1.CR
Animal rights organizations have been campaigning against fur coats, and this year, sales of mink coats have significantly declined. The author concludes that this decline is due to the influence of animal rights groups.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author's argument?
(A) The price of mink coats has increased due to a shortage of mink pelts on the market.
(B) More celebrities have been speaking out against the use of animal fur in fashion.
(C) The popularity of faux fur coats has been steadily increasing over the past few years.
(D) Animal rights organizations have increased their advertising budget for anti-fur campaigns.
(E) A survey shows that consumers are becoming more aware of the ethical concerns surrounding fur production.
A government official argues that allowing paying passengers on space research vessels will facilitate the fundraising process for space exploration projects. The official points out that few people are willing to invest in projects without tangible benefits, and many underfunded projects fail due to a lack of public interest. Furthermore, several millionaires have already invested in space projects that allow them to participate in space tourism.
Which of the following is an assumption underlying the official's argument?
(A) Space tourism is the only way to raise sufficient funds for space exploration projects.
(B) The majority of the public is interested in participating in space tourism.
(C) The funds raised from space tourism will be directly invested into space exploration research.
(D) At least some of the millionaires are paying more for their space voyages than the actual cost of the trips.
(E) Space exploration projects have consistently failed to secure funding through traditional means.
答案:
2.RC
WHAT'S all this fuss about income inequality? Sure, the richer are richer and the poor are eating Doritos. But not to worry, says W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, researchers at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas: Most Americans struggling to make ends meet are on the fast track to affluence.
They found that just 5 percent of a sample of Americans in the bottom fifth of the income distribution in 1975 were still there 16 years later. Meanwhile, 29 percent of them had managed to grab the brass ring, ending up in the top fifth. And "between opportunity and equality," they remind, "it's opportunity that matters most."
The Cox-Alm study, published in the Dallas Federal Reserve's 1995 annual report, is making big waves among the movers and shakers of the political right. Indeed, after a ringing endorsement from the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal, it has become required reading for conservatives impatient with the current hand-wringing over the alleged plight of the young and immobile.
But a close look at the new research is not confidence-building. Indeed, even a casual look suggests that something -- actually, many things -- are amiss. "Cox and Alm ask the wrong question and give a misleading answer to the question they ask," argues Peter Gottschalk, an economist at Boston College and co-author of "America Unequal" (Russell Sage Foundation).
Standard measures of income distribution amount to snapshots at a moment in time. The large and growing variations between those at the top and bottom that have been reported by the Census are, of course, cause for disquiet. But liberals and conservatives generally agree that mobility matters, too. And without exception, studies that track the fortunes of individuals or families for many years suggest that lifetime income is distributed far more equally than income in any single year.
The Cox-Alm study is in this tradition. It follows 3,725 individuals ages 16 and over who remained part of the University of Michigan's Panel Survey on Income Dynamics for a 16-year period. And their conclusions are nothing short of remarkable. Of those in the bottom fifth in 1975, 95 percent were earning enough money in 1991 to have jumped in the rankings. Poverty in the 1975 snapshot was apparently no impediment to future economic success. The average income of individuals in the bottom fifth rose by $25,322, even after adjustment for inflation.
Mr. Gottschalk, however, notes that the Dallas researchers use unconventional means to reach these astonishing ends. For one thing, they measure incomes actually earned by individuals, rather than assigning individuals some prorated share of family income. As a result, the average earnings of the bottom fifth in 1975 was just $1,153 -- far less than anyone could actually live on.
Who, then, were these people? Probably not the poorest individuals, but the ones who worked only briefly in 1975. Mr. Gottschalk guesses most of them were part-time workers with marginal links to the formal labor force: students with after-school jobs, housewives who worked at the post office in the Christmas rush, and so forth.
Sixteen years later their average incomes had risen a fantastic 23-fold, to $26,475. To Mr. Gottschalk, this suggests that virtually all the former high school and college students in the sample had full-time jobs in 1991, as did most of the mothers whose children had grown up. "I'd be surprised if my teen-ager, who now earns pocket money delivering newspapers, doesn't do equally well," he allowed.
Mr. Gottschalk says, too, that by tracking individuals over time the Cox-Alm study mingles the impact of real economic mobility with income gains linked to accumulating work experience. It should hardly be surprising that 35-year-old carpenters make more than they did when they were 19-year-old carpenters.
