Medical students at University X frequently receive small gifts such as pens and notepads from pharmaceutical companies. These gifts are emblazoned with the companies' logos. A recent study by University X researchers concluded that the medical school should prohibit pharmaceutical companies from distributing these gifts to students. The researchers argued that exposure to company logos on gifts may bias students in favor of the companies' products, leading them to prescribe these products to patients in the future without properly considering patients' best interests.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the researchers' argument?
A. Most medical students are not aware that exposure to pharmaceutical company logos could influence their future prescribing habits.
B. Pharmaceutical companies that distribute gifts to medical students believe that doing so will increase sales of their products.
C. Medical students who use gifts from a pharmaceutical company tend to have more favorable perceptions of that company's products than of competing products.
D. University X medical students often use the gifts they receive from pharmaceutical companies for activities unrelated to their medical studies.
E. Pharmaceutical companies give medical students gifts that have a lower monetary value than the gifts they give to licensed physicians.
Paleontologists have discovered a group of ancient animal fossils, all of which exhibit an unusual head-down, tail-up posture in death. The scientists hypothesize that this peculiar posture resulted from a specific disease that caused the mass death of the animals. They argue that the disease led to the animals dying in this atypical position.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the scientists' hypothesis?
A. The animal fossils were found in a location known for frequent natural disasters during the time period in which the animals lived.
B. Not all animals that contracted the disease died; some survived and their fossils do not exhibit the head-down, tail-up posture.
C. The disease mentioned by the scientists has been known to cause a wide range of symptoms in animals, not just the head-down, tail-up posture.
D. Animals that die from a different disease can also exhibit the head-down, tail-up posture in death.
E. The head-down, tail-up posture is not seen in the fossils of other animal species living in the same area during the same time period.
CD
2.RC
Astronomers have always suspected that planetsmight orbit stars other than our sun. Weimagined, though, that we would fi nd systemsmuch like our own solar system, centered on astar much like the sun. Yet when a fl ood of discoveriesbegan 15 years ago, it was apparent rightaway that extrasolar planetary systems can differdramatically from our solar system. The fi rstexample was the sunlike star 51 Pegasi, found tohave a planet more massive than Jupiter on an orbitsmaller than that of Mercury. As instrumentsbecame more sensitive, they found ever strangerinstances. The sunlike star HD 40307 hosts threeplanets with masses between four and 10 Earth masses, all on orbits less than half the size ofMercury’s. The sunlike star 55 Cancri A has nofewer than fi ve planets, with masses rangingfrom 10 and 1,000 Earth masses and orbital radiiranging from one tenth that of Mercury toabout that of Jupiter. Planetary systems imaginedin science fi ction scarce ly compare.
It is sometimes forgotten today, but the fi rstconfi rmed discovery of any extrasolar planets was around a very unsunlikestar: the neutron star PSR 1257+12, an even more extreme type of stellar corpsethan a white dwarf. It packs a mass greater than the sun’s into the size of asmall asteroid, some 20 kilometers across. The event that created this beast,the supernova explosion of a star 20 times the mass of the sun, was moreviolent than the demise of a sunlike star, and it is hard to imagine planetssurviving it. Moreover, the star that exploded probably had a radius largerthan 1 AU (astronomical unit, the Earth-sun distance), which is larger than theorbits of the planets we see today. For both reasons, those planets must haverisen up out of the ashes of the explosion.
Although supernovae typically eject most oftheir debris into interstellar space, a small amount remains gravitationallybound and falls back to form a swirling disk around the stellar remnant. Disksare the birthing grounds of planets. Astronomers think our solar system tookshape when an amorphous interstellar cloud of dust and gas collapsed under itsown weight. The conservation of angular momentum, or spin, kept some of thematerial from simply falling all the way to the newborn sun; instead it settledinto a pancake shape. Within this disk, dust and gas coagulated into planets[see “The Genesis of Planets,” by Douglas N. C. Lin; Scientific American, May2008]. Much the same process could have occurred in the postsupernova fallbackdisk.
Astronomers discovered the system around PSR1257+12 by detecting periodic deviations in the timing of the radio pulses itgives off; such deviations arise because the orbiting planets pull slightly onthe star, periodically shifting its position and thus altering the distance thepulses must travel. Despite intensive searches of other stars’ pulses,observers know of no other comparable system. Another pulsar, PSR B1620–26, hasat least one planet, but it orbits so far from the star that astronomers think itdid not form in a fallback disk but rather was captured gravitationally fromanother star.
In 2006, however, NASA’s Spitzer SpaceTelescope discovered unexpected infrared emission from the neutron star 4U0142+61. The infrared light might arise from the star’s magnetosphere or from acircumstellar disk. This star formed in a supernova explosion about 100,000years ago, and it typically takes about a million years or so for planets toagglomerate, so if the radiation does signal the presence of a disk, thissystem may one day resemble that revolving around PSR 1257+12.
