A recent study found that people who read more than one recreational book per year are more likely to attend museums and concerts compared to those who read less than one book per year. The researchers concluded that reading books encourages people to participate more in cultural activities like attending museums and concerts. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the researchers' conclusion?
A. People who attend museums and concerts are more likely to have higher levels of education than those who do not.
B. The study did not distinguish between different genres of recreational books, such as fiction and non-fiction.
C. The study relied on self-reported data about reading habits and cultural activity participation.
D. People who enjoy cultural activities like museums and concerts may be more likely to seek out and read recreational books.
E. The study did not consider other factors that could influence participation in cultural activities, such as income level or geographic location.
A recent study found a higher prevalence of myopia (nearsightedness) among children who sleep with the lights on compared to those who sleep in darkness. One proposed explanation is that sleeping with lights on causes myopia. An alternative explanation is that children with myopia prefer to sleep with the lights on. Which of the following, if true, would support one explanation while undermining the other?
A. The percentage of children with myopia has been steadily increasing over the past few decades.
B. Adults who slept with the lights on during childhood are more likely to prefer sleeping with lights on as adults.
C. Children who sleep with the lights on tend to take fewer naps during the daytime.
D. Studies have shown that some young animals require darkness to develop normal vision.
E. The severity of myopia in individuals typically worsens with age.
答案:
DD
2.RC
This study examines the effects of popular music in advertising to determine both the theoretical (the effect of popular music on the processing of advertising messages) and practical (the design of more effective advertisements using popular music) implications. An experiment is reported that tested the effects of three integrations of popular music in advertising: original lyric，altered lyrics, and instrumentals (plus a control treatment with no music) on attention and memory. The results indicated that song vocals, either original or altered, are more effective stimuli of advertising effects than instrumentals or no popular music.
But Kahneman (1973) said that attention describes some internal mechanisms that determine the significance not the relevance of stimuli. This suggests that popular music with high or low personal significance will lead to greater or lesser attention to the integrated advertising messages; popular music vocals will be more attention-getting than other treatments; and original popular vocals with high personal significance will be the most effective at getting the attention of the individual.
Popular music with original vocals was a more effective stimulus of attention and memory when high in personal significance and popular music with altered vocals was a more effective stimulus of attention and memory when low in personal significance
The individuals in this experiment processed songs and artists they considered high in personal significance differently from those that were low in significance.... When the artist was significant, the original vocal led to greater brand attention but when the artist was not significant, the altered vocal led to greater brand attention.... It suggests that the level of significance of the music and/or the artist can affect involvement possibly resulting in different processing of the advertising messages.
And/or the artist can affect involvement possibly resulting in different processing of the advertising messages. While high personal significance can be a possible explanation for the attention gaining value of original vocals, low personal significance cannot adequately explain the attention-gaining value of altered vocals. Three possible explanations include the novelty of hearing a popular song with altered lyrics (especially the first time); irritation caused by the changed lyrics; and/or the lack of fit of the song or the artist with the brand. All of these could have been attention-gaining stimuli causing greater attention to the brand and the song. It is clear, however, that lyrics (either original or altered) are important and that even though an interaction was observed for just one song and artist ("The Middle" by Jimmy Eat World) based on the lyrics, the results are of practical importance to advertisers for two primary reasons. First, the use of no music or an instrumental version of a popular song should be avoided. Second, if the advertiser is able to use a popular song that is personally significant to the target market of the brand, then the original vocal version should be used, but if not, an altered vocal version should be considered.
Either way, personal significance plays a role in the effectiveness of popular music in advertising on attention and memory, brand memory were observed for one of the brands (Sony) for both the song ("Without Me") and the artist (Eminem), with some apparent significant effects for genders. It is interesting to note that for the Kodak brand, males were observed to have greater memory for the brand than females when the song and the artist ("The Middle" by Jimmy Eat World) were highly significant but that females had greater memory for the brand when the song and the artist were low in personal significance. This could suggest that males are more sensitive to the level of personal significance they have for advertising messages integrated in popular music than females, but this would need future research.
1. The passage suggests that the effectiveness of popular music in advertising is primarily determined by:
A. The genre of the music and its compatibility with the advertised product
B. The personal significance of the music and artist to the target audience
C. The use of original vocals, regardless of the song's familiarity or popularity
D. The integration of the music with other elements of the advertisement, such as visuals and narrative
E. The ability of the music to evoke positive emotions and associations with the brand
2. According to the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effective approach when using popular music in advertising?