What does all this add up to? "We have long known that mobility partially offsets the impact of inequality," says Van Doorn Ooms, director of research at the Committee for Economic Development. "It's still unclear by how much."
One answer that probably better represents the mainstream in economic research comes from Moshe Buchinsky and Jennifer Hunt of Yale University. In a paper published this year by the National Bureau of Economic Research, they estimated that averaging family incomes over a four-year period reduced measured inequality by about one-fourth. But they also found that the rate of economic mobility -- the probability of moving from one-fifth of the income distribution to another in any given year -- had actually fallen since 1980.
"Maybe it would make sense to spend less time splitting hairs over what's happened -- and more trying to figure out what can be done for the losers," Mr. Ooms concludes.
Question 1: The author's primary purpose in the passage is to:
(A) Argue that income inequality is a more significant problem than the Cox-Alm study suggests.
(B) Provide a balanced assessment of the Cox-Alm study and its implications for understanding income inequality and mobility.
(C) Demonstrate that the Cox-Alm study's methodology is fundamentally flawed and its conclusions should be disregarded.
(D) Suggest that the debate over income inequality and mobility is ultimately unimportant compared to finding solutions for the economically disadvantaged.
(E) Advocate for the use of alternative methods for measuring income inequality and mobility, such as those used by Buchinsky and Hunt.
Question 2: The passage suggests that the Cox-Alm study's findings may overstate the extent of economic mobility because:
(A) The study's sample size was too small to be representative of the broader population.
(B) The study failed to account for the effects of government assistance programs on individuals' incomes.
(C) The study did not adequately consider the impact of inflation on income growth over time.
(D) The study's measure of individual incomes in 1975 was too low to provide a meaningful baseline for assessing mobility.
(E) The study did not distinguish between mobility due to changes in individual circumstances and mobility due to broader economic trends.
Question 3: The passage implies that the critique of the Cox-Alm study by Peter Gottschalk is based primarily on the idea that:
(A) The study's conclusions are inconsistent with the findings of other research on income inequality and mobility.
(B) The study's methodology fails to capture the true economic status of individuals in the bottom fifth of the income distribution.
(C) The study overemphasizes the importance of economic mobility relative to the problem of income inequality.
(D) The study's focus on individual incomes rather than family incomes skews its assessment of economic well-being.
(E) The study's time frame of 16 years is insufficient to provide a comprehensive picture of income mobility over the course of an individual's lifetime.
Question 4: Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between income inequality and economic mobility?
(A) High levels of economic mobility can fully compensate for the negative effects of income inequality.
(B) Economic mobility has a limited impact on mitigating the consequences of income inequality.
(C) Income inequality and economic mobility are unrelated concepts that should be analyzed separately.
(D) Economic mobility is a more important indicator of economic well-being than income inequality.
(E) The relationship between income inequality and economic mobility is highly variable and depends on the specific time period and population studied.
Question 5: The passage mentions the study by Moshe Buchinsky and Jennifer Hunt primarily to:
(A) Provide support for the conclusions of the Cox-Alm study regarding the extent of economic mobility.
(B) Offer an alternative perspective on the relationship between income inequality and economic mobility.
(C) Highlight the limitations of using short-term measures of income to assess inequality and mobility.
(D) Suggest that economic mobility has decreased in recent decades, contrary to the implications of the Cox-Alm study.
(E) Demonstrate that averaging incomes over longer periods of time significantly reduces measured income inequality.
Question 6: According to the passage, Van Doorn Ooms suggests that:
(A) The debate over income inequality and mobility is ultimately less important than finding solutions for the economically disadvantaged.
(B) The Cox-Alm study provides conclusive evidence that economic mobility is high and income inequality is not a significant problem.
(C) The extent to which economic mobility mitigates the impact of income inequality is still an open question requiring further research.
(D) Policymakers should focus on promoting economic mobility rather than reducing income inequality.
(E) The findings of the Cox-Alm study are consistent with the majority of research on income inequality and mobility.
Question 7: The passage suggests that the "mainstream" view among economists regarding the relationship between income inequality and economic mobility is that:
(A) Economic mobility has a substantial impact on reducing the long-term consequences of income inequality.
