1.CR
Archaeologists have long believed that the first humans to settle in the Americas arrived from Asia approximately 15,000 years ago. However, a recent genetic study of indigenous American populations suggests that their ancestors diverged from Siberian populations around 25,000 years ago. Which of the following, if true, would best reconcile the discrepancy between the archaeological and genetic evidence?
(A) The ancestors of Native Americans may have diverged genetically from Siberian populations long before migrating to the Americas.
(B) Archaeological evidence is more reliable than genetic evidence when determining the timing of past migration events.
(C) The Bering Land Bridge connecting Asia and North America was only passable during specific periods due to climatic conditions.
(D) Native American populations have experienced significant genetic drift since their initial settlement in the Americas.
(E) The rate of genetic mutation in humans has varied considerably over the past 30,000 years.
In City X, the total number of taxi passengers usually increases proportionally with the demand for taxis. However, it has been observed that during periods of peak demand, the total number of passengers is significantly lower than the maximum capacity of the taxi fleet. Which of the following, if true, best explains this discrepancy?
(A) Taxi drivers in City X prefer not to work during severe weather conditions when demand for taxis is highest.
(B) Many businesses in City X are closed during heavy snowstorms, reducing the overall demand for transportation.
(C) City residents who typically drive their own vehicles are more likely to use taxis during periods of heavy snowfall.
(D) The number of taxi drivers in City X has decreased in recent years, despite an increase in the total number of taxis.
(E) Taxi fares in City X are significantly higher during peak demand periods, discouraging some potential passengers.
答案:
2.RC
Cadenzas sprang up in the early eighteenth century, when composers began indicating brief episodes where the performer should play freely, delaying a final cadence. They appeared not only in opera but also in instrumental pieces, especially in the closing sections of concerto movements. Musicians had been embellishing the score for centuries, and perhaps the cadenza was a way of bringing improvisation under control, corralling it. Mozart, as composer and pianist, brought the practice to its peak; one of his contemporaries stated that cadenzas should be dreamlike in their logic, expressing “ordered disorder,” and Mozart’s playing evidently had that quality. (He wrote out cadenzas for many of his concertos, so his performances may not always have been spontaneous.) Beethoven carried on the tradition—the darkly rumbling cadenza that he devised for Mozart’s D-minor Piano Concerto is a fascinating case of one composer meditating on another—but he also helped to kill it. In the first movement of the “Emperor” Concerto, the soloist is told not to make a cadenza but to play “the following”—a fully notated solo. Performers gradually stopped working out their own cadenzas, instead turning to a repertory of written-out versions. Opera singers retained more freedom, especially when it came to interpolating bravura high notes, but they, too, grew more cautious. Improvisation became the province of church organists and avant-gardists, the latter often taking inspiration from jazz.
Classical advocates of the practice believe that it is not only historically valid but intellectually enlivening. For a recent paper in NeuroImage, Aaron Berkowitz and Daniel Ansari studied what happens cognitively when someone improvises; they observed increased activity in two zones of the brain, one connected to decision-making and the other to language. Even if a soloist extemporizes for only a minute, the remainder of the performance may gain something intangible. Levin, the Harvard-based musician who for decades has been the chief guru of classical improvisation, believes that performances need to cultivate risk and surprise. Otherwise, he says, music becomes “gymnastics with the affectation of emotional content”—a phrase that sums up uncomfortably large tracts of modern music-making.
1. The passage implies that the emergence of cadenzas in the early eighteenth century was:
(A) a natural outgrowth of the long-standing practice of musicians embellishing the score
(B) an attempt by composers to showcase their own virtuosity as performers
(C) a response to the increasing complexity of operatic and instrumental music
(D) a means for composers to assert greater control over the improvisational skills of performers
(E) a reflection of the growing influence of jazz improvisation on classical music
2. Which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between Mozart's composed cadenzas and his performances?
(A) Mozart always performed his own written-out cadenzas.
(B) Mozart's performances were entirely spontaneous, and he never relied on composed cadenzas.
(C) Mozart's composed cadenzas were merely a starting point for his improvisations.
(D) Mozart's performances may not have always been improvisational, as he wrote out cadenzas for many of his concertos.
(E) Mozart's contemporaries disapproved of his use of composed cadenzas in his performances.
3. The author's description of Beethoven's cadenza for Mozart's D-minor Piano Concerto suggests that:
(A) Beethoven's cadenza was superior to any of Mozart's own cadenzas for that concerto.
