1.CR
In an experiment, chess experts and novices were asked to perform two tasks: one involving geometric diagram matching and the other involving chess diagram matching. It was observed that while chess experts were no faster than novices in geometric diagram matching, they were significantly quicker at chess diagram matching. Scientists concluded that the ability to quickly understand chess diagrams is not an innate reasoning ability but a result of extensive practice.
What assumption underlies the scientists' conclusion?
A. Chess experts have not practiced geometric diagram matching more than novices.
B. Many people possess the innate ability for diagram matching but still perform slowly.
C. The speed of understanding chess diagrams does not correlate with innate logical thinking ability.
D. Chess diagram matching is not a valid measure of general diagram matching skills.
E. Novices had no prior exposure to chess diagrams before the experiment.
Researchers found that dogs wag their tails to the right when they see their owners, and to the left when they see strangers. This led to the conclusion that dogs wag their tails to the right when encountering happy and pleasing situations.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports this conclusion?
A. Dogs are known to exhibit tail-wagging behavior when they are extremely excited.
B. Other studies have shown similar tail-wagging patterns in response to positive stimuli.
C. Dogs wag their tails to the left when encountering other animals like cats and different dog breeds.
D. The direction of tail-wagging is unrelated to the dog's breed or size.
E. Dogs often wag their tails continuously during the experiment, regardless of the stimulus.
答案:
2.The French perfume industry, steeped in history and synonymous with luxury, has long been a beacon for investors seeking to partake in the global prestige fragrance market. Boasting iconic brands such as Chanel, Dior, Guerlain, and Yves Saint Laurent, the industry has maintained a commanding presence on the world stage, captivating consumers with its olfactory masterpieces and opulent brand narratives. However, beneath the veneer of glamour and success lies a complex web of cognitive biases that can significantly influence investment decisions, leading to suboptimal outcomes for even the most seasoned investors.
Recent studies conducted by eminent behavioral economists have shed light on the pervasive nature of these biases within the French perfume industry. The home bias, a manifestation of the broader familiarity bias, has emerged as a dominant force in shaping investment patterns. This bias refers to the propensity of investors to allocate a disproportionately large share of their portfolio to domestic investments, even when a more globally diversified approach may yield superior risk-adjusted returns. In the context of the French perfume industry, this translates to a marked preference for investing in established French perfume houses, often at the expense of potentially lucrative opportunities in emerging markets or innovative niche brands from other countries.
The allure of the familiar is further compounded by the status quo bias, which exerts a powerful influence on investors' decision-making processes. This bias engenders a reluctance to deviate from current investment strategies, even in the face of changing market conditions or shifting company fundamentals. Investors falling prey to the status quo bias may find themselves clinging to underperforming perfume stocks or failing to adapt to evolving consumer preferences and industry trends. The consequences of such inertia can be particularly severe in an industry as dynamic and fast-paced as the French perfume market, where the ability to anticipate and respond to change is paramount.
The availability bias, another formidable cognitive pitfall, can lead investors to assign undue importance to recent and salient information. In an era of 24/7 media coverage and social media saturation, the French perfume industry is not immune to the effects of this bias. When a particular perfume brand garners extensive media attention or secures high-profile celebrity endorsements, investors may be tempted to overestimate its growth potential and allocate a disproportionate amount of capital to its stock. This myopic focus on the most visible and talked-about brands can cause investors to overlook other promising opportunities, leading to suboptimal portfolio construction and potential losses.
Overconfidence bias, a scourge of the investment world, can be particularly insidious in the French perfume industry. Investors who fall victim to this bias tend to overestimate their own investment acumen and ability to identify winning stocks. They may harbor an irrational belief that their knowledge of the perfume market is superior to that of other market participants, leading them to make overly bold or risky investment decisions. In an industry as complex and multifaceted as the French perfume market, where success is determined by a delicate interplay of factors ranging from raw material sourcing to marketing strategies and distribution networks, overconfidence can be a recipe for disaster.
