion" and "inference", it may be that "inference" includes the meaning of "conclusion".

作者: canadasmile 时间: 2003-12-1 09:28
第8题为什么不选B？
我的理解是：第2段黑体字是结论，我认为只有出现了因果关系连词的都可以认为是conclusion或effect。所谓的inference，绝对是干扰项，很简单，既然是暗示，那还那么明白地用黑体字给你写出来干嘛？我们不要把简单的问题复杂化。我觉得在这个argument中有2个前提（premise）：1。The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. 2。就是public to buy printed word 在减少，原文中第一个黑体字就是对这个前提的改写。不错，它是个事实，事实也must be true，但是谁说不能用fact来做前提的？用must be true的东西来做presmise，难道不是对自己的conclusion的最强支持吗？

那么，在前面2个premise都成立的条件下，就能reasonably得出conclusion了。我看这个题目的思路很简单，就是单纯从因果关系上来推断，我觉这这类bodyface的题，ets想考你的无非就是对因果推理这样的逻辑关系的掌握，所以我觉得应该重视的是连词，而不是对fact，principle之类的名词的细微差别争论不休。

大家以为如何？

作者: kevintong 时间: 2004-5-5 12:17
great!

作者: Andrea625 时间: 2004-6-30 15:25

先up！

作者: chasemba 时间: 2004-9-30 13:38

我想问的是principle和premise的区别是什么？

作者: buddyk 时间: 2004-10-15 15:02

那么fact和evidence有什么区别呢

作者: leeon 时间: 2004-10-15 16:09

I think fact is always be true, evidence can be false or be reasoned from some information to support or refute one point.

For example:

Earth is the center of the Milky Way galaxy, because every star turns around the Earth.

Here "every star turns around the Earth" is an evidence used to support the conclusion. But it is not a fact.

A fact can be something happened before or always be truth.

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-15 16:10:19编辑过]

作者: skyguard2000 时间: 2005-2-14 09:28
我认为一句话从性质上可以分为Fact、Principle和Idea（Theory、Reasoning）。

　　Fact：已发生的客观事实。

　　Principle：General Fact，持续有效，可以指导未来。

　　Idea（Theory、Reasoning）：抽象说理。

从一句话在推理过程中的功能上可以分为Background、Premise、Evidence、Conclusion、Inference。

　　Evidence：和Conclusion最接近，是Evidence-->Conclusion的形式，可以由Fact和Principle担任。

　　Conclusion：结论，没什么可说的，一般出现在so，thus，therefore等词之后。

　　Premise：一般比Evidence离Conclusion远一些，可以由Idea和Principle担任。

　　Background：一般比Evidence离Conclusion远一些，可以由Fact和Principle担任。

　　Inference：原文换一种方法说。

与Conclusion在推理关系的密切程度上，Background<

remise<Evidence。

ETS希望考的是某一句话在推理过程中的功能，所以，如果一句话是Fact充当Evidence，应该将其作为Evidence，也就是说，功能优先于性质。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-2-14 9:31:22编辑过]

作者: Novena 时间: 2005-3-4 17:01

楼上说的很在理：

ETS希望考的是某一句话在推理过程中的功能，所以，如果一句话是Fact充当Evidence，应该将其作为Evidence，也就是说，功能优先于性质。

作者: sammaijgd 时间: 2005-9-7 16:44

principle:the basic idea that a plan or system is based on

premise:a statement or idea that you accept as true and use as a base for developing other ideas

作者: sammaijgd 时间: 2005-9-7 16:49

以下是引用leeon在2004-10-15 16:09:00的发言：

I think fact is always be true, evidence can be false or be reasoned from some information to support or refute one point.

For example:

Earth is the center of the Milky Way galaxy, because every star turns around the Earth.

Here "every star turns around the Earth" is an evidence used to support the conclusion. But it is not a fact.

A fact can be something happened before or always be truth.

"every star turns around the Earth"是通过常识知道这句话的不正确，可以判断为evidence．假如这句话，你不知道对错，怎么判断出来fact　or　evidence？

作者: novice3 时间: 2005-12-1 18:52
thx

作者: dreamchaserdan 时间: 2006-2-18 23:24
同意23楼的，非常清楚

作者: 二狼神 时间: 2006-4-12 10:22

以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 11:08:00的发言：
第四题：

4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument.

解答：

选项e: The first is the first conclusion in this argument(其并没有反对其作premise的作用）
the second is the second conclusion in this argument.
但是选项c: The first is the part of premise that the argument includes.却误把第一句也作为premise而实际上，他是一个fact.