(B) The extent to which economic mobility offsets income inequality is still a matter of debate and ongoing research.
(C) Income inequality and economic mobility are largely unrelated and should be analyzed independently.
(D) Economic mobility is a more reliable indicator of economic well-being than measures of income inequality.
(E) The relationship between income inequality and economic mobility has remained stable over time.
Question 8: Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that the Cox-Alm study's findings overstate the extent of economic mobility?
(A) A significant portion of the individuals in the study's sample experienced temporary fluctuations in income due to factors such as job loss or illness.
(B) The study's methodology for measuring income failed to account for the value of non-monetary benefits such as health insurance and subsidized housing.
(C) Many of the individuals in the study's sample who experienced significant income growth did so primarily as a result of increases in the number of hours worked rather than increases in hourly wages.
(D) The study's findings are consistent with other research showing that the rate of economic mobility has declined in recent decades.
(E) The study's sample was disproportionately composed of individuals from regions of the country with above-average rates of economic growth during the period studied.
3.DI
The Tudor dynasty, which ruled England from 1485 to 1603, presided over a period of unprecedented cultural achievement and innovation. This golden age, known as the English Renaissance, saw a flourishing of the arts, literature, and music that would have a lasting impact on the cultural landscape of England and beyond. The Tudors, particularly Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, were great patrons of the arts, and their support helped to foster a climate of creativity and experimentation that would give rise to some of the most enduring works of English culture.
One of the most significant artistic developments of the Tudor period was the emergence of a distinctly English style of music, known as the English Madrigal School. Madrigals were secular vocal pieces, typically set to poems or sonnets, and were characterized by their complex polyphonic textures, intricate rhythms, and expressive text settings. Composers such as Thomas Morley, John Dowland, and William Byrd were at the forefront of this movement, and their works helped to establish England as a major musical power in Europe. The English Madrigal School was heavily influenced by the Italian madrigal tradition, but English composers added their own unique touches, such as the use of cross-relations and false relations, which created a sense of tension and release in the music.
The Tudor period also saw the rise of the English theatre, which would become one of the most important cultural institutions of the era. The construction of the first permanent theatres in London, such as The Theatre and The Globe, provided a space for the development of a thriving theatrical culture. Playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe produced works that would become some of the most enduring and influential in the English language. Shakespeare's plays, in particular, have had a profound impact on English literature and continue to be widely performed and studied around the world. The Tudor theatre was characterized by its use of elaborate costumes, sets, and special effects, as well as its incorporation of music and dance.
The visual arts also underwent significant development during the Tudor period. Portraiture became increasingly popular, with artists such as Hans Holbein the Younger and Nicholas Hilliard producing iconic images of the Tudor monarchs and courtiers. The Tudor period also saw the emergence of a distinctly English style of architecture, known as the Tudor style. This style, which was characterized by its use of half-timbering, oriel windows, and decorative brickwork, can still be seen in many buildings throughout England today.
The Tudor period was also a time of great religious upheaval, with the English Reformation leading to the break from the Roman Catholic Church and the establishment of the Church of England. This had a significant impact on the arts, as many artists and musicians were forced to adapt to the changing religious landscape. The dissolution of the monasteries also led to the dispersal of many important cultural artifacts, including musical manuscripts and works of art.
Despite these challenges, the Tudor period remained a time of great artistic achievement and innovation. The legacy of the era can still be seen today, with many of the musical, literary, and artistic works produced during this time continuing to be celebrated and studied around the world. The influence of the Tudor dynasty on English culture cannot be overstated, and their patronage of the arts helped to create a cultural legacy that would endure for centuries.
One of the most remarkable aspects of the Tudor period was the way in which it brought together a wide range of cultural influences and traditions. The English Renaissance was heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance, but English artists and musicians also drew on elements of French, Spanish, and Dutch culture. This cultural exchange helped to create a vibrant and dynamic artistic scene that was constantly evolving and experimenting with new forms and styles.
The Tudor period also saw the emergence of a new class of professional artists and musicians, who were able to make a living from their craft. This was a significant development, as it allowed for the creation of a more stable and sustainable cultural infrastructure. Patrons such as Henry VIII and Elizabeth I provided financial support for artists and musicians, allowing them to focus on their work without the need to rely on other sources of income.
