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标题: 请教费费逻辑第八题 [打印本页]

作者: lavenderqq 时间: 2003-9-20 16:38
标题: 请教费费逻辑第八题
我选的是A，为什么选B 呢？

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-21 03:46
请将题目一起贴出。

作者: lavenderqq 时间: 2003-9-21 15:53
8. The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens. This is clear from the fact that unless the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations, it will be impossible for a legislature to craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry, and it should be obvious that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.
The claim that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens plays which one of the following roles in the argument?
(A) It is the conclusion of the argument.
(B) It helps to support the conclusion of the argument.
(C) It is a claim that must be refuted if the conclusion is to be established.
(D) It is a consequence of the argument.
(E) It is used to illustrate the general principle that the argument presupposes.

作者: nina23 时间: 2003-9-22 00:21
the conclusion of the argument is" The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens." ,and "This is clear from the fact ....." help to surport the conclusion

作者: nina23 时间: 2003-9-22 00:23
I think it is a kind of structure,first they give us the conclusion then give a fact or explaination to surport it.

作者: lavenderqq 时间: 2003-9-22 21:29
thank you

作者: freegirl 时间: 2003-9-22 22:32

ｆｏｒ： it will be impossible for a legislature to craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry

ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ：  unless the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations,

ｆｏｒ：a society is stable

ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ： only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.

ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens.

ｔｈｅ　ｌｉｎｋ　ｉｓ:　a society is stable -> its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.  -> the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations,
ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ　ｉｓ:　stable functioning of a society 　-> the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens.

注：a -> b, b is required by a
we can have more a -> b -> c, then c is required by a
but, if a, then b, if b then c, we can't get if a, then c, coz a is a premise of b, not required of b, in other words, in order to establish b, we might need several premises including a.

above is only my analysis, please others advice. Thanks!

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-23 00:03

以下是引用freegirl在2003-9-22 22:32:00的发言：
ｆｏｒ： it will be impossible for a legislature to craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry

ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ：  unless the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations,

ｆｏｒ：a society is stable

ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ： only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.

ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens.

ｔｈｅ　ｌｉｎｋ　ｉｓ:　a society is stable -> its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.  -> the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations,
ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ　ｉｓ:　stable functioning of a society 　-> the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens.

注：a -> b, b is required by a
we can have more a -> b -> c, then c is required by a
but, if a, then b, if b then c, we can't get if a, then c, coz a is a premise of b, not required of b, in other words, in order to establish b, we might need several premises including a.

above is only my analysis, please others advice. Thanks!

freegirl, well done!!
welcome join our 费费逻辑宝典解题思路编写整理工作

再补充一点：

A unless B表达为非A→B
only if: A only if B表达为A→B
if only: A if only B表达为B→A
A is necessary to B: B→A
Whenever, whoever, wherever :=if

作者: freegirl 时间: 2003-9-23 00:18

谢谢斑竹鼓励，让偶信心倍增！
Whenever, whoever, wherever :=if 什么意思，还请斑竹讲解...
参加费费逻辑宝典解题思路编写整理工作，需要偶做什么吗？Let me know.
还有，我一直不知道该怎么样可以在回贴时能把上楼的内容框起来？
谢谢了！！！

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-23 00:22
还有，我一直不知道该怎么样可以在回贴时能把上楼的内容框起来？

很简单，只需点击你所要引用的帖子的顶端的“引用“选项即可。

作者: fyhllj 时间: 2003-9-23 00:24
Whenever, whoever, wherever :=if 什么意思，还请斑竹讲解...

就是当你见到这些词时，试着将他们换成if，有利于理解。

作者: freegirl 时间: 2003-9-23 01:36

Ｐｌｅａｓｅ　ｌｏｏｋ　ａｔ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｆｏｒｍｕｌｕｓ：

if only: A if only B表达为B→A
if B, then A, 则 B->A
whenver A then B, 则 A --> B　
whoever A then B, 则 A -> B

谢谢！　

作者: jq_jou 时间: 2003-9-23 02:29

以下是引用freegirl在2003-9-22 22:32:00的发言：
注：a -> b, b is required by a
we can have more a -> b -> c, then c is required by a
but, if a, then b, if b then c, we can't get if a, then c, coz a is a premise of b, not required of b, in other words, in order to establish b, we might need several premises including a.

这里, a -> b 和 if a, then b有区别吗? 如果说if a, then b, if b then c, 那么A是造成B的充分条件, 只要A就足够导致B, 只要B就足够导致C, 为什么A不能导致C呢? 你可以举例证明你的观点吗?

作者: freegirl 时间: 2003-9-23 03:00
If A, then B, 则A(充分)-->B(必要)
“如果A是造成B的充分条件, 只要A就足够导致B”--- 但还有其他的条件也可以导致 B 呀！
所以我们说 A 是充分的，但不是必要的。如果B 发生了，我们不能说 A 一定发生了，有可能是 D 的发生导致了B 的发生。
举个例子来说：如果你多吃VE，你的皮肤就会好；如果你的皮肤好，你就会显得比实际年纪年轻。你不能由此推出多吃VE,就会显得比实际年纪年轻。因为，可能是你天生丽质，不需要VE, 就皮肤好。所以我们推不出一定是多吃VE -〉导致了比实际年纪年轻。
不知道这里例子是不是清楚了。

其实，我还有一点concern:　
what's the different between if and if only
for example:　if A then B, 则 A is 充分, B is 必要
B if only A, 则 A is 充分, B is 必要?　
还请nn们指正!! 最好也举个例子，加深理解。偶谢过先！

作者: jq_jou 时间: 2003-9-23 05:09
标题: 我的意见
根据你的推理, 我觉得有问题:
为什么推不出:多吃VE,就会显得比实际年纪年轻???
我觉得应该是推不出: 要想显得比实际年纪年轻, 只有吃VE
后着不成立不代表前者不成立. 希望和你探讨.

另外:
if only: used when you want to say how doing something simple would make it possible to avoid something unpleasant:
If only she'd listen to what he's saying, I'm sure they could work it out.

按照CHEN XIANG DONG的解释: IF=IF ONLY, 同样都是充分; ONLY IF则是必要, IF (ONLY) AND ONLY IF是充分必要

另外: AS LONG AS=IF

以上的等价是仅仅就逻辑关系而言

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-23 5:17:09编辑过]

作者: jq_jou 时间: 2003-9-23 05:29
标题: fyhllj, 求教
麻烦看看这个主题下我和FREEGIRL的探讨, 她的说法对吗?
IF A , THEN B; IF B THEN C, WE CANNOT GET IF A THEN C???

作者: freegirl 时间: 2003-9-23 13:29
oops, I'm sorry I made the mistake, many thanks to jq_jou!

My point is:
if a then b(a->b) , if b then c (b->c), therefore, we can get a->c (you're right), but we can't get c->a coz many other reasons can lead to c.
还是拿我举的那个例子：多吃VE, 会显得年轻。但我们不能得到 if looks younger then you certainly take Vitamine E.

In an opposite way：
c requires b (c->b), b requires a(b->a), therefore, we can get c->a but we can't get a->c.
再举个例子，要上名牌MBA(b), gmat must over 700(a)；要进入famous consulting companies(c), 必须先进名牌MBA 修炼(b)。
我们可以得到进入famous consulting companies(c) --> gmat must over 700(a), but we can't get gmat over 700(a) ->进入famous consulting companies(c)

Hope this time is correct.

作者: amoonshadow 时间: 2012-10-16 09:54
为什么不选E呢？

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