The interplay of these cognitive biases was starkly illustrated in a recent case study involving a government-sponsored investment scheme aimed at stimulating growth in the French perfume industry. Launched in 2018, the scheme allowed individual investors to allocate a portion of their tax-deductible savings into a range of French perfume companies. The government provided a default investment option, comprising a diversified portfolio of established and emerging perfume brands from France and other countries, for investors who preferred not to make active investment decisions.
However, the government's well-intentioned efforts to encourage investor participation took an unexpected turn. A high-profile advertising campaign, designed to empower investors to "take control" of their investments, inadvertently played into the hands of cognitive biases. Bombarded with data showcasing the strong recent performance of iconic French perfume brands, a significant proportion of investors succumbed to the siren call of familiarity and availability biases, choosing to concentrate their investments in these well-known names.
The consequences of this herding behavior became apparent over the following two years, as the French perfume industry navigated a period of significant disruption. Shifting consumer preferences, with younger demographics gravitating towards niche, artisanal brands and eco-friendly, sustainable fragrances, posed a formidable challenge to the established French perfume houses. Many of these venerable institutions struggled to adapt to the rapidly evolving market landscape, and their stock prices suffered accordingly. In contrast, the default investment option, with its diversified portfolio spanning both traditional and emerging brands, demonstrated greater resilience in the face of market turbulence.
Data from the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF), the French stock market regulator, painted a stark picture of the divergent fortunes of active and passive investors. Over the two-year period following the launch of the investment scheme, investors who actively selected their own perfume stock portfolios experienced an average annual return of -2.5%, while those who opted for the default investment option enjoyed an average annual return of +3.2%. This disparity underscores the potential pitfalls of allowing cognitive biases to guide investment decisions, particularly in an industry as dynamic and unpredictable as the French perfume market.
The case study also highlights the importance of investor education and the role of policymakers in shaping investment outcomes. While the French government's intentions were laudable, the unintended consequences of its advertising campaign serve as a cautionary tale. By inadvertently appealing to investors' cognitive biases, the campaign may have undermined the very objectives it sought to achieve. This underscores the need for policymakers to carefully consider the behavioral implications of their initiatives and to prioritize investor education as a means of mitigating the impact of cognitive biases.
In conclusion, the French perfume industry, for all its glamour and allure, is not immune to the pervasive influence of cognitive biases on investment decisions. From the home bias that leads investors to overweight domestic brands, to the status quo bias that engenders resistance to change, and the availability and overconfidence biases that can distort perceptions of value and risk, these psychological pitfalls can have a profound impact on investment outcomes. As the industry continues to evolve and new challenges emerge, investors must remain vigilant and strive to overcome these biases through a combination of self-awareness, disciplined analysis, and a commitment to ongoing education. Only by recognizing and mitigating the impact of cognitive biases can investors hope to navigate the complex and ever-changing landscape of the French perfume industry and achieve long-term success.
Questions:
1. Which of the following statements best encapsulates the central thesis of the passage?
A. The French perfume industry is an attractive investment opportunity for those seeking to capitalize on the global prestige fragrance market.
B. Cognitive biases, such as the home bias, status quo bias, availability bias, and overconfidence bias, can significantly influence investment decisions in the French perfume industry, leading to suboptimal outcomes for investors.
C. The French government's investment scheme for the perfume industry was a well-intentioned but ultimately misguided initiative that failed to achieve its objectives.
D. Diversification is the most effective strategy for mitigating risk and maximizing returns when investing in the French perfume industry.
E. The success of the French perfume industry is primarily attributable to the iconic status of its established brands and the enduring appeal of its olfactory masterpieces.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is an example of the status quo bias in the context of the French perfume industry?
A. Investors allocating a disproportionately large share of their portfolio to domestic French perfume brands.
B. Investors assigning undue importance to recent and salient information about a particular perfume brand.
C. Investors maintaining their current investment strategies despite changing market conditions or shifting company fundamentals.