A. Using a song with original vocals that is highly significant to the target market
B. Using a song with altered vocals when the song is not highly significant to the target market
C. Using an instrumental version of a popular song, regardless of its significance to the target market
D. Avoiding the use of music altogether and relying on other attention-gaining techniques
E. Carefully selecting music that aligns with the brand's image and message, even if it is not a popular song
3. The findings of the experiment regarding the song "The Middle" by Jimmy Eat World suggest that:
A. The effectiveness of original and altered vocals depends on the listener's familiarity with the song
B. The personal significance of the song and artist can influence the processing of advertising messages differently for males and females
C. The use of altered vocals is always more effective than original vocals, regardless of personal significance
D. The interaction between the song's lyrics and the advertised brand is the primary factor in determining advertising effectiveness
E. The gender of the listener is the most important variable in determining the effectiveness of popular music in advertising
4. Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between personal significance and attention in the context of popular music in advertising?
A. High personal significance always leads to greater attention to the advertising message, regardless of the type of music used
B. Low personal significance always results in less attention to the advertising message, regardless of the type of music used
C. The relationship between personal significance and attention is mediated by the listener's familiarity with the song and artist
D. The level of personal significance can influence attention differently depending on the type of music used (original vocals, altered vocals, or instrumentals)
E. Personal significance has no effect on attention when popular music is used in advertising
5. The passage's discussion of the findings related to the Kodak brand and the song "The Middle" by Jimmy Eat World suggests that:
A. Males and females process advertising messages in popular music fundamentally differently, regardless of personal significance
B. The personal significance of the song and artist can lead to different levels of brand memory for males and females
C. The use of original vocals is always more effective for males, while altered vocals are always more effective for females
D. The effectiveness of popular music in advertising for the Kodak brand is solely determined by the listener's gender
E. The findings related to the Kodak brand and "The Middle" can be generalized to all brands and songs used in advertising
6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a valid reason for the practical importance of the experiment's results to advertisers?
A. The use of no music or instrumental versions of popular songs should be avoided in advertising
B. If a popular song is personally significant to the target market, the original vocal version should be used
C. If a popular song is not personally significant to the target market, an altered vocal version should be considered
D. The personal significance of the music and artist to the target market is irrelevant when selecting popular music for advertising
E. Lyrics, whether original or altered, play a crucial role in the effectiveness of popular music in advertising
7. The experiment's findings regarding the effect of popular music on brand memory for the Sony brand indicate that:
A. Personal significance has no impact on brand memory when popular music is used in advertising
B. The use of altered vocals consistently leads to greater brand memory compared to original vocals
C. Females are more influenced by the personal significance of the music and artist when processing advertising messages
D. The personal significance of both the song and artist can affect brand memory, with potential differences between genders
E. Instrumental versions of popular songs are more effective in enhancing brand memory than vocal versions
8. Which of the following can be concluded from the passage about the role of novelty in the effectiveness of altered vocals in popular music in advertising?
A. Novelty is the sole factor responsible for the attention-gaining value of altered vocals
B. Novelty, along with irritation and lack of fit, are potential explanations for the effectiveness of altered vocals
C. Novelty is only relevant when the song and artist are of low personal significance to the listener
D. The passage dismisses novelty as a possible explanation for the effectiveness of altered vocals
E. The role of novelty in the effectiveness of altered vocals is fully explained and confirmed by the experiment's results
BCBDBDDB
3.DI
The rich tapestry of Austrian classical music has captivated audiences worldwide for centuries, weaving together a harmonious blend of tradition and innovation. From the soaring melodies of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to the groundbreaking compositions of Gustav Mahler, Austria's musical heritage has left an indelible mark on the global cultural landscape. This enduring legacy, which spans over three centuries, continues to inspire and influence musicians, composers, and music enthusiasts around the world, cementing Austria's position as a true powerhouse of classical music.
Austria's musical journey began in the early 18th century, during the height of the Baroque era. It was during this time that composers such as Johann Joseph Fux and Georg Christoph Wagenseil laid the foundation for the country's musical tradition, crafting intricate compositions that showcased their mastery of counterpoint and harmonic structure. These early pioneers paved the way for the emergence of the Classical period, which saw Austria's musical output reach unprecedented heights.