The legacy of the Tudor period extends far beyond the realm of the arts, however. The Tudor monarchy played a crucial role in shaping the political and social landscape of England, and their influence can still be felt today. The Tudor period saw the emergence of a strong centralized state, with the monarch exercising increasing control over the government and the economy. This laid the foundation for the development of the modern British state, and many of the institutions and practices established during the Tudor period continue to shape British politics and society to this day.
The Tudor period was also a time of great social and economic change, with the rise of the merchant class and the growth of international trade. The Tudor monarchs were keen to encourage commerce and industry, and they implemented a range of policies designed to promote economic growth and prosperity. This included the establishment of new markets and trade routes, as well as the encouragement of domestic manufacturing and production.
The cultural achievements of the Tudor period were also closely tied to these broader social and economic developments. The growth of the merchant class created a new market for cultural goods and services, and artists and musicians were increasingly able to find patrons and customers among the wealthy elite. The expansion of education and literacy during the Tudor period also helped to create a more informed and engaged public, who were increasingly interested in the arts and culture.
Despite the many achievements of the Tudor period, it was also a time of great social and political upheaval. The English Reformation was a particularly turbulent time, with religious tensions and conflicts leading to widespread violence and persecution. The Tudor monarchs were also known for their ruthless suppression of political opposition, and many individuals who challenged the authority of the crown found themselves facing imprisonment, torture, or execution.
The legacy of the Tudor period is complex and multifaceted, and it continues to be the subject of much scholarly debate and analysis. Some historians have argued that the cultural achievements of the Tudor period were largely the result of the patronage and support of the monarchy, and that the arts and culture of the era were essentially an extension of royal power and prestige. Others have emphasized the ways in which the Tudor period laid the foundation for the development of a more modern and democratic society, with the growth of education, literacy, and public engagement in the arts and culture.
Regardless of these debates, however, there can be no doubt that the Tudor period was a time of great cultural achievement and innovation. The works of Shakespeare, Byrd, and Holbein continue to be celebrated and studied around the world, and the influence of the Tudor dynasty on English culture and society can still be felt today. The Tudor period may have been a time of great upheaval and change, but it was also a time of tremendous creativity and artistic expression, and its legacy continues to inspire and enrich us to this day.
Questions:
1. Which of the following best describes the cultural exchange that took place during the English Renaissance?
A. English artists and musicians drew solely from Italian cultural traditions.
B. The English Renaissance was largely isolated from continental European influences.
C. English artists and musicians incorporated elements from various European cultures, including Italian, French, Spanish, and Dutch.
D. The English Renaissance was primarily influenced by Germanic cultural traditions.
E. Cultural exchange during the English Renaissance was limited to interactions between England and Spain.
2. The emergence of a new class of professional artists and musicians during the Tudor period was significant because:
A. It allowed for the creation of a more stable and sustainable cultural infrastructure.
B. It eliminated the need for patronage from the monarchy and wealthy elite.
C. It ensured that all artists and musicians were able to achieve financial success.
D. It led to a decline in the quality of artistic output during the period.
E. It completely replaced the system of apprenticeship and guild membership.
3. The Tudor monarchs' efforts to encourage commerce and industry were characterized by:
A. The establishment of new markets and trade routes.
B. The discouragement of domestic manufacturing and production.
C. The implementation of policies designed to hinder economic growth.
D. A lack of interest in promoting trade and commerce.
E. The complete absence of any economic policies or initiatives.
4. The English Reformation during the Tudor period was notable for:
A. Its peaceful and harmonious nature, with little religious tension or conflict.
B. The widespread tolerance and acceptance of religious diversity.
C. The absence of any significant impact on the arts and culture of the time.
D. The use of violence and persecution to suppress religious dissent and maintain the authority of the Church of England.
E. The complete separation of church and state, with no involvement of the monarchy in religious affairs.
5. The growth of education and literacy during the Tudor period had which of the following effects on the arts and culture?
A. It led to a decline in public interest and engagement with the arts.
B. It created a more informed and engaged public, who were increasingly interested in the arts and culture.
C. It had no discernible impact on the development of the arts and culture.
D. It resulted in a narrowing of artistic expression and creativity.
E. It caused a sharp decrease in the number of people able to access and appreciate the arts.
6. The legacy of the Tudor period continues to be debated by historians, with some arguing that:
A. The cultural achievements of the era were primarily the result of the independent efforts of artists and musicians, with little influence from the monarchy or wealthy patrons.