D. Investors overestimating their own investment acumen and ability to identify winning perfume stocks.
E. Investors gravitating towards niche, artisanal perfume brands and eco-friendly, sustainable fragrances.
3. The passage suggests that the French government's advertising campaign for its perfume industry investment scheme may have had which of the following unintended consequences?
A. It led to a significant increase in the number of investors opting for the default investment option.
B. It caused investors to overestimate the growth potential of iconic French perfume brands and allocate a disproportionate amount of capital to their stocks.
C. It encouraged investors to adopt a more globally diversified approach to investing in the perfume industry.
D. It resulted in a substantial outflow of capital from the French perfume industry to emerging markets and niche brands in other countries.
E. It prompted established French perfume houses to adapt more quickly to changing consumer preferences and industry trends.
4. According to the case study, which of the following statements is true regarding the performance of active and passive investors in the French perfume industry investment scheme?
A. Active investors who selected their own perfume stock portfolios outperformed passive investors who opted for the default investment option.
B. Passive investors who chose the default investment option experienced higher average annual returns than active investors who selected their own portfolios.
C. Both active and passive investors achieved similar average annual returns over the two-year period following the launch of the investment scheme.
D. The case study does not provide sufficient data to compare the performance of active and passive investors in the French perfume industry investment scheme.
E. Active investors who concentrated their investments in iconic French perfume brands achieved the highest average annual returns.
5. The author's mention of the "delicate interplay of factors ranging from raw material sourcing to marketing strategies and distribution networks" in the context of the French perfume industry serves to:
A. Highlight the importance of diversification in mitigating risk when investing in the perfume industry.
B. Emphasize the complexity of the perfume industry and the potential dangers of overconfidence bias among investors.
C. Suggest that the success of French perfume brands is primarily attributable to their superior raw materials and distribution networks.
D. Argue that marketing strategies are the most critical factor in determining the success of a perfume brand.
E. Imply that investors should focus their analysis on the supply chain and distribution networks of perfume companies.
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the role of policymakers in shaping investment outcomes in the French perfume industry?
A. Policymakers should refrain from intervening in the perfume industry and allow market forces to determine investment outcomes.
B. Policymakers have a responsibility to actively encourage investors to allocate their capital to domestic French perfume brands.
C. Policymakers should prioritize investor education and consider the behavioral implications of their initiatives to mitigate the impact of cognitive biases.
D. Policymakers should focus their efforts on promoting established French perfume houses rather than encouraging investment in emerging brands.
E. Policymakers have limited influence over investment outcomes in the French perfume industry, as these are primarily determined by global market trends.
7. The author's assertion that "the allure of the familiar is further compounded by the status quo bias" suggests that:
A. Investors are more likely to invest in well-known French perfume brands due to a combination of familiarity and a reluctance to change their investment strategies.
B. The status quo bias is the most influential cognitive bias affecting investment decisions in the French perfume industry.
C. The familiarity bias and the status quo bias are mutually exclusive and have opposite effects on investor behavior.
D. The French perfume industry's success is primarily due to the familiarity of its established brands and the status quo bias among investors.
E. Overcoming the status quo bias is essential for investors seeking to capitalize on emerging opportunities in the French perfume industry.
8. According to the passage, which of the following is a potential consequence of the availability bias in the French perfume industry?
A. Investors may underestimate the growth potential of iconic French perfume brands and allocate insufficient capital to their stocks.
B. Investors may overlook promising investment opportunities in emerging markets and niche perfume brands from other countries.
C. Investors may be more likely to invest in perfume brands that have recently undergone significant changes in their management or ownership structure.
D. Investors may be more likely to invest in perfume brands that have a long history of stable financial performance and consistent dividends.
E. Investors may be more likely to invest in perfume brands that have recently experienced a significant decline in their stock prices.