The Classical era, spanning from the mid-18th to the early 19th century, was a golden age for Austrian music. This period witnessed the rise of some of the most iconic figures in classical music history, including Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. Haydn, often referred to as the "Father of the Symphony," composed an astonishing 106 symphonies, 83 string quartets, and 45 piano trios, among numerous other works. His innovative approach to musical form and structure set the stage for the development of the symphony and string quartet as we know them today.
Mozart, a child prodigy and one of the most prolific composers in history, left an unparalleled legacy that includes over 600 works across various genres. From his operas, such as "The Marriage of Figaro" and "Don Giovanni," to his symphonies, concertos, and chamber music, Mozart's compositions are renowned for their elegance, clarity, and emotional depth. His influence on the development of classical music cannot be overstated, and his works continue to be performed and celebrated worldwide.
Beethoven, a pivotal figure in the transition from the Classical to the Romantic era, pushed the boundaries of musical expression and form. His groundbreaking compositions, such as the "Symphony No. 5" and the "Piano Concerto No. 4," showcased his innovative use of dynamics, rhythm, and harmonic complexity. Beethoven's music often reflected his personal struggles and the turbulent social and political climate of his time, imbuing his works with a profound sense of emotion and humanity.
As the Romantic era dawned in the early 19th century, Austrian composers continued to push the envelope, exploring new forms of musical expression and expanding the boundaries of the classical tradition. Franz Schubert, known for his lyrical melodies and expressive harmonies, composed over 600 vocal works, including the song cycles "Die schöne Müllerin" and "Winterreise." His instrumental works, such as the "Symphony No. 8" (Unfinished) and the "Piano Quintet in A major" (The Trout), are celebrated for their emotional depth and technical brilliance.
The late Romantic period saw the emergence of composers such as Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler, who pushed the limits of the symphony to new heights. Bruckner's symphonies, known for their expansive structures and rich harmonies, often evoke a sense of the sublime and the spiritual. Mahler, on the other hand, infused his symphonies with a wide range of emotions and philosophical themes, incorporating elements of folk music, poetry, and nature into his compositions. His monumental works, such as the "Symphony No. 2" (Resurrection) and the "Symphony No. 8" (Symphony of a Thousand), are testament to his visionary approach to the symphonic form.
In the 20th century, Austrian composers continued to innovate and explore new musical territories. Arnold Schoenberg, a pioneer of atonal and twelve-tone music, revolutionized the way composers approached harmony and structure. His groundbreaking works, such as "Pierrot Lunaire" and the "String Quartet No. 2," paved the way for the development of serialism and other avant-garde techniques. Schoenberg's pupils, including Alban Berg and Anton Webern, further expanded upon his ideas, creating a new musical language that challenged traditional notions of tonality and form.
Today, Austria's classical music scene remains as vibrant and innovative as ever. The country's renowned music institutions, such as the Vienna State Opera, the Vienna Philharmonic, and the Salzburg Festival, continue to attract world-class musicians and audiences from around the globe. These organizations not only preserve Austria's rich musical heritage but also champion new works and emerging talents, ensuring that the country's classical music tradition remains relevant and dynamic.
Austrian composers of the 21st century, such as Georg Friedrich Haas, Olga Neuwirth, and Johannes Maria Staud, are pushing the boundaries of contemporary classical music, incorporating elements of electronic music, multimedia, and interdisciplinary collaboration into their works. Their compositions often address pressing social and political issues, reflecting the complex realities of our time.
In addition to its thriving contemporary music scene, Austria has also become a hub for historically informed performance practice. Ensembles such as the Vienna Academy of Ancient Music and the Concentus Musicus Wien have been at the forefront of the early music revival, rediscovering and reinterpreting the works of Baroque and Classical composers using period instruments and performance techniques. This approach has shed new light on the music of the past, offering fresh perspectives on well-known works and unearthing forgotten gems.
Austria's commitment to music education has also played a crucial role in sustaining its classical music tradition. The country's music schools and conservatories, such as the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna and the Mozarteum University Salzburg, have produced countless world-class musicians and composers over the years. These institutions not only provide rigorous training in performance and composition but also foster a deep appreciation for the country's musical heritage and its place in the global cultural landscape.
