In an effort to protect a certain fish species, the government plans to implement a two-year fishing moratorium. After the moratorium, the government will allow fishermen to catch a limited quantity of this fish each year, but the catch will be capped at a specific limit. Some fishermen worry that even after the moratorium ends, this policy will lead to a decline in their profits. However, some economists argue that after the moratorium, even if the fishermen catch the same number of fish as before, their profits will increase.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the economists' argument?
(A) During the moratorium, fishermen can compensate for their income loss by catching other types of fish.
(B) Due to the increase in the fish population, consumers' willingness to purchase this fish will rise.
(C) The government provides subsidies to fishermen to compensate for their income loss during the moratorium.
(D) After the moratorium, fishermen can charge higher prices for this relatively scarce fish.
(E) As the fish population rebounds, the fishermen's unit catch cost will decrease.
In the Great Lakes region, fish were abundant, and the area had been inhabited by people since ancient times. A recent study found that the fish population in areas inhabited by these settlers is now lower compared to other areas. The researchers concluded that the distribution of fish in the Great Lakes has changed since the settlement of these inhabitants.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the researchers' conclusion?
(A) Although fishing was the settlers' main source of protein, they also relied on hunting in the forests.
(B) The settlers chose to establish villages in locations that were convenient for fishing.
(C) The Great Lakes have been polluted since the settlement of the inhabitants.
(D) The fish population in the Great Lakes has been affected by overfishing in recent years.
(E) The study did not consider the impact of climate change on the fish population in the Great Lakes.
EC
As I mentioned last week, I’ve recently returned from Australia. While I was there, I visited a eucalyptus forest that, in February, was the scene of an appalling wildfire. Perhaps naively, I had expected to find that many trees had been killed. They hadn’t. They had blackened bark, but were otherwise looking rather well, many of them wreathed in new young leaves. This prompted me to consider fire and the role it plays as a force of nature.
Fossil charcoals tell us that wildfires have been part of life on Earth for as long as there have been plants on land. That’s more than 400 million years of fire. Fire was here long before arriviste plants like grasses; it pre-dated the first flowers. And without wanting to get mystical about it, fire is, in many respects, a kind of animal, albeit an ethereal one. Like any animal, it consumes oxygen. Like a sheep or a slug, it eats plants. But unlike a normal animal, it’s a shape-shifter. Sometimes, it merely nibbles a few leaves; sometimes it kills grown trees. Sometimes it is more deadly and destructive than a swarm of locusts.
The shape-shifting nature of fire makes it hard to study, for it is not a single entity. Some fires are infernally hot; others, relatively cool. Some stay at ground level; others climb trees. Moreover, fire is much more likely to appear in some parts of the world than in others. Satellite images of the Earth show that wildfires are rare in, say, northern Europe, and common in parts of central Africa and Australia. (These days many wildfires are started by humans, either on purpose or by accident. But long before our ancestors began to throw torches or cigarette butts, fires were started by lightning strikes, or by sparks given off when rocks rub together in an avalanche.)
Once a fire gets started, many factors contribute to how it will behave. The weather obviously has a huge effect: winds can fan flames, rains can quench them. The lie of the land matters, too: fire runs uphill more readily than it goes down. But another crucial factor is what type of plants the fire has to eat.
It’s common knowledge that plants regularly exposed to fire tend to have features that help them cope with it — such as thick bark, or seeds that only grow after being exposed to intense heat or smoke. But what is less often remarked on is that the plants themselves affect the nature and severity of fire.
For example, dead branches burn more readily than living branches, so a tree that keeps dead branches (rather than letting them fall) makes it easier for a fire to climb into a forest canopy: the dead branches provide a ladder for the fire. Deadwood also allows fires to get hotter. Leaves that are high in cellulose, or that contain oils, also stoke the flames. Resins and gums are highly flammable. And as any girl scout knows, twigs catch light more readily than branches, so a twiggy sort of plant can catch fire more readily than its non-twiggy sister.
