1.CR
In an effort to reduce calorie intake among students, a school plans to provide each student with a water bottle and install water fountains throughout the campus. The school believes that by making water readily available, students will consume less snacks and sugary beverages, thereby reducing their overall calorie consumption.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the school's plan depends?
(A) At least some students currently consume snacks and sugary beverages because they lack easy access to drinking water.
(B) The water bottles provided by the school will be used by students exclusively for drinking water and not for sugary beverages.
(C) The majority of the students' calorie intake comes from sources other than snacks and sugary beverages consumed at school.
(D) The students will not consume snacks or sugary beverages after drinking water from the fountains.
(E) The school's plan will lead to a significant reduction in the sale of snacks and sugary beverages on campus.
In a certain country, the pet market is shrinking. Typically, a shrinking market leads to companies within the industry lowering prices to drive out competitors. However, despite the contracting pet market, dog food companies have not only refrained from reducing prices but have instead raised them, claiming that their new dog food is of higher quality.
Which of the following, if true, best explains the dog food companies' behavior in light of the shrinking pet market?
(A) The majority of dog owners in the country now prefer to purchase premium dog food brands, regardless of the price.
(B) The cost of raw materials used in the production of dog food has increased significantly in recent years.
(C) Many pet owners in the country have switched to feeding their dogs homemade meals instead of commercial dog food.
(D) The dog food companies have invested heavily in marketing campaigns to promote their new, high-quality dog food products.
(E) In the country, owning purebred dogs has become a symbol of status and wealth, and these owners are willing to pay more for high-quality dog food.
答案:
2.DI
In the pantheon of history's great commanders, few figures loom as large or cast as long a shadow as Napoleon Bonaparte. Born into a modest Corsican family in 1769, Napoleon's meteoric rise to power and prodigious military achievements would indelibly shape the course of the 19th century and beyond, leaving an indelible imprint on the political, social, and cultural landscape of Europe and the world. From his precocious youth as a budding artillery officer to his coronation as Emperor of the French in 1804, Napoleon's story is one of unparalleled ambition, strategic brilliance, and the enduring capacity of the individual to mold the trajectory of nations and empires.
To fully comprehend the significance of Napoleon's legacy, one must first grapple with the tumultuous political and social upheavals that convulsed Europe in the wake of the French Revolution. As the ancient regime crumbled and the old certainties of the feudal order gave way to the inchoate ideals of liberté, égalité, and fraternité, France found itself beset by a host of internal and external threats, from the reactionary forces of the old aristocracy to the massed armies of the European monarchies. It was against this backdrop of chaos and ferment that Napoleon emerged as a figure of singular vision and purpose, a man who would seize the reins of history and bend it to his indomitable will.
Through a series of audacious military campaigns and adroit political maneuverings, Napoleon would rapidly ascend the ranks of the French military and government, ultimately assuming the mantle of First Consul in 1799. As the undisputed master of France, Napoleon set about enacting a sweeping program of reforms aimed at stabilizing and modernizing the French state, from the creation of the Napoleonic Code to the establishment of the Bank of France and the reorganization of French education along more meritocratic lines. These domestic policies would lay the foundations for a new, more efficient, and centralized model of governance that would endure long after Napoleon's fall, shaping the contours of modern France and serving as a template for the rise of the modern bureaucratic state.
Yet it was in the realm of military affairs that Napoleon's genius would truly shine. Through a string of spectacular victories against the armies of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, Napoleon would come to dominate the European continent, forging a vast empire that stretched from the Atlantic to the steppes of Russia. His innovations in the fields of strategy, tactics, and logistics would revolutionize the art of warfare, from the use of massed artillery and the corps system of army organization to the development of the Napoleonic style of maneuver warfare, which emphasized speed, flexibility, and the decisive concentration of force at the critical point of battle. These military innovations would set the stage for the rise of modern military science and the advent of total war, presaging the industrialized conflicts of the 20th century and beyond.
However, Napoleon's relentless quest for power and glory would ultimately prove his undoing. His disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, coupled with the rise of nationalist sentiment across Europe and the increasing strain of the Continental System on French resources and manpower, would set in motion a chain of events that would culminate in his defeat and exile to the island of Elba in 1814. Although Napoleon would stage a brief comeback during the Hundred Days of 1815, rallying his loyal supporters and marching on Paris in a bid to reclaim his throne, his final defeat at the hands of the Allied powers at Waterloo would mark the end of his imperial ambitions and the dawn of a new era in European history.