B. The arts and culture of the Tudor period were essentially an extension of royal power and prestige, heavily dependent on the patronage and support of the monarchy.
C. The Tudor period had little lasting impact on the development of English culture and society.
D. The cultural innovations of the Tudor period were largely the result of foreign influences, with little original contribution from English artists and musicians.
E. The Tudor monarchy played no significant role in shaping the cultural landscape of the era.
7. The Tudor period's lasting influence on English culture and society is evident in:
A. The continued celebration and study of the works of Shakespeare, Byrd, and Holbein.
B. The complete rejection of all cultural traditions and practices established during the Tudor era.
C. The absence of any discernible traces of Tudor influence in contemporary English culture.
D. The wholesale adoption of Tudor-era artistic styles and techniques by modern English artists.
E. The disappearance of all Tudor-era buildings and architecture from the English landscape.
8. The Tudor period's complex legacy can be attributed to:
A. The complete absence of any significant cultural, social, or political developments during the era.
B. The unambiguously positive impact of the Tudor monarchy on all aspects of English society.
C. The lack of any notable artistic or literary figures during the Tudor era.
D. The combination of great cultural achievement and innovation with significant social and political upheaval and conflict.
E. The Tudor monarchs' complete lack of interest in the arts, culture, or the welfare of their subjects.
9. The significance of the Tudor period in the development of a more modern and democratic English society can be seen in:
A. The growth of education, literacy, and public engagement in the arts and culture.
B. The complete suppression of all forms of political dissent and opposition.
C. The establishment of an absolute monarchy with unchecked power and authority.
D. The total rejection of all foreign cultural influences and ideas.
E. The absence of any significant social, economic, or political reforms during the era.
10. Despite the religious, social, and political upheavals of the Tudor period, the era is ultimately remembered for:
A. Its complete lack of any notable cultural or artistic achievements.
B. The unmitigated oppression and persecution of all segments of English society.
C. The total stagnation and decline of the English economy and way of life.
D. The tremendous creativity and artistic expression that flourished amidst the challenges and uncertainties of the time.
E. The complete isolation of England from the rest of the European continent and the wider world.
RC: BDDEDABC
1. W和R指出美国人以更快的速度从基本的收支平衡到小康过度
2. 他们发现1975年只有最穷的5%的人16年后还穷，和不公平相比没机会更痛苦
3.他两的成果发表成了保守派的必读物
4.有人不同意他俩观点
5. 传统的衡量方式没有长期的衡量好
6. 但是那两人的成果还是值得注意的，75年穷的人明显后面成功了
7.但是G又跑出来说不对，他俩只衡量了单人的收入没有把家庭收入分摊，75年平均收入很低，但这些有可能是兼职的人工资 他们不算穷人，后面工资高了是因为他们毕业了有全职
8.G还指出工资高也是随着工作经验的增加
9. M指出了主流观点 就是不公平减小了，但是奔小康的时间增长了，O说有这时间还不如多帮帮穷人作者: Josephkiki 时间: 2024-7-30 17:00
DAY 182
CR
1. 削弱题
P：ARO 抵制fur，mink销量下降
C：ARO使得mink下降
削弱方向 因果倒置 纯粹巧合 他因
A. 价格上涨使得销量下降 他因削弱 √
B. 无法削弱
C. 无法削弱
D. 可能是加强 但一定不是削弱
E. be aware of 不代表不买了
2. 假设题
P:让人参与到外空旅游计划
G:加速fund raising of space exploration
使用reverse method
A. 取反无关
B. 取反 与majority无关
C. 取反则表明参与外空旅游与fund raise没有直接关系 √
D. 无关
E. 无关作者: Hihihi0024 时间: 2024-7-30 18:12
CR2 B❌C
A government official argues that allowing paying passengers on space research vessels will facilitate the fundraising process for space exploration projects. The official points out that few people are willing to invest in projects without tangible benefits, and many underfunded projects fail due to a lack of public interest. Furthermore, several millionaires have already invested in space projects that allow them to participate in space tourism.