The enduring legacy of Austrian classical music is a testament to the country's unwavering dedication to artistic excellence and innovation. From the Baroque masters to the avant-garde experimentalists, Austrian composers have consistently pushed the boundaries of musical expression, leaving an indelible mark on the world of classical music. As we look to the future, it is clear that Austria will continue to be a driving force in the evolution of classical music, nurturing new generations of composers and musicians who will carry this rich tradition forward into the 21st century and beyond.
1. Which Austrian composer is often referred to as the "Father of the Symphony"?
A) Joseph Haydn
B) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
C) Ludwig van Beethoven
D) Franz Schubert
2. Approximately how many symphonies did Joseph Haydn compose during his lifetime?
A) 45
B) 83
C) 106
D) 600
3. Which of the following Mozart operas is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A) The Marriage of Figaro
B) Don Giovanni
C) The Magic Flute
D) Così fan tutte
4. Ludwig van Beethoven is described as a pivotal figure in the transition from which two musical eras?
A) Baroque to Classical
B) Classical to Romantic
C) Romantic to Modern
D) Modern to Contemporary
5. Which Austrian composer is known for his song cycles "Die schöne Müllerin" and "Winterreise"?
A) Franz Schubert
B) Anton Bruckner
C) Gustav Mahler
D) Arnold Schoenberg
6. Gustav Mahler's "Symphony No. 8" is also known by what name?
A) Unfinished Symphony
B) Resurrection Symphony
C) Symphony of a Thousand
D) Tragic Symphony
7. Who among the following Austrian composers is considered a pioneer of atonal and twelve-tone music?
A) Alban Berg
B) Anton Webern
C) Arnold Schoenberg
D) Johannes Maria Staud
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a renowned Austrian music institution?
A) Vienna State Opera
B) Vienna Philharmonic
C) Salzburg Festival
D) Berlin Philharmonic
9. The Vienna Academy of Ancient Music and the Concentus Musicus Wien are known for their focus on which performance practice?
A) Electronic music
B) Multimedia performances
C) Historically informed performance
D) Interdisciplinary collaboration
10. Which of the following Austrian music schools is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A) University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
B) Mozarteum University Salzburg
C) University of Music and Dramatic Arts Graz
D) Anton Bruckner Private University
答案解析:
1. A) Joseph Haydn 被称为 "交响曲之父",这在文章中有明确提及。
2. C) 文章中提到海顿一生中创作了106部交响曲。
3. D) 文章提到了莫扎特的歌剧《费加罗的婚礼》和《唐·乔瓦尼》,但没有提及《女人皆如此》。
4. B) 贝多芬被描述为古典时期向浪漫主义时期过渡的关键人物。
5. A) 弗朗茨·舒伯特以其歌曲循环《美丽的磨坊女》和《冬之旅》而闻名。
6. C) 马勒的第八交响曲也被称为 "千人交响曲"。
7. C) 阿诺尔德·勋伯格被认为是无调性音乐和十二音体系的先驱。
8. D) 文章没有提到柏林爱乐乐团,因为它不是一个奥地利音乐机构。
9. C) 维也纳古乐学院和维也纳音乐集中营以其对历史演绎实践的关注而闻名。
10. C) 文章没有提到格拉茨音乐与戏剧艺术大学。
[/md]作者: JCTfire 时间: 2024-8-18 21:39
P:阅读书的人更容易去museums
C：书鼓励人民参加这些活动
思考方向：因果型，纯粹巧合；他因or因果倒置
ABC无关
D因果倒置
P：有光睡觉的孩子更容易得myopia
C：光导致M
有M的更习惯开灯睡觉
选项回答方向：因果型
一个是排除纯粹偶然，一个是不是因果倒置
D符合作者: 杨翠花 时间: 2024-8-19 21:50
CR，我的选项：DD，答案：DD
1. P：研究发现每年至少读一本消遣书籍的人比不读书的人更有可能去参观博物馆/音乐会
C：读书鼓励人们多参加文化活动
削弱题，立场：并不是读书鼓励人们多参加文化活动
逻辑链条：没有因果关系-因果倒置
我选D：是喜欢文化活动的人才去读书【因果倒置】