Despite his ultimate downfall, Napoleon's legacy would endure long after his death in exile on the remote island of St. Helena in 1821. His sweeping legal, administrative, and educational reforms would lay the foundations for the modern French state, while his military exploits would continue to inspire and influence generations of soldiers and statesmen, from the Prussian generals who studied his campaigns to the American Civil War commanders who sought to emulate his tactics. Moreover, his embodiment of the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution - the belief in the power of reason, the primacy of merit over birth, and the inalienable rights of the individual - would leave an indelible mark on the political and intellectual landscape of Europe and the world, inspiring movements for national self-determination and serving as a catalyst for the spread of liberal and democratic ideals.
Yet Napoleon's legacy is not without its contradictions and controversies. For all his talk of liberty and equality, Napoleon was in many ways a product of his time, a man who embodied the authoritarian impulses of the Enlightenment as much as its emancipatory ideals. His regime was marked by censorship, political repression, and the cult of personality, and his military conquests were often accompanied by the subjugation and exploitation of conquered peoples. Moreover, his defeat and downfall would usher in a period of reactionary backlash across Europe, as the restored monarchies sought to turn back the clock on the political and social changes unleashed by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
In the final analysis, however, Napoleon Bonaparte emerges as a figure of enduring fascination and historical significance, a man whose prodigious talents and outsized ambitions would forever alter the course of human events. Through his triumphs and tribulations, his flashes of genius and moments of hubris, Napoleon would come to embody the spirit of an age, an avatar of the modern world whose legacy continues to resonate down to the present day. As a military commander, he revolutionized the art of warfare and laid the foundations for the rise of modern military science. As a statesman, he left an indelible imprint on the political and legal institutions of France and Europe, shaping the contours of the modern nation-state and the international system. And as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, he continues to inspire and provoke, a reminder of the enduring power of ideas and the transformative potential of human agency.
In the end, perhaps the most enduring legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte is the way in which his life and career continue to capture the imagination of successive generations, serving as a prism through which to refract the hopes, fears, and aspirations of an ever-changing world. Whether viewed as a hero or a villain, a liberator or a tyrant, Napoleon remains a figure of unparalleled historical importance, a man whose shadow looms large over the modern age and whose legacy will continue to shape the course of human events for generations to come.
问题:
1. The passage suggests that Napoleon's rise to power was primarily a result of:
(A) The political and social upheavals that followed the French Revolution
(B) His modest Corsican upbringing and early education
(C) The support of the reactionary forces of the old aristocracy
(D) His ability to forge alliances with the European monarchies
(E) The industrial and technological advantages of the French state
2. According to the passage, Napoleon's domestic policies were aimed at:
(A) Restoring the power and privileges of the French aristocracy
(B) Decentralizing power and promoting regional autonomy
(C) Stabilizing and modernizing the French state through a program of reforms
(D) Encouraging the spread of revolutionary ideals across Europe
(E) Undermining the influence of the Catholic Church in French society
3. The author argues that Napoleon's greatest impact was in the realm of:
(A) Diplomacy and international relations
(B) Social and cultural reform
(C) Economic and industrial development
(D) Military affairs and the art of warfare
(E) Scientific and technological innovation
4. The passage suggests that Napoleon's defeat and downfall were ultimately a result of:
(A) The superior military tactics and strategies of the Allied powers
(B) The spread of liberal and democratic ideals across Europe
(C) The exhaustion of French resources and manpower due to the Continental System
(D) The rise of nationalist sentiment and the invasion of Russia in 1812
(E) The betrayal of his closest allies and advisors
5. The author's assessment of Napoleon's embodiment of Enlightenment ideals is best described as:
(A) Unequivocally positive and admiring
(B) Highly critical and dismissive
(C) Nuanced and acknowledging of contradictions
(D) Neutral and objective
(E) Romantically idealized and uncritical
6. The passage implies that Napoleon's legacy in the realm of military affairs:
(A) Was largely negative and destructive
(B) Had little lasting impact on the development of modern warfare
(C) Was overshadowed by his political and social reforms
(D) Revolutionized the art of warfare and laid the foundations for modern military science
(E) Was primarily a result of his superior technology and industrial base
7. According to the passage, Napoleon's regime was marked by all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) Censorship and political repression
(B) The cult of personality surrounding Napoleon