(B) Beethoven's cadenza was an homage to Mozart's style of improvisation.
(C) Beethoven's cadenza represented a significant departure from Mozart's approach to cadenzas.
(D) Beethoven's cadenza was a creative interpretation of Mozart's musical ideas.
(E) Beethoven's cadenza was an attempt to overshadow Mozart's original composition.
4. The passage suggests that the decline of improvisation in classical music was:
(A) a direct result of Beethoven's influence on the cadenza tradition
(B) a gradual process that began with the introduction of written-out cadenzas
(C) a consequence of the increasing technical demands placed on performers
(D) a reflection of the changing tastes of audiences in the nineteenth century
(E) a result of the growing prominence of church organists and avant-garde composers
5. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the current state of improvisation in classical music?
(A) It is a thriving practice among most contemporary classical musicians.
(B) It is largely confined to church organists and avant-garde composers, with the latter often drawing inspiration from jazz.
(C) It is experiencing a resurgence due to the efforts of musicians like Levin, who advocate for its historical validity and intellectual benefits.
(D) It is viewed with suspicion by most classical musicians, who prefer the stability of written scores.
(E) It is a required skill for all classical musicians, particularly those who perform concertos and opera.
6. The findings of the study by Berkowitz and Ansari mentioned in the passage suggest that improvisation:
(A) engages the same cognitive processes as language production and decision-making
(B) is less cognitively demanding than performing from a written score
(C) has a negative impact on a musician's ability to perform composed music
(D) is unrelated to the cognitive processes involved in musical performance
(E) is more strongly associated with language processing than with decision-making
7. Based on Levin's perspective, it can be inferred that performances lacking in risk and surprise:
(A) are more technically precise than those that incorporate improvisation
(B) are emotionally sincere but lack technical proficiency
(C) prioritize technical display over genuine emotional expression
(D) are a necessary consequence of the decline of improvisation in classical music
(E) are more intellectually engaging for audiences than improvisational performances
8. The passage's discussion of the cognitive aspects of improvisation serves to:
(A) provide a scientific justification for the revival of improvisation in classical music
(B) highlight the potential risks associated with improvisation in musical performance
(C) explain why improvisation declined in popularity among classical musicians
(D) suggest that the benefits of improvisation extend beyond historical authenticity
(E) challenge the notion that written scores are essential for effective musical communication
3.DI
The Argentine wine industry has experienced significant growth and transformation over the past few decades, emerging as a major player in the global wine market. With a rich history dating back to the 16th century, Argentine wine production has undergone a renaissance in recent years, driven by a combination of favorable climatic conditions, technological advancements, and a renewed focus on quality and innovation.
Argentina's unique terroir, characterized by high-altitude vineyards, arid climate, and diverse soil types, has played a crucial role in shaping the country's wine identity. The high-altitude vineyards, particularly those in the Mendoza region, benefit from intense sunlight, cool nights, and low humidity, resulting in grapes with concentrated flavors, good acidity, and smooth tannins. These conditions are particularly well-suited for the cultivation of Malbec, a grape variety that has become synonymous with Argentine wine.
Malbec, originally from France, found its ideal home in Argentina's Mendoza region. The grape thrives in the country's high-altitude vineyards, producing wines with deep color, intense fruit flavors, and a velvety texture. Argentine Malbec has gained international acclaim, with critics praising its quality, versatility, and value. The success of Malbec has also paved the way for other grape varieties, such as Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Torrontés, to gain recognition and popularity among consumers.
In addition to its favorable growing conditions, Argentina's wine industry has benefited from significant investments in technology and infrastructure. Modern winemaking techniques, such as precision irrigation, canopy management, and temperature-controlled fermentation, have enabled producers to optimize grape quality and consistency. Moreover, the construction of state-of-the-art wineries and the adoption of sustainable viticultural practices have contributed to the industry's overall efficiency and competitiveness.
The Argentine government has also played a supportive role in the wine industry's growth, implementing policies and initiatives aimed at promoting exports, attracting foreign investment, and enhancing the country's wine tourism sector. The creation of the Wines of Argentina (WofA) organization in 1993 has been instrumental in raising the international profile of Argentine wines, through marketing campaigns, trade fairs, and educational programs.