看了这里看不懂:为何E"不反对"而正确,C"作为"就是错误?既然不反对,怎么不能作为呢?既然不能作为,就应该反对(作为)啊?难道还有程度不同的区别,虽然方向没有不同?这种测量程度上的不同会不会过于模糊而有悖ETS的出题原则?

我个人支持C,因为C明确说了只是"the part of premise ",并不是作为(一个完整意义上的)premise,所以楼主的反对理由似乎没有切中要害.请指教!

作者: cattsky 时间: 2006-10-4 15:46

以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 12:23:00的发言：
consideration and evidence:

Consideration:

I think it is a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision: Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.

Evidence:

A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment: Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.

In one word, consideration is you have to think about it when forming a desion and evidence is that for or against your opinion based on that

consideration是在作决定时必须要考虑的。
evidence是对你的决定进行支持。
举个例子：
决定去读MBA。
读MBA的投资是否值得？
读MBA可以挣大钱。
第一个就是consideration，而第二个是evidience.

希望解释清楚了。

可否把consideration理解为reasoning process?

作者: cattsky 时间: 2006-10-4 15:53

以下是引用skyguard2000在2005-2-14 9:28:00的发言：
我认为一句话从性质上可以分为Fact、Principle和Idea（Theory、Reasoning）。

　　Fact：已发生的客观事实。

　　Principle：General Fact，持续有效，可以指导未来。

　　Idea（Theory、Reasoning）：抽象说理。

从一句话在推理过程中的功能上可以分为Background、Premise、Evidence、Conclusion、Inference。

　　Evidence：和Conclusion最接近，是Evidence-->Conclusion的形式，可以由Fact和Principle担任。

　　Conclusion：结论，没什么可说的，一般出现在so，thus，therefore等词之后。

　　Premise：一般比Evidence离Conclusion远一些，可以由Idea和Principle担任。

　　Background：一般比Evidence离Conclusion远一些，可以由Fact和Principle担任。

　　Inference：原文换一种方法说。

与Conclusion在推理关系的密切程度上，Background<

remise<Evidence。

ETS希望考的是某一句话在推理过程中的功能，所以，如果一句话是Fact充当Evidence，应该将其作为Evidence，也就是说，功能优先于性质。

wisdom spark!

作者: AA_BAOBAO 时间: 2007-2-4 17:16
thank youuuuuuuuuuu

作者: youyi800 时间: 2007-8-23 22:03

以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 11:08:00的发言：
第四题：

4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument.

解答：

1。More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced。是一个fact,不是premise.
2.it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.是根据第一句话得出的一个结论。但同时又是第四句话的premise.
3。 Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles 这半句话实际上是第二句话的inference.实际上是原句的同义变换。
4。so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects. 是作者的结论，但绝不是inference。

选项e: The first is the first conclusion in this argument(其并没有反对其作premise的作用）
the second is the second conclusion in this argument.
但是选项c: The first is the part of premise that the argument includes.却误把第一句也作为premise而实际上，他是一个fact.

that is why we should choose e rather than c.

不是很明白啊这不是第一个结论的premise吗是不是错误在于part of premise 把它定义为了第二个结论的premise啊

作者: shirley8707 时间: 2008-4-20 21:05
up up

作者: dingxiang 时间: 2008-5-3 23:53

前人的经验总结, 收藏!

作者: jjyune 时间: 2008-5-20 21:04
好帖！

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2008-7-22 02:18
顶上去~

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2008-7-30 03:24

究竟background在句子充当什么成分？

是不是fact除了做background就是做evidence了？

作者: meteor880826 时间: 2009-3-28 13:31
呵呵~有启发~

作者: ghgriffin 时间: 2009-5-19 02:02

第四题觉得还是有问题，

second part 中 3为inference 4为3的conclusion,那么4既然是由3这个inference推出的，那它也应该是inference 了，怎么可能根据一个推论得出一个归纳呢？

作者: fiona_hq 时间: 2009-7-27 14:22
up

作者: 童言无忌 时间: 2009-11-8 20:43
good job!

作者: bengaga 时间: 2010-3-21 21:59
分析得太太太强大了，大神啊

作者: azhang2010 时间: 2010-6-8 19:44
up

作者: hardonheart 时间: 2010-7-21 01:08
[quote]
第四题：

4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument.