(C) The subjugation and exploitation of conquered peoples
(D) The promotion of democratic ideals and institutions
(E) The spread of the Napoleonic Code and other legal reforms
8. The author's view of Napoleon's ultimate historical significance is best described as:
(A) Dismissive of his impact and legacy
(B) Unequivocally positive and admiring
(C) Highly critical and condemning
(D) Acknowledging of his enduring influence and multifaceted legacy
(E) Focused solely on his military achievements and innovations
9. The passage suggests that Napoleon's defeat and exile to Elba in 1814:
(A) Marked the end of his political and military career
(B) Was a minor setback that he quickly overcame
(C) Was followed by a brief comeback during the Hundred Days of 1815
(D) Led to a period of liberal and democratic reform across Europe
(E) Had little impact on his enduring legacy and historical significance
10. The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to:
(A) Provide a comprehensive biography of Napoleon Bonaparte
(B) Argue for Napoleon's place among the greatest military commanders in history
(C) Analyze the political and social impact of the French Revolution
(D) Explore the contradictions and controversies surrounding Napoleon's legacy
(E) Assess Napoleon's historical significance and enduring influence on the modern world
答案:
3.RC
Healthy City was hired by the city to produce maps in conjunction with an initiative to shift the approach to gang violence from enforcement and suppression to prevention. Healthy City produced maps that showed gang hot spots as well as services available to young people; the maps helped the city target areas where services were in shortest supply for additional investment. "We don't only want to show problems," says John Kim, who has directed Healthy City since its inception in 2002. "We want to show ways to solve those problems."
Historians cite ancient cave paintings of migratory game routes as a primitive geographic information system, the superimposition of data on a geographic image. An English physician mapped the location of London residents sickened by cholera during an outbreak in 1857, which he analyzed to identify the source of the disease. Advancements in photographic processes in the early 20th century enabled the creation of translucent images of geographically ordered demographic data that could be layered atop a map, a technique pioneered by the Roosevelt administration during the Depression.
Though these antecedents arguably combine geography and information into a kind of system, GIS is most commonly associated with sophisticated computer hardware and software, its origins dating back to the days of mainframes and punch cards. In 1962, the Canadian government unveiled the Canada Geographic Information System, a prototype that mapped select land-use variables throughout the country for planning purposes.
Private vendors began to sell off-the-shelf GIS software in the 1980s; a decade later, further refinements in those packages combined with a steady drop in hardware prices made GIS available to anyone with sufficient technical background and skill. The runway was clear for takeoff.
Commercial users were among the first to take advantage. Market researchers mapped demographic data on household income, population density and the location of competitors to choose optimal sites for retail expansion. Engineering firms mapped roads and infrastructure to streamline their projects.
Federal, state and local government agencies also found GIS an invaluable way to increase efficiencies. The time spent on planning, permitting and conducting environmental or health assessments could be cut to a sliver with accurate databases and maps. Law enforcement agencies mapped crime incidence; few government operations, in fact, did not benefit from a GIS application. One of the largest single repositories of government data, the U.S. Census, has likely launched more GIS maps than any other single data source.
Much of that government data has now been posted to the Web. For advocates using GIS, the flood of data has been a boon. Parnell says the Cedar Grove Institute would never have emerged from the conceptual phase without the ability to obtain government data. "We realized that there's a critical mass of data out there," he says. "Five years earlier, we couldn't have done it."
Not all local governments appreciate the rise of GIS-driven advocacy, especially when their own data is used as a hammer against them, and they have begun to restrict public access. Some have pulled data off the Web in the alleged interest of national security; others charge exorbitant fees to produce it or deliver jumbled masses of data that are difficult to manage or decipher.
Mebane, the Cedar Grove Institute's first case study of municipal discrimination, passed an Infrastructure Information Security Policy shortly after the study was published; the policy limited infrastructure data access to qualified engineering firms and town agencies. The city of Modesto, Calif., locked in a legal underbounding battle, pulled its infrastructure data off the Internet after the lawsuit was filed, citing national security grounds. "There's no conceivable national security interest in where the traffic lights are in Modesto," scoffs Ben Marsh, the institute's chief mapmaker. A recent appellate ruling in California rejected a similar national-security rationale, as well as a copyright argument by Santa Clara County, but whether that opinion stands as precedent remains to be seen.