P1：人们不会投资没有明显好处的项目，没有获得足够资金的项目是因为lack of public interest
P2：其他人富翁做了太空旅游项目
结论：that allowing paying passengers on space research vessels will facilitate the fundraising process for space exploration projects
Which of the following is an assumption underlying the official's argument?
(A) Space tourism is the only way to raise sufficient funds for space exploration projects.无关，并不需要假设太空旅行是唯一融资途径，逻辑链讨论的是allowing paying passengers on space research vessels能否帮助太空探险项目的融资
(B) The majority of the public is interested in participating in space tourism.先保留，取反：如果主流不对太空旅行感兴趣，那么即使开放游客进入太空旅行设施，也不会帮值企业融到资❌不需要假设大多数人
(C) The funds raised from space tourism will be directly invested into space exploration research.无关，钱的使用方式跟逻辑链里的能不能融到资无关✅取反：如果资金不进入 space exploration research，那么就没有办法加快融资进程
(D) At least some of the millionaires are paying more for their space voyages than the actual cost of the trips.无关选项，富翁的行为跟allowing paying passengers on space research vessel 能否帮助融资无关
(E) Space exploration projects have consistently failed to secure funding through traditional means.无关，能否通过正常方式取得资金，跟我们判断某一（其他的）行为“allowing paying passengers on space research vessel” 能否帮助融资无关 作者: Tamasine 时间: 2024-7-30 18:51 标题: . B P1: No need to worry aboout the income inequality
P2: Use statistics to show the flow from poor to rich: opportunity
P3: CA study, mover&shackers of political rigt
p4: refute P3
P5: standard measures, mobility, lifetime income vs that in any single year
P6: introduction of CA study. Become richer
P7: To be noticed 1: individual income rather than family income
P8: To be noticed 2: samples can not represent population
P9: sampled ppl grows up for working
P10: mobility offsets inequiality
P11: better research: family income reduced inequality, mobility falls since 1980
1.B, assess the study
2. E, P10
3. B
4. B, mobility partially offsets the impact of inequality,It's still unclear by how much
5, D
6. A
7, A p11
8. C 作者: hcc179 时间: 2024-7-30 19:16
看一下作者: JamesGgogo 时间: 2024-7-30 22:07
CR：
A A
RC
ADBBBCBC质疑Cox-Alm研究的结论和方法
DI CAADBBADAD作者: Janice_Jiang 时间: 2024-7-30 22:23
mark作者: Ninian 时间: 2024-7-31 00:54
Day 182
CR
1. A
2. B ---- C错题分析
纠结BC错选B
(B) The majority of the public is interested in participating in space tourism.
(C) The funds raised from space tourism will be directly invested into space exploration research.
纠结的点在于，原文的重点是
1. facilitate the fundraising process for space exploration projects.
还是
2. many underfunded projects fail due to a lack of public interest.
觉得the official points out that few people are willing to invest in projects without tangible benefits, and many underfunded projects fail due to a lack of public interest是关注点，所以错选B，大多数人对项目感兴趣是必要前提。然，此题premise是A government official argues that allowing paying passengers on space research vessels will facilitate the fundraising process for space exploration projects.
作者: faye1030 时间: 2024-7-31 02:22
CR
1.A
2.B 错错题分析：
前提：人们不会投资没有实际好处的项目
结论：让乘客付费乘坐宇航飞船有助于太空研究的筹款。比如：一些富豪已经投资在那些他们可以参与太空旅行的太空项目中。
(A) Space tourism is the only way to raise sufficient funds for space exploration projects.
the only way无关且太绝对
(B) The majority of the public is interested in participating in space tourism.
若前提是大部分人对参与航空旅行有兴趣，并不能推导出会投资在该项目上
(C) The funds raised from space tourism will be directly invested into space exploration research.
从太空旅行中筹款所得将会直接投资在太空探索研究上，那一定是会有助于太空研究的
(D) At least some of the millionaires are paying more for their space voyages than the actual cost of the trips.
一些富豪的投资比实际成本高只是特例且无关，不可能是整体的前提
(E) Space exploration projects have consistently failed to secure funding through traditional means.
通过传统的方法对募款无效无法推导出通过目前的方式是一定有效的