9. The author's discussion of the French government's investment scheme and its unintended consequences serves to:
A. Criticize the government for interfering in the free market and distorting investment outcomes.
B. Praise the government for its efforts to stimulate growth in the domestic perfume industry.
C. Highlight the need for policymakers to consider the behavioral implications of their initiatives and prioritize investor education.
D. Suggest that government intervention is necessary to mitigate the impact of cognitive biases on investment decisions.
E. Argue that the French perfume industry would be better served by a laissez-faire approach to investment regulation.
10. Which of the following strategies does the author suggest for investors seeking to overcome cognitive biases and achieve long-term success in the French perfume industry?
A. Focusing exclusively on established French perfume brands with a proven track record of success.
B. Adopting a purely passive investment approach and eschewing active stock selection.
C. Relying on government guidance and policy initiatives to inform investment decisions.
D. D. Employing a combination of self-awareness, disciplined analysis, and a commitment to ongoing education.
E. Prioritizing short-term gains over long-term value creation when selecting perfume stocks.
3.
In 1936, Hans Selye, a young physician embarking on his research career at McGill University in Montreal, encountered a perplexing problem. While injecting rats daily with a chemical extract to study its effects, he observed consistent changes in the animals: peptic ulcers, atrophy of immune-system tissues, and enlargement of the adrenal glands. Surprisingly, the control group rats, injected with saline solution alone, exhibited identical changes.
Instead of being discouraged by this paradox, Selye focused on the commonality between the two groups: the repeated injections. He hypothesized that the trio of changes he identified might be a generalized physiological response to unpleasantness itself. Testing this idea, he found the same three effects in rats subjected to various stressors, such as extreme temperatures, pathogens, toxins, or loud noises. Borrowing a term from engineering, Selye described the body's nonspecific response to an insult as "stress," thus establishing the field of stress physiology.
Since Selye's initial characterization of the stress response, which is now known to involve the secretion and inhibition of various hormones, important details have been added. Numerous studies have demonstrated that chronic activation of the stress response can impair health. Moreover, individual differences in susceptibility to stress-related disorders have been observed, raising questions about whether these differences are due to varying levels of stress exposure or inherent variations in physiological responses to stress.
To investigate these questions, I am studying stress in free-ranging baboons. My ongoing research program has contributed to the growing evidence suggesting that psychological and social characteristics, such as emotional makeup, personality, and social position, can profoundly influence an individual's physiological response to stress.
Although chronic activation of the stress response can be detrimental, the ability to invoke it is essential for survival. The stress response enables an organism to withstand immediate threats to its homeostatic balance, or physiological equilibrium. It can be triggered by an actual insult (a physical stressor) or by the mere expectation of an impending insult (a psychological stressor).
The stress response prepares the body for "fight or flight" by mobilizing glucose, diverting blood flow to crucial organs, sharpening cognition, blunting pain perception, and deferring non-essential physiological activities. However, chronic activation of the stress response can lead to tissue atrophy, fatigue, hypertension, impaired growth and tissue repair, reduced fertility, diminished immune function, and increased susceptibility to peptic ulcers.
As new links between stress and disease emerge, it is remarkable that most people can function in the modern world without being incapacitated by stress. Researchers have investigated this question from various perspectives. Some study the effects of stress on human beings directly, finding that individuals with Type A personalities are at increased risk for hypertension and heart disease. However, tracing the physiological events that translate personality traits into diseases over years is challenging in humans due to their complex emotional lives and the inability to conduct controlled, long-term studies in laboratories.
Other investigators study subjects such as laboratory rats. In the 1960s, Jay M. Weiss demonstrated that a sense of control or predictability can strongly influence an animal's physiology. Rats that receive a warning before being exposed to an electric shock exhibit a lesser stress response and less pathology compared to those that receive the same sequence of shocks without warning. However, the psychology of human beings is more complex than that of rats, limiting the subtlety of the psychological variables that can be studied in such animals.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Hans Selye's discovery of the stress response revolutionized the field of physiology.