Despite its impressive growth and success, the Argentine wine industry faces several challenges. Climate change, particularly the increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as droughts and hailstorms, poses a threat to grape cultivation and wine production. Additionally, economic instability, inflation, and currency fluctuations have made it difficult for producers to plan for the long term and invest in new technologies and infrastructure.
To address these challenges, the Argentine wine industry has focused on diversification, both in terms of grape varieties and export markets. Producers are exploring new terroirs, such as the high-altitude valleys of Salta and the cool-climate regions of Patagonia, to create distinctive and high-quality wines. Moreover, the industry is actively seeking to expand its presence in emerging markets, such as Asia and Africa, while consolidating its position in traditional markets like the United States and Europe.
The Argentine wine industry's success story is a testament to the country's resilience, creativity, and passion for winemaking. As the industry continues to evolve and adapt to new challenges and opportunities, it is poised to solidify its position as a leading producer of high-quality, distinctive wines that captivate consumers around the world. The combination of unique terroir, skilled winemakers, and a commitment to innovation and sustainability bodes well for the future of Argentine wine, as it seeks to leave an indelible mark on the global wine landscape.
Questions:
1. According to the passage, which of the following factors has NOT contributed to the growth and transformation of the Argentine wine industry?
(A) Favorable climatic conditions
(B) Technological advancements
(C) Government subsidies for grape growers
(D) A focus on quality and innovation
2. The passage suggests that the high altitude of Argentine vineyards results in:
(A) Grapes with concentrated flavors and good acidity
(B) Wines with light color and delicate flavors
(C) Increased susceptibility to extreme weather events
(D) Difficulty in implementing modern winemaking techniques
3. Which of the following grape varieties is described as having found its ideal home in Argentina's Mendoza region?
(A) Bonarda
(B) Cabernet Sauvignon
(C) Malbec
(D) Torrontés
4. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the role of the Wines of Argentina (WofA) organization?
(A) Implementing policies to attract foreign investment
(B) Developing new grape varieties suited to Argentina's terroir
(C) Promoting Argentine wines internationally through various initiatives
(D) Providing financial support to struggling wine producers
5. The passage mentions all of the following as challenges faced by the Argentine wine industry EXCEPT:
(A) Climate change and extreme weather events
(B) Economic instability and currency fluctuations
(C) Declining global demand for Argentine wines
(D) Difficulty in long-term planning and investment
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a strategy adopted by the Argentine wine industry to address its challenges?
(A) Exploring new terroirs in regions like Salta and Patagonia
(B) Focusing on a single grape variety to establish a strong brand identity
(C) Expanding its presence in emerging markets
(D) Consolidating its position in traditional markets
7. The author's attitude towards the future of the Argentine wine industry can best be described as:
(A) Cautiously optimistic
(B) Deeply pessimistic
(C) Indifferent
(D) Unequivocally confident
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the relationship between Argentine Malbec and the country's wine identity?
(A) Malbec's success has overshadowed other grape varieties in Argentina.
(B) Malbec's popularity has hindered the growth of the Argentine wine industry.
(C) Malbec's success has helped raise the profile of Argentine wines internationally.
(D) Malbec is no longer considered a significant grape variety in Argentina.
9. The passage suggests that the adoption of sustainable viticultural practices in Argentina has:
(A) Led to a decrease in wine quality
(B) Contributed to the industry's efficiency and competitiveness
(C) Been hindered by the lack of government support
(D) Had no significant impact on the wine industry's growth
10. Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the passage?
(A) To compare Argentine wines with those from other major wine-producing countries
(B) To analyze the economic impact of the Argentine wine industry on the country's GDP
(C) To provide an overview of the factors contributing to the growth and success of the Argentine wine industry
(D) To argue for the superiority of Argentine Malbec over other grape varieties
作者: Janice_Jiang 时间: 2024-7-31 10:50
Mark一下！ 作者: JamesGgogo 时间: 2024-7-31 11:09
CR：
15,000年前从亚洲到达 or 25,000年前从西伯利亚人群分离
A
与西伯利亚人分离开来，说不定没有直接来到亚洲，而是分开了。
DI
CACAC AACBC作者: faye1030 时间: 2024-7-31 11:32
CR1. D
错题分析：
结论一：考古学家长期以来认为第一批来美洲的人种是15000年前从亚洲过来的。
结论二：最近一项基因研究表明美洲原住民的祖先在25000年前就从西伯利亚人种中分离。
(A) The ancestors of Native Americans may have diverged genetically from Siberian populations long before migrating to the Americas. 美洲原住民的祖先在移居到美洲之前已经与西伯利亚人发生了基因分离，那么可能发生原住民的祖先离开西伯利亚后去了亚洲再移居美洲，则可使结论二与结论一不冲突
(C) The Bering Land Bridge connecting Asia and North America was only passable during specific periods due to climatic conditions.