Question 1
The author's mention of the star 55 Cancri A serves primarily to:
A. Provide an example of a planetary system that conforms to our expectations based on our solar system.
B. Illustrate the limitations of current methods for detecting extrasolar planets.
C. Emphasize the unusual characteristics of some recently discovered extrasolar planetary systems.
D. Suggest that larger, Jupiter-like planets are more common in extrasolar systems than smaller, Earth-like planets.
E. Argue that extrasolar planetary systems with multiple planets are likely to be unstable over long periods.
Question 2
The passage suggests which of the following about the relationship between a star's mass and the likelihood of its planets surviving the star's demise?
A. Planets are more likely to survive the demise of a star with a mass similar to that of the sun.
B. Planets are more likely to survive the demise of a star with a mass significantly greater than that of the sun.
C. A star's mass has no bearing on the likelihood of its planets surviving the star's demise.
D. Planets are equally likely to survive the demise of a star regardless of the star's mass.
E. The relationship between a star's mass and the likelihood of its planets surviving the star's demise is not directly addressed in the passage.
Question 3
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the debris ejected by a supernova?
A. All of the debris is ejected into interstellar space.
B. The debris is equally distributed between interstellar space and the vicinity of the stellar remnant.
C. A majority of the debris remains gravitationally bound to the stellar remnant.
D. A small portion of the debris remains gravitationally bound to the stellar remnant.
E. The distribution of the debris depends on the mass of the original star.
Question 4
The process of planetary formation in a postsupernova fallback disk is most analogous to which of the following processes described in the passage?
A. The capture of a planet from another star through gravitational attraction.
B. The formation of planets in an amorphous interstellar cloud of dust and gas.
C. The agglomeration of planets in the magnetosphere of a neutron star.
D. The creation of unexpected infrared emission from a neutron star.
E. The production of periodic deviations in the timing of a pulsar's radio pulses.
Question 5
The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. The discovery of planets orbiting pulsars suggests that planetary systems can form under a wider range of conditions than previously thought.
B. The diversity of extrasolar planetary systems discovered so far makes it unlikely that our solar system is representative of planetary systems in general.
C. The absence of planets around most pulsars indicates that the conditions necessary for planetary formation are quite restrictive.
D. The similarities between our solar system and extrasolar planetary systems suggest that the laws of planetary formation are universal.
E. The discovery of extrasolar planetary systems has led to a significant revision of theories concerning the formation and evolution of galaxies.
Question 6
The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions?
A. What is the average size of the planets discovered in extrasolar planetary systems?
B. How do the atmospheric compositions of extrasolar planets compare to those of planets in our solar system?
C. What is the most common method used to detect extrasolar planets orbiting sunlike stars?
D. What is the relationship between a planet's mass and its orbital distance from its star?
E. How do the characteristics of some extrasolar planetary systems differ from those of our solar system?
Question 7
The passage suggests that the agglomeration of planets in a postsupernova fallback disk is a process that:
A. Is still poorly understood by astronomers.
B. Occurs more quickly than the formation of planets in an interstellar cloud of dust and gas.
C. Results in planetary systems that are unstable over long periods of time.
D. Is unlikely to occur in the debris disks around most pulsars.
E. Takes roughly a million years to complete.
Question 8
Based on the information in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the search for extrasolar planets around pulsars?
A. It has led to the discovery of numerous planetary systems similar to PSR 1257+12.
B. It has been largely unsuccessful, despite the use of increasingly sensitive instruments.
C. It has been hampered by the difficulty of detecting the radio pulses emitted by pulsars.
D. It has focused primarily on pulsars that are known to have fallback disks.
E. It has been superseded by the search for planets around sunlike stars.
C
E
D
B
A
E
E
B
3.DI
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a collection of remarkable constructions listed by various authors in guidebooks popular among ancient Hellenic tourists, continue to captivate the imagination of modern-day explorers and historians. These marvels, which included the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria, were selected based on their artistic uniqueness, impressive scale, and the sheer level of craftsmanship required for their construction.
While only the Great Pyramid of Giza remains intact today, the cultural, architectural, and historical significance of these ancient wonders endures. They serve as testaments to the ingenuity, resourcefulness, and artistic vision of the civilizations that created them, offering invaluable insights into the values, beliefs, and practices of these ancient cultures.
The influence of these ancient wonders extends far beyond their respective eras and geographical locations. For instance, the Great Pyramid of Giza, built around 2560 BCE during the reign of Pharaoh Khufu, showcases the ancient Egyptians' mastery of mathematics, astronomy, and engineering. The precision and accuracy of the pyramid's construction continue to astound experts, with the structure's base exhibiting a mean corner error of only 58 millimeters and its sides aligning closely with the four cardinal compass points, despite lacking modern surveying tools.