But here’s the odd thing. Many plants that live in places prone to fire are highly flammable — more flammable than plants that live elsewhere. This has led some to speculate that these plants have actually evolved to cause fires: that they “want” fire, and have evolved features that make it more likely that a spark will become a flame, and a flame will become a fire. I call this the torch-me hypothesis.
The argument goes like this. Many plants depend on fire for their propagation. Indeed, without fire, these plants disappear. If, for example, longleaf pine forests do not burn regularly, the pines will be replaced by water oaks and other species. So — runs the argument — fires are desirable because they kill the competition. Plants that enhance fires may thus have an evolutionary advantage: they murder the competition while creating the right circumstances for their own seeds to sprout.
This idea has sparked a heated debate. The problem is, showing that a trait has evolved because it enhances fire is difficult. Yes, oily leaves are more flammable; but perhaps the real advantage of oily leaves is that insects don’t enjoy eating them. Then, their flammability may be a by-product of tasting terrible.
The best evidence that some plants may have evolved to promote fire comes from pines. Some species of pine keep their dead branches; others tend to self-prune. As you would expect under the torch-me hypothesis, the more flammable species — the ones with the dead wood — also tend to have seeds that are released by fire. In short, the two traits go together.
Which is suggestive. But without more data from other plants, the evidence remains thin. If a tree were put in the dock and charged with being an accessory to arson, the jury would, for now, have to return the verdict, “Not proven.” Yet as I think of that great eucalyptus forest in Australia, I can’t help wondering. Have the trees actually evolved to make the fires worse?
1. The author's observation of the eucalyptus forest in Australia after a wildfire led him to:
(A) Question the role of fire as a natural force in shaping ecosystems
(B) Conclude that wildfires are more destructive than previously believed
(C) Investigate the evolutionary relationship between plants and fire
(D) Develop a new theory about the causes of wildfires in Australia
(E) Propose a method for preventing wildfires in eucalyptus forests
2. The passage suggests that the "torch-me hypothesis" is controversial because:
(A) There is insufficient evidence to support the claim that plants have evolved to promote fire
(B) The hypothesis contradicts the well-established belief that fires are always detrimental to plants
(C) The correlation between flammable pine species and fire-released seeds is purely coincidental
(D) The hypothesis relies too heavily on anecdotal evidence from the author's observations in Australia
(E) The majority of plant species in fire-prone areas have evolved to be less flammable over time
3. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the "torch-me hypothesis"?
(A) The discovery of a plant species that releases seeds only after exposure to intense heat and smoke
(B) Evidence that oily leaves evolved primarily to deter insect predation in fire-prone areas
(C) A study showing that plants in fire-prone areas have a higher rate of seed germination after a wildfire
(D) The identification of a gene in certain plants that increases flammability and is linked to fire-dependent reproduction
(E) A comparison of wildfire frequency in areas with high plant diversity versus areas with low plant diversity
4. The passage implies that the relationship between plants and fire is:
(A) Purely detrimental, as fires destroy plants and their habitats
(B) Solely beneficial, as fires promote plant growth and reproduction
(C) Unidirectional, with plants always being affected by fire but not vice versa
(D) Bidirectional, with plants influencing fire behavior and fire influencing plant evolution
(E) Insignificant, as the impact of fire on plants is negligible compared to other environmental factors
5. The author's statement that "fire is, in many respects, a kind of animal" serves to:
(A) Anthropomorphize fire and suggest that it has intentions and desires
(B) Highlight the unpredictable and uncontrollable nature of wildfires
(C) Emphasize the similarities between the consumption of oxygen by fire and animals
(D) Provide a vivid and memorable analogy for the various characteristics and behaviors of fire
(E) Argue that fire should be considered a living entity with its own evolutionary history
6. Based on the passage, which of the following factors would most likely contribute to a severe wildfire?
(A) A landscape with a gentle, downhill slope
(B) A period of heavy rainfall preceding the fire
(C) A forest dominated by tree species that regularly shed dead branches
(D) A region with infrequent lightning strikes and low human population density
(E) A plant community consisting primarily of species with low cellulose content in their leaves
7. The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to:
(A) Provide a comprehensive overview of the science behind wildfires
(B) Argue for the development of better wildfire prevention strategies
(C) Explore the complex and potentially evolutionary relationship between plants and fire
(D) Critique the methods used by researchers to study the behavior and impact of wildfires
(E) Persuade readers to support increased funding for wildfire research and management
8. Which of the following statements best represents the main idea of the passage?
(A) Wildfires are a destructive force that plants have evolved various strategies to cope with.