连接亚洲和北美的桥只有在特殊时间会出现，只能说明有一部分美洲原住民来自亚洲，无法说明为什么会出现西伯利亚人种的基因，也无法说明哪一批是第一批
(D) Native American populations have experienced significant genetic drift since their initial settlement in the Americas.
自从最初定居美洲以来，美洲原住民群体经历了显著的遗传漂变。查了下维基百科遗传漂变是指种群中基因库在代际发生随机改变的一种现象。西伯利亚人基因可以随机变成亚洲人基因吗？不太可能。
2. E
没搞明白E为什么错了。
一般来说，出租车乘客总数通常与出租车需求成正比例增长；但是在需求高峰期，乘客总数却低于出租车最大容量
(A) Taxi drivers in City X prefer not to work during severe weather conditions when demand for taxis is highest.
出租车司机在恶劣的天气是不愿意工作的，虽然需求量很大但出租车最大容量变小，导致乘客总数低于出租车容量
(E) Taxi fares in City X are significantly higher during peak demand periods, discouraging some potential passengers.
在需求高峰期出租车车费一般比较高，导致阻拦了一部分潜在客户。说明乘客总数少于出租车容量。 作者: Christalpan770 时间: 2024-7-31 12:43
Mark一下！ 作者: jeilham 时间: 2024-7-31 13:16
0000000000000000作者: Hihihi0024 时间: 2024-7-31 14:40
CR 2 E作者: 薯片家的 时间: 2024-7-31 14:47
CR: C E
RC: A DCBBACA
1. 在18世纪早期，音乐会中的即兴传作开始流行起来
2. 即兴创作对大脑好 作者: Tamasine 时间: 2024-7-31 16:22
P1: Cad: play freely
Mozart
Beethoven: carry on, one composer meditating on another, but also kill
P2: Historically valid and interlectually enlivening
risk and suprice
1. A, Musicians had been embellishing the score for centuries, and perhaps the cadenza was a way of bringing improvisation under control
2. D use Cad but sometimes write out
3. B, carried on the tradition, a fascinating case of one composer meditating on another
4. B, erformers gradually stopped working out their own cadenzas, instead turning to a repertory of written-out versions
5. B Improvisation became the province of church organists and avant-gardists, the latter often taking inspiration from jazz.
6. A
7. C
8. D, Classical advocates of the practice believe that it is not only historically valid but intellectually enlivening 作者: 火锅l 时间: 2024-7-31 17:51
11作者: anonysakura 时间: 2024-7-31 22:15
看一下！ 作者: 杨翠花 时间: 2024-8-5 22:49
Mark一下！ 作者: 杨翠花 时间: 2024-8-5 22:57
CR，我的选项AE，答案：AA
1. P：考古学家发现第一批来美国定居的人类来自亚洲，大概是1.5万年前
C：但是最近的基因研究表明，美国当地人种群中他们的祖先是由S 种群分化来的，大约2.5万年前
差异解释题
我选A：在来到美国之前，就已经由S种群分化了
逻辑链条：时间先后关系的矛盾，则就去找这个主要矛盾的解释
2. P：在城市X，出租车乘客的数量随着对出租车的需求而增加
C：但是，在高峰时期，乘客总数显著低于出租车最大运力的水平
差异解释题
逻辑链条：矛盾点在乘客总数在高峰时间显著低于max 出租车数量----> 乘客少，车多
我选E：高峰时期打车显著贵，使得一些乘客不打车了【直接解释乘客少】
？？疑惑答案A，taxi driver都少了怎么还能说max capacity 作者: JCTfire 时间: 2024-8-6 09:11
A：Americas来源于Asia大约15000年前
G：Amercias来源于Siberian大约25000年前
选项方向：解释两者差异原因
A祖先在移民之前就在基因上有了差别
B A对证据更加可靠--无关
C：大桥可以通过的时期--无关
D本地人在移民后会经历基因改变
Ethe rate of XX 在过去的30000年变化很大--共同条件
我的选择：A