解答：

1。More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced。是一个fact,不是premise.
2.it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.是根据第一句话得出的一个结论。但同时又是第四句话的premise.
3。 Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles 这半句话实际上是第二句话的inference.实际上是原句的同义变换。
4。so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects. 是作者的结论，但绝不是inference。

选项e: The first is the first conclusion in this argument(其并没有反对其作premise的作用）
the second is the second conclusion in this argument.
但是选项c: The first is the part of premise that the argument includes.却误把第一句也作为premise而实际上，他是一个fact.

that is why we should choose e rather than c.

我觉得应该选C
1. 关于多个CONCLUSION的情况，后者是建立在前者的基础上还是所有的CONCLUSION都是独立的，由FACT, PREMEISE, EVIDENCE得来？
如：A---B,C
是A-----B并且A------C
还是A----B 并且B-------C？
2.如果选E： the first is the fist conclusion那么我们单看第一和第二句话：More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced。（A）it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.（B）
A---B
等价于：
非B---非A（逆否命题）
即：it is not necessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.(非b)
notmore and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced（非A）
显然非B 不能推出非A，因为工程师没有必要学好数学跟没有很多解决数学问题的电脑没有必然联系，还可能是因为数学问题可以通过其他途径解决

所以选C

求想法！！！！

作者: 蓝狮爱我 时间: 2011-5-5 15:42
看完再顶...感觉大侠们都离我好遥远啊。。。

作者: 佐伊 时间: 2011-5-16 21:17
无所谓古董不古董，受益就是好贴，顶！感谢众大侠们~~~

作者: 卡夏 时间: 2011-7-4 23:57
认真学习一下~我现在BF题做一个就错一个

作者: cascades 时间: 2011-9-25 22:09
学习了~~

作者: 梦の白日梦 时间: 2011-10-4 17:23
灰常深度~

作者: tracyzhuxiao 时间: 2011-10-13 09:45

作者: lioncitydream 时间: 2012-1-27 21:34
superstrong,

作者: sunnylj 时间: 2012-7-22 11:26
thanks!

作者: missano 时间: 2012-8-16 18:58
顶起~！

作者: 麥田圈de天然呆 时间: 2012-8-24 07:01
太有用啦！~~ 谢谢

作者: xdai555 时间: 2012-10-16 05:14
premise 和 background 怎么区分？

作者: MOMO0908 时间: 2013-7-24 01:22
讲的太透彻了~！

作者: fghrycn 时间: 2014-11-23 15:55
个人觉得关于那些名词的分类有点混乱。
我查了一下一些逻辑学的讲义。
首先一个argument = Premise + Conclusion.
这里Premise 和 Conclusion 的关系是Premise支持，
The premises of an argument are those statements or propositions in it that are intended to provide the support or evidence
The conclusion of an argument is that statement or proposition for which the premises are intended to provide support. (In short, it is the point the argument is trying to make.)
Important note: premises are always intended to provide support or evidence for the conclusion, but they donn't always succeed! It's still an argument, and there are still premises and a conclusion, even if the premises don't really provide any support at all
个人对这个的分类有一个比较简单分类的方法：就是已知和未知。已知的东西就是Premise，这些东西是不可以改变的，就算她是错的，也是我们的根据和来源，我们可以质疑他们又用没有用。但是未知的东西，就是题目自己也不确定的东西，我们可以认为是Conclusion。

Fact：个人觉得完全可以作为Evidence来使用，Fact的特征是一定会发生，可能是一个现象需要去解释。是不可以改变的，就算他和你的逻辑链相悖。Fact和Conlcusion的关系太远的时候，就会变成一种Background，就是fact不被作为premise参与逻辑链的时候就是Background。
Evidence是Premise的一部分。或者说Premise为Conclusion提供Evidence

Inference：An inference is an assumed fact, based on information you have at your disposal. You make inferences by examining the facts of a given situation and determining what those facts suggest about the situation.

Conlustion：A drawn conclusion is an assumption developed as a next logical step for the given information.

作者: swte30 时间: 2015-1-31 11:10
thx......................................

作者: 蒜蒜0915 时间: 2015-7-13 09:45
23楼很清晰！赞

作者: anjin 时间: 2016-3-27 09:37
Mark一下！

作者: Kittycy01 时间: 2016-6-2 17:05
Mark一下！

作者: SuperboYHao 时间: 2019-5-16 11:59
03年的帖子

作者: Rambo4real 时间: 2020-8-3 14:09
第八题说得真好！来自2020年的膜拜！

作者: DaCutestBitch 时间: 2021-3-23 21:28
Mark一下！

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