(B) The "torch-me hypothesis" is a well-supported and widely accepted explanation for the relationship between plants and fire.
(C) The study of wildfires is hindered by the lack of satellite imagery and the difficulty of conducting controlled experiments.
(D) The relationship between plants and fire is complex and bidirectional, with some plants potentially evolving to promote fire.
(E) The frequency and severity of wildfires are primarily determined by climate and weather conditions, rather than plant characteristics.
CADDDDCCD
Turkey, a transcontinental country straddling Europe and Asia, has experienced a remarkable growth in its tourism industry over the past two decades. Known for its rich history, diverse landscapes, and vibrant culture, Turkey has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. In 2019, the country welcomed a record 51.9 million international visitors, representing a staggering 143% increase from 2000, when it hosted 21.2 million tourists.
The Turkish government has made significant investments in the tourism sector, recognizing its potential to drive economic growth and create employment opportunities. In 2018, the direct contribution of travel and tourism to Turkey's GDP was TRY 461.3 billion (7.7% of GDP), and the industry directly supported 2.2 million jobs (8.3% of total employment). By 2028, these figures are expected to rise to TRY 1,036.2 billion (10.8% of GDP) and 2.8 million jobs (10.9% of total employment), respectively.
One of the key factors contributing to Turkey's tourism success has been the development of its coastal resorts along the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. Destinations such as Antalya, Bodrum, and Marmaris have become synonymous with luxury tourism, offering visitors a combination of pristine beaches, world-class accommodations, and a wide range of recreational activities. In 2019, Antalya alone welcomed 15.6 million international visitors, accounting for 30% of Turkey's total foreign tourist arrivals.
In addition to its coastal attractions, Turkey has also invested heavily in its cultural tourism sector, leveraging its rich history and archaeological heritage. The country is home to 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the ancient city of Ephesus, the Göreme National Park, and the historic areas of Istanbul. These sites attract millions of visitors each year, contributing significantly to the country's tourism revenues.
Despite the impressive growth of Turkey's tourism industry, it has also faced several challenges in recent years. Political instability, security concerns, and diplomatic tensions with key source markets have periodically disrupted the sector's growth trajectory. For example, in 2016, following a failed coup attempt and a series of terrorist attacks, the number of international arrivals to Turkey dropped by 30% compared to the previous year.
To mitigate these challenges and ensure the long-term sustainability of its tourism industry, the Turkish government has implemented a range of measures aimed at diversifying its tourism offerings, improving infrastructure, and enhancing security. In 2018, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism launched the "Turkey Tourism Strategy 2023," which sets out a comprehensive roadmap for the development of the sector over the next five years. The strategy focuses on promoting alternative forms of tourism, such as ecotourism, health tourism, and adventure tourism, as well as attracting higher-spending visitors from emerging markets.
Moreover, the Turkish government has also taken steps to improve the country's transportation infrastructure, recognizing its critical role in facilitating tourism growth. In recent years, Turkey has invested billions of dollars in the construction of new airports, highways, and high-speed rail lines, making it easier for visitors to access its various attractions. The Istanbul Airport, which opened in 2018, is expected to become one of the world's busiest airports, with a capacity to handle up to 200 million passengers annually.
Another key aspect of Turkey's tourism strategy has been the promotion of its unique culinary heritage. Turkish cuisine, which blends influences from Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian traditions, has gained international recognition for its rich flavors and diversity. The country has sought to capitalize on this reputation by promoting food tourism, with initiatives such as the "Turkish Cuisine Week" and the "Gastronomy Guide of Turkey" aimed at showcasing its culinary offerings to a global audience.