B. Chronic activation of the stress response can have detrimental effects on health.
C. Psychological and social factors can significantly influence an individual's physiological response to stress.
D. Studying stress in free-ranging baboons provides valuable insights into human stress responses.
E. The stress response is essential for survival, but chronic activation can lead to various health problems.
2. According to the passage, what did Hans Selye observe in both the experimental and control groups of rats?
A. Peptic ulcers, atrophy of immune-system tissues, and enlargement of the adrenal glands
B. Increased glucose levels and blood flow to crucial organs
C. Sharpened cognition and blunted pain perception
D. Impaired growth and tissue repair, reduced fertility, and diminished immune function
E. Hypertension and heart disease
3. What does the author suggest about the relationship between personality traits and stress-related diseases in humans?
A. Personality traits have no influence on the development of stress-related diseases.
B. Type A personalities are less likely to develop hypertension and heart disease.
C. The physiological events linking personality traits to stress-related diseases are well-understood.
D. Tracing the physiological events that translate personality traits into diseases is challenging in humans.
E. Controlled, long-term studies in laboratories can easily elucidate the relationship between personality traits and stress-related diseases.
4. According to the passage, what did Jay M. Weiss's study on laboratory rats demonstrate?
A. Rats with Type A personalities are more susceptible to stress-related diseases.
B. The psychology of rats is more complex than that of human beings.
C. A sense of control or predictability can influence an animal's physiological response to stress.
D. Rats that receive electric shocks without warning exhibit a greater stress response than those that receive a warning.
E. The subtlety of psychological variables that can be studied in rats is greater than in humans.
5. Which of the following best describes the author's purpose in mentioning the study of stress in free-ranging baboons?
A. To highlight the limitations of studying stress in laboratory animals
B. To emphasize the importance of studying stress in human subjects
C. To demonstrate the influence of social hierarchy on stress responses
D. To support the idea that psychological and social factors can influence physiological responses to stress
E. To compare the stress responses of baboons and humans
6. According to the passage, what is the primary function of the stress response?
A. To prepare the body for "fight or flight" in response to immediate threats
B. To maintain homeostatic balance and physiological equilibrium
C. To mobilize glucose and divert blood flow to crucial organs
D. To defer non-essential physiological activities and promote survival
E. To enhance cognitive function and blunt pain perception
7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential consequence of chronic activation of the stress response?
A. Tissue atrophy and fatigue
B. Hypertension and damage to the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys
C. Impaired growth and tissue repair
D. Increased fertility and enhanced immune function
E. Increased susceptibility to peptic ulcers
8. According to the passage, what is one of the challenges in studying the effects of stress on human beings directly?
A. The complexity of human emotional lives and the inability to conduct controlled, long-term studies in laboratories
B. The difficulty in measuring physiological responses to stress in humans
C. The lack of variability in stress exposure among human subjects
D. The inability to study psychological variables in human subjects
E. The limited understanding of the relationship between personality traits and stress-related diseases
作者: 滴露灵魂 时间: 2024-4-18 09:50
第一段: point out the topic:
French perfume industry‘s cognitive biases vs. investment decisions leading to suboptimal outcomes
第二段: cognitive biases1: home bias
第三段: cognitive biases2: status quo bias
第四段: cognitive biases3: availability bias
第五段: cognitive biases4: overconfidence bias
第六段: 引入一个case study, 并且介绍其基本情况: default investment option: diversified portfolio. 预期后文讲the interplay of cognitive biases与default investment option之间的爱恨情仇, 并且suboptimal investment decisions
第七段: present how the interplay of cognitive factors in this case study (familiarity and availability biases)
第八段: present the consequence of the interplay of the cognitive factors and the consequence of the default traditional portfolios
第九段: divergent fortunes: use data to compare consequence of the interplay of cognitive factors on the government-sponsored investment scheme with the consequence of the default diversified government-sponsored investment scheme
第十段: point out the limitation of the French government’s advertising campaign to foster the cognitive biases.