Similarly, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BCE), not only served as an aesthetic marvel but also demonstrated the Babylonians' advanced understanding of water management and irrigation systems. Recent studies suggest that the gardens may have required up to 37,000 liters of water per day to sustain the diverse array of flora, a testament to the complexity and efficiency of the Babylonian irrigation network.
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, completed around 550 BCE, was considered one of the most stunning examples of Greek architecture. The temple's grandeur and beauty inspired countless artists and architects throughout history, influencing the design of many subsequent temples and public buildings. Its destruction by arson in 356 BCE was seen as a great tragedy, and the temple was rebuilt several times before its final destruction in 401 CE.
The enduring fascination with the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is evident in the countless references, homages, and recreations found in art, literature, and popular culture. From the poems of Antipater of Sidon, who first compiled the list in the 2nd century BCE, to modern-day films, novels, and video games, these ancient marvels continue to inspire and captivate audiences worldwide.
Moreover, the pursuit of uncovering the secrets behind the construction and purpose of these wonders has driven countless archaeological expeditions and scientific inquiries. The study of these ancient marvels has not only enriched our understanding of the past but has also contributed to advancements in fields such as engineering, architecture, and material science.
In conclusion, the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World stand as a testament to the enduring legacy of human creativity, ingenuity, and the desire to push the boundaries of what is possible. Although most of these marvels have long since vanished, their impact on art, architecture, and human imagination remains indelible, reminding us of the shared heritage and aspirations that unite us across time and space.
Questions:
Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?
A. To serve as religious monuments dedicated to various deities
B. To showcase the artistic uniqueness and craftsmanship of ancient civilizations
C. To function as military fortifications protecting ancient cities
D. To provide housing for the ruling elite of ancient societies
E. To serve as centers of trade and commerce in the ancient world
According to the passage, which of the following statements about the Great Pyramid of Giza is true?
A. It was built during the reign of Pharaoh Nebuchadnezzar II
B. It is the only ancient wonder that remains intact today
C. Its construction required the use of modern surveying tools
D. The mean corner error of its base is approximately 58 centimeters
E. It was constructed primarily as a religious monument
The passage suggests that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were:
A. Built to serve as a military fortification
B. Constructed using modern irrigation techniques
C. Designed to showcase the Babylonians' understanding of water management
D. Located in the ancient city of Ephesus
E. Destroyed by arson in 356 BCE
According to the passage, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was:
A. Constructed during the reign of Pharaoh Khufu
B. Considered one of the finest examples of Babylonian architecture
C. Rebuilt several times before its final destruction in 401 CE
D. The only ancient wonder to have been destroyed by arson
E. Designed to function as a center of trade and commerce
The author of the passage implies that the influence of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World:
A. Is limited to the geographical regions in which they were constructed
B. Has diminished significantly over time
C. Is primarily evident in the field of religious studies
D. Extends beyond their respective eras and geographical locations
E. Has had little impact on modern-day art and popular culture
The passage suggests that the study of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World has:
A. Contributed to advancements in fields such as engineering and architecture
B. Primarily focused on uncovering the religious significance of these structures
C. Been hindered by a lack of interest from the scientific community
D. Provided little insight into the values and beliefs of ancient cultures
E. Been largely unsuccessful in uncovering the secrets behind their construction
Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
A. Critical and dismissive
B. Nostalgic and sentimental
C. Objective and impartial
D. Admiring and celebratory
E. Skeptical and questioning
The passage mentions Antipater of Sidon in order to:
A. Provide an example of an ancient author who wrote about the Seven Wonders
B. Argue that the Seven Wonders were primarily created for religious purposes
C. Suggest that the ancient wonders have had little influence on modern-day culture
D. Emphasize the role of the Seven Wonders in advancing ancient scientific knowledge
E. Question the accuracy of ancient accounts describing the Seven Wonders
The author's reference to the use of the Seven Wonders in modern-day films, novels, and video games serves to:
A. Demonstrate the enduring influence of these ancient marvels on popular culture
B. Argue that modern interpretations of the Seven Wonders are often inaccurate
C. Suggest that the ancient wonders have lost their relevance in contemporary society
D. Emphasize the importance of preserving the physical remains of the ancient wonders
E. Highlight the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the ancient world
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the destruction of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus?
A. It was carried out by Pharaoh Nebuchadnezzar II
B. It was seen as a great tragedy by the ancient world
C. It resulted in the complete eradication of the temple's influence on art and architecture
D. It was a consequence of the temple's use as a military fortification
E. It was caused by a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or flood
1. 逻辑链： logo gifts--bias of products—prescribe unproperly—gifits shoud be prohibited
C非常明确地指出使用这些gifts的学生有偏好使用此公司产品，直接加强逻辑链
2. 逻辑链：Peculiar gesture—specific disease->the hypothesized disease led to the animals dying in that gesture
D 直接削弱逻辑链,说那个姿势的动物化石也可能死于别的疾病—>不一定是这种假设的疾病导致了这种死亡姿势
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