Though restrictions on access to government data could prove troublesome, advocacy groups that use GIS have already been finding data sources outside of government. In particular, data collected by community residents have become an effective supplement to the "official story," as University of Washington professor Sarah Elwood calls government data.
Elwood has used GIS not only to map problems but to build the capacity of underserved and disadvantaged communities to advocate on their own behalf. Simple walking surveys that catalogue infrastructural deficiencies — potholes in sidewalks, missing stop signs, burned-out streetlights — fill gaps in the public record that mask actual conditions on the ground. With locally produced data, Elwood says, "You can tell a very detailed and very current, compelling story about neighborhood needs."
One of the few brakes slowing the GIS freight train, at least from an advocacy perspective, is the shortage of people who understand it well. "Obviously, there is a much greater demand for GIS than there are practitioners," says attorney Eric Schultheis, who coordinates The Race Equity Project for Legal Services of Northern California and counts himself among the GIS crowd. "You could probably count the number of people who are actually doing this work on both hands."
But given the leaps that GIS technology and applications have taken in the political and legal advocacy sectors, it's hard to imagine the GIS trend reversing. By January of next year, Healthy City plans to cover the entire state of California, and Kim says he's received expansion requests from other cities. Healthy City uses free, open-source GIS software that can be customized as needed. The ready supply of cheap hardware and software can only hasten the arrival of the day when GIS mapping is as universal as photo or music editing.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with:
(A) advocating for the use of GIS as a tool for political and legal advocacy
(B) analyzing the historical evolution of GIS technology and its impact on various sectors
(C) examining the complex interplay between GIS, government data access, and advocacy efforts
(D) highlighting the potential of community-generated data to supplement official government records
(E) exploring the ethical implications of using GIS in political and legal contexts
2. Which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between local governments and advocacy groups using GIS?
(A) Local governments are generally supportive of advocacy groups' efforts to use GIS for social justice causes.
(B) Advocacy groups' use of government data in GIS projects has led to increased transparency and accountability.
(C) The use of GIS by advocacy groups has prompted some local governments to restrict access to their data.
(D) Local governments and advocacy groups are working collaboratively to develop GIS applications for community benefit.
(E) The conflict between local governments and advocacy groups over data access is likely to be resolved in favor of advocacy groups.
3. The author's discussion of the Cedar Grove Institute and Healthy City suggests that:
(A) GIS is most effective when used in conjunction with community-generated data
(B) the success of GIS in advocacy work depends on the availability of government data
(C) GIS has the potential to empower communities and challenge systemic inequalities
(D) the use of GIS in advocacy work is limited by the technical complexity of the software
(E) the future of GIS in advocacy work lies in the development of proprietary software solutions
4. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about the impact of GIS on government operations is most accurate?
(A) GIS has streamlined government processes, but at the cost of reduced public access to data.
(B) The use of GIS has led to increased government transparency and accountability to the public.
(C) GIS has had a limited impact on government operations due to the high cost of implementation.
(D) The benefits of GIS for government operations have been largely offset by concerns over data security.
(E) GIS has transformed government operations by enabling more data-driven decision-making.
5. The author's characterization of the relationship between GIS and advocacy work suggests that:
(A) GIS is a powerful tool for advocacy, but its potential is limited by a shortage of skilled practitioners
(B) the use of GIS in advocacy work is likely to decline as governments restrict access to data
(C) GIS is one of many tools available to advocacy groups, but its impact has been overstated
(D) the effectiveness of GIS in advocacy work depends on the ability to integrate community-generated data
(E) GIS has the potential to revolutionize advocacy work, but only if it becomes more user-friendly
6. The passage implies that the "runway was clear for takeoff" for GIS in the 1990s due to:
(A) the emergence of powerful mainframe computers and punch card technology
(B) the development of the Canada Geographic Information System
(C) the increasing availability of government data through the U.S. Census
(D) advances in GIS software and the decreasing cost of hardware
(E) the growing demand for GIS in the commercial and engineering sectors
7. The author's use of the phrase "GIS freight train" serves to:
(A) emphasize the rapid and transformative impact of GIS on various sectors
(B) highlight the complexity and technical challenges associated with GIS implementation
(C) suggest that the growth of GIS is being driven by powerful commercial interests
(D) warn against the uncritical adoption of GIS without considering its limitations
(E) underscore the need for more skilled GIS practitioners to keep up with demand
8. Which of the following can be inferred about the future of GIS in political and legal advocacy?
(A) The use of GIS in advocacy work is likely to decline as governments restrict access to data.