However, the rapid growth of Turkey's tourism industry has also raised concerns about its environmental and social impacts. The construction of large-scale tourism infrastructure, such as hotels and resorts, has led to the degradation of natural habitats and the displacement of local communities. The influx of tourists has also put pressure on local resources, such as water and energy, leading to sustainability challenges.
To address these concerns, the Turkish government has introduced a range of sustainable tourism policies and initiatives. In 2019, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism launched the "Sustainable Tourism Strategy of Turkey," which outlines a framework for the development of a more environmentally and socially responsible tourism sector. The strategy includes measures such as the promotion of eco-friendly accommodations, the conservation of natural and cultural heritage sites, and the engagement of local communities in tourism planning and decision-making.
The Turkish government has also sought to leverage technology to enhance the visitor experience and improve the efficiency of its tourism industry. In recent years, Turkey has invested in the development of smart tourism solutions, such as mobile applications and virtual reality experiences, which provide visitors with personalized and immersive travel experiences. For example, the "GoTurkey" mobile app, launched by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, offers users a comprehensive guide to the country's attractions, accommodations, and transportation options, as well as real-time information on events and activities.
In addition, Turkey has also explored the use of blockchain technology to streamline its tourism supply chain and enhance transparency. In 2019, the Turkish government partnered with the World Economic Forum to launch the "Turkey Blockchain Pilot Project," which aims to create a secure and efficient platform for the exchange of information and value between tourism stakeholders, such as hotels, airlines, and travel agencies.
Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has severely impacted the global tourism industry, Turkey remains optimistic about the future of its tourism sector. The country has implemented a range of health and safety measures to ensure the well-being of visitors and has sought to adapt its tourism offerings to the changing preferences of travelers in the post-pandemic era.
For example, Turkey has promoted the development of "workation" packages, which combine remote work opportunities with leisure travel, targeting the growing number of digital nomads and remote workers. The country has also sought to expand its offerings in the areas of wellness and medical tourism, leveraging its world-class healthcare facilities and natural hot springs to attract visitors seeking health and relaxation experiences.
Looking ahead, Turkey aims to cement its position as a leading global tourism destination by continuing to invest in its tourism infrastructure, diversifying its offerings, and promoting sustainable and responsible travel practices. The country has set ambitious targets for the future, including reaching 75 million international visitors and $65 billion in tourism revenues by 2023, the centenary of the Republic of Turkey.
To achieve these goals, the Turkish government has emphasized the importance of collaboration and partnerships between the public and private sectors, as well as with international organizations and stakeholders. In 2021, Turkey hosted the 8th UNWTO Global Summit on Urban Tourism, which brought together industry leaders and policymakers to discuss the future of urban tourism and share best practices for sustainable and inclusive growth.
In conclusion, Turkey's tourism industry has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades, driven by strategic investments, diverse offerings, and a commitment to excellence. Despite the challenges posed by political instability, security concerns, and the COVID-19 pandemic, Turkey remains well-positioned to capitalize on its unique cultural and natural assets and emerge as a global leader in sustainable and innovative tourism practices. As the country looks to the future, it will be crucial to balance the economic benefits of tourism with the need to protect its environmental and social fabric, ensuring that the industry remains a force for positive change and inclusive growth.
Questions:
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT one of the sustainable tourism policies or initiatives introduced by the Turkish government?
(A) The promotion of eco-friendly accommodations
(B) The conservation of natural and cultural heritage sites
(C) The engagement of local communities in tourism planning and decision-making
(D) The development of large-scale tourism infrastructure, such as hotels and resorts
(E) The implementation of the "Sustainable Tourism Strategy of Turkey" in 2019
2. The passage suggests that Turkey's investment in smart tourism solutions, such as mobile applications and virtual reality experiences, aims to:
(A) Replace traditional tourism offerings with digital alternatives
(B) Enhance the visitor experience and provide personalized travel experiences
(C) Reduce the number of international visitors to Turkey
(D) Increase the environmental impact of the tourism industry
(E) Discourage the use of technology in the tourism sector
3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a way in which Turkey has adapted its tourism offerings in response to the COVID-19 pandemic?