Propose the role of policymakers to educate policymakers to alleviate the cognitive biases.
第十一段:conclusion: provide some advice for investors to recognize and mitigate the cognitive biases.
答案:
BCBBB CABCD作者: xuelin99 时间: 2024-4-18 10:38
Mark一下！ 作者: xuelin99 时间: 2024-4-18 10:40
D109
1.假设题
P：象棋专家不比新手几何匹配更快，但象棋匹配比新手快
C：象棋专家的逻辑能力不是天生的，是通过训练的
A：专家没有比新手经过更多的几何推理训练，无关
B：很多人天生有图形匹配的能力但是还是很慢，无关
C：象棋能力与天生的逻辑无关，相反
D：象棋匹配能力不能有效衡量一般的匹配能力
E：新手在实验前没有接触过象棋图
我的答案：E 正确答案：A
2.加强题
P：狗看到主人向右摇尾巴，看到陌生人向左摇尾巴
C：狗高兴的时候向右摇尾巴
A：当狗兴奋的时候会摇尾巴的行为，无关
B：其他研究也发现了这个规律，备选
C：当狗看到其他动物向左摇尾巴，没有提是否开心
D：狗摇尾巴的行为与种类和大小无关，无关
E：狗总是持续摇尾巴，与时间无关
我的答案：B 正确答案：B作者: setmefree1 时间: 2024-4-18 11:27
DAY109
CR
AB
RC
AADCCDDA
- HS遇到问题，注射实验鼠化学药材和生理盐水，鼠表现同样的变化
- S描述反应为压力，建立压力生理学
- 压力相关的个体不同反应被观察，提出这是差异是因为压力接触的不同水平或者内在对压力应对的差异的问题
- 研究证明生理、社会特征能影响个体对压力的生理反应
- 尽管长期激活应激反应可能是有害的，但激活它对生存至关重要
- 应激反应的作用
- 追踪将个性特质转化进疾病是对人类来说挑战的，因为他们复杂的感情和难以控制
- J研究控制感或者预测能强烈影响动物的生理作者: lewton 时间: 2024-4-18 11:33
111111111111111111111作者: Aiddddden 时间: 2024-4-18 11:49
Mark一下！ 作者: 为了G700 时间: 2024-4-18 13:18
CR Day 109
第一题，加强结论，选A。
P：在一个实验中，象棋的新手和专家同时做两个任务，一个是几何图形的 match,一个是chess diagram matching。但是象棋专家在几何图形的 match时候不比新手快，但是象棋matching的时候却快很多。
C:快速理解象棋图像matching不是天生的推理能力，而是练习的结果.
A.象棋专家没有比新手更多的练习几何图形的match.(没练习的话也不会快）
B.许多天生有逻辑能力做几何图形match但是速度也很慢.(结论讲的是象棋图形match的速度）
C.理解象棋图形的速度和天生逻辑能力没有关系.(重复结论）
D. 象棋图形match不是一般的图形match 技巧的有效方法.(所以象棋专家练习象棋match但是也不能很快做几何图像match,但和结论无关）
E. 新手在实验前没有接触过象棋图形.(练习和接触不能类比）
单词：
stimuli：刺激
novices：新手
geometric diagram：几何图作者: jeilham 时间: 2024-4-18 14:38
0000000000000作者: Eunice12 时间: 2024-4-18 18:09
我的选项：AB
正确选项：
第一题：假设题
P:象棋专家和新手执行两项任务：几何图形匹配和象棋图形匹配
P：象棋专家在几何图像匹配时和新手一样快，但是在象棋图像匹配的速度更快
C：快速理解象棋图像不是天生的推理能力而是扩展性练习的结果
象棋图像上：专家练习比新手多
几何图像：专家和新手的程度没有明显区别
A:象棋专家在练习几何图形匹配上没有比新手更多
B:很多人拥有图像匹配的内在能力但是仍然表现得慢——无关
C:理解象棋图像的速度和内在逻辑推理能力无关——不能增强
D:无关
E:不能增强
第二题：增强题
P：狗看到主人会把尾巴摇向右边，看到陌生人会把尾巴摇向左边
C：当经历开心和喜悦的场景，狗会把尾巴摇向右边
看到主人=开心和喜悦
A:不能增强
B:增强
C:无关
D:不能增强
E:持续性无关作者: 豆奶 时间: 2024-4-18 22:50
看一下！ 作者: 滴露灵魂 时间: 2024-4-19 06:32
第一段: present the results of the experiment
第二段: Present Selye’s initial characterization of the stress response, 引出Stress Physiology
第三段: important details added to Selye’s initial characterization of the stress response.