(B) The impact of GIS on advocacy work will be limited by the shortage of skilled practitioners.
(C) The potential of GIS in advocacy work will be fully realized only when it becomes more user-friendly.
(D) The integration of community-generated data will be crucial for the continued effectiveness of GIS in advocacy.
(E) The widespread availability of free, open-source software and cheap hardware will facilitate the growth of GIS in advocacy.
9. The author's attitude towards the use of GIS in political and legal advocacy can best be described as:
(A) cautiously optimistic, recognizing both its potential and limitations
(B) highly critical, emphasizing the ethical concerns surrounding its use
(C) unequivocally supportive, advocating for its widespread adoption
(D) somewhat skeptical, questioning the claimed benefits of GIS for advocacy work
(E) neutral, presenting a balanced assessment of its advantages and disadvantages
10. The passage suggests that the most significant challenge facing the use of GIS in advocacy work is:
(A) the technical complexity of GIS software and hardware
(B) the lack of standardization in data formats and quality
(C) the resistance from local governments and commercial interests
(D) the shortage of skilled practitioners and limited access to training
(E) the ethical concerns surrounding the use of geographic data for advocacy purposes
11. The author's discussion of the Modesto case and the Santa Clara County appellate ruling serves to:
(A) illustrate the legal complexities surrounding the use of GIS in advocacy work
(B) highlight the potential for GIS to be misused by advocacy groups for political gain
(C) demonstrate the effectiveness of GIS in challenging discriminatory government practices
(D) underscore the need for clearer legal guidelines governing the use of GIS in advocacy
(E) suggest that the courts are likely to side with advocacy groups in disputes over data access
12. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the relationship between GIS and community-generated data in advocacy work?
(A) Community-generated data is seen as a more reliable alternative to government data in GIS projects.
(B) The integration of community-generated data is essential for the effectiveness of GIS in advocacy work.
(C) GIS projects that rely solely on community-generated data are less likely to achieve their advocacy goals.
(D) The use of community-generated data in GIS projects is limited by concerns over data quality and consistency.
(E) Community-generated data is most effective when used to supplement, rather than replace, government data in GIS projects.
13. The passage implies that the "official story" told by government data is often:
(A) incomplete or misleading, failing to capture the realities on the ground
(B) biased in favor of commercial interests and against advocacy groups
(C) too complex and technical for advocacy groups to effectively utilize
(D) subject to legal challenges based on privacy and security concerns
(E) inconsistent across different levels and agencies of government
14. The author's reference to the "leaps" taken by GIS technology and applications in recent years suggests that:
(A) the pace of innovation in GIS has been slow and incremental
(B) the development of GIS has been driven primarily by commercial interests
(C) the impact of GIS on political and legal advocacy has been sudden and transformative
(D) the future of GIS lies in its integration with other emerging technologies
(E) the use of GIS in advocacy work has reached a plateau and is unlikely to advance further
15. Which of the following can be inferred about the author's view on the role of technology in social and political change?
(A) Technology is a neutral tool that can be used for either positive or negative ends.
(B) The impact of technology on social and political change is often overstated.
(C) Technology has the potential to empower marginalized communities and challenge systemic inequalities.
(D) The use of technology in social and political advocacy raises significant ethical concerns.
(E) The effectiveness of technology in driving social and political change depends on its accessibility and ease of use.
作者: 狗熊要吃肉 时间: 2024-7-8 11:29
看一下！ 作者: 615我的分 时间: 2024-7-8 15:35
D166
CR
1、A
2、E作者: Dean1211 时间: 2024-7-9 12:17
11作者: jeilham 时间: 2024-7-10 10:58
00000000000000000000作者: Hihihi0024 时间: 2024-7-13 04:01
D166
1A
P：making water readily available
C：students will consume less snacks and sugary beverages, thereby reducing their overall calorie consumption.
假设
(A取反削弱，如果没人consume less snacks and sugary beverages，那么不会thereby reducing their overall calorie consumption.
(B)取反不削弱
(C)削弱
(D)取反似乎削弱，学生似乎还会consume snacks or sugary beverages，但使更多还是更少我们不知道，所以排除
(E)取反不削弱，will not lead to a significant reduction，只要有一点减少就可以