(A) The development of "workation" packages, combining remote work opportunities with leisure travel
(B) The expansion of offerings in the areas of wellness and medical tourism
(C) The promotion of domestic tourism to offset the decline in international visitors
(D) Both A and B
(E) Both B and C
4. The passage indicates that Turkey aims to reach which of the following targets by 2023, the centenary of the Republic of Turkey?
(A) 75 million international visitors and $65 billion in tourism revenues
(B) 100 million international visitors and $50 billion in tourism revenues
(C) 50 million international visitors and $75 billion in tourism revenues
(D) 65 million international visitors and $75 billion in tourism revenues
(E) 85 million international visitors and $60 billion in tourism revenues
5. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the 8th UNWTO Global Summit on Urban Tourism hosted by Turkey in 2021 is true?
(A) It focused solely on the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to the urban tourism sector.
(B) It brought together industry leaders and policymakers to discuss the future of urban tourism and share best practices for sustainable and inclusive growth.
(C) It was organized by the Turkish government without the involvement of international organizations.
(D) It aimed to discourage the development of urban tourism in favor of rural and nature-based tourism.
(E) It was the first time Turkey had hosted a major international tourism event.
6. The passage suggests that the rapid growth of Turkey's tourism industry has led to which of the following environmental and social impacts?
(A) The degradation of natural habitats
(B) The displacement of local communities
(C) Increased pressure on local resources, such as water and energy
(D) All of the above
(E) None of the above
7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a key aspect of Turkey's tourism strategy?
(A) The promotion of its unique culinary heritage
(B) The development of its coastal resorts along the Mediterranean and Aegean seas
(C) The investment in cultural tourism, leveraging its rich history and archaeological heritage
(D) The focus on attracting budget-conscious travelers and backpackers
(E) The diversification of its tourism offerings, including ecotourism, health tourism, and adventure tourism
8. The passage indicates that the "Turkey Blockchain Pilot Project" launched in 2019 aims to:
(A) Create a secure and efficient platform for the exchange of information and value between tourism stakeholders
(B) Replace traditional currency with cryptocurrency in the tourism industry
(C) Eliminate the need for intermediaries, such as travel agencies and tour operators
(D) Increase the carbon footprint of the tourism industry through the use of energy-intensive blockchain technology
(E) Discourage the adoption of new technologies in the tourism sector
9. According to the passage, which of the following factors has NOT been a challenge faced by Turkey's tourism industry in recent years?
(A) Political instability
(B) Security concerns
(C) Diplomatic tensions with key source markets
(D) The COVID-19 pandemic
(E) The lack of government investment in the tourism sector
10. The passage suggests that to ensure the long-term sustainability and positive impact of its tourism industry, Turkey must:
(A) Prioritize economic growth over environmental and social concerns
(B) Focus exclusively on attracting high-spending visitors from developed markets
(C) Balance the economic benefits of tourism with the need to protect its environmental and social fabric
(D) Discourage the development of new tourism offerings and initiatives
(E) Limit the involvement of international organizations and stakeholders in its tourism planning and decision-making
11. (D)
12. (B)
13. (D)
14. (A)
15. (B)
16. (D)
17. (D)
18. (A)
19. (E)
20. (C)
[/md]作者: 小木a 时间: 2024-9-3 21:58
Mark一下！ 作者: 杨翠花 时间: 2024-9-9 22:17
CR，我的选项：DD，答案：EC
1. P: 政府为了保护某种鱼类，计划实行2年暂停捕鱼。暂停期之后可以每年在限制的数量内捕鱼。有渔民担心这样会导致利润下降。
C：一些经济学家认为，即使捕到和以前一样的数量的鱼，渔民的利润会增加。
我选D：休渔期之后，渔民可以对那些稀有的鱼收高价。【我觉得这样就会使得单个利润增加】
答案E：因为鱼的种群rebounds，单价捕捞成本下降。【普遍适用所有鱼类，单个成本都下降，所以比D更好】