1.chronic activation of the stress response can impair health
2.individual differences in susceptibility to stress-related disorders (reason1/reason2)
第四段: For detail2, the author add a new reason from his own research to differences among individual susceptibility to stress-related disorders : psychological and social characteristics of individuals
第五段: conceding detail1, the author points out the positive aspect of the ability to invoke it is essential for survival and its mechanism/reason
第六段: present the positive aspects of the stress response
Present the negative aspects of the chronic activation of stress response.
第七段: point out the limitation of a research which study the reason for why most people can function in the modern world without being incapacitated by stress. (e.g. Type A personalities)
第八段: point out the limitation of a research which study the reason for why most people can function in the modern world without being incapacitated by stress.(e.g. a warning before being exposed)
答案:
EADCD ADA作者: 为了G700 时间: 2024-4-19 12:20
Day 109 RC
P1:实验中发现老鼠有同样的生理反应，不管是注射化学药剂还是生理盐水。
P2:重复注射发现这是一种遇到不开心的生理反应，取名叫Stress。
P3:发现压力有损健康，但是为什么每个人的不同反应，是外在压力的等级不一样还是对压力的生理反应的固有变化不同？
P4:继续调查表明心理和社会因素都会影响对压力的反应。
P5: 压力反应的慢性活化有害健康，但也是为了生存的关键调用能力。
P6: 在压力和新疾病的连接中，大多数人不会因压力而丧失能力。但是很难最终压力对人的生理影响。
P7:其他一些关于实验老鼠的调查表明，在暴露给电击前经过预警的老鼠比没有经过预警的有更少的压力和病理反应，但对于人类的研究比老鼠复杂。
1. 文章主旨题：文章主要讨论了应激反应的重要性,以及长期激活应激反应可能导致的各种健康问题。这个主题贯穿全文,因此E选项最能概括文章的主旨。
2. 定位文章第一段：While injecting rats daily with a chemical extract to study its effects, he observed consistent changes in the animals: peptic ulcers, atrophy of immune-system tissues, and enlargement of the adrenal glands.
3. 定位倒数第二段：However, tracing the physiological events that translate personality traits into diseases over years is challenging in humans due to their complex emotional lives and the inability to conduct controlled, long-term studies in laboratories.
4. 定位最后一段
5. 定位第四段
6. 定位倒数第三段：The stress response prepares the body for "fight or flight" by mobilizing glucose, diverting blood flow to crucial organs, sharpening cognition, blunting pain perception, and deferring non-essential physiological activities.
7. 定位倒数第三段：owever, chronic activation of the stress response can lead to tissue atrophy, fatigue, hypertension, impaired growth and tissue repair, reduced fertility, diminished immune function, and increased susceptibility to peptic ulcers.
8. 定位倒数第二段：However, tracing the physiological events that translate personality traits into diseases over years is challenging in humans due to their complex emotional lives and the inability to conduct controlled, long-term studies in laboratories.