1. Nutritionist: Some scientists suggest that the high incidence of diabetes and certain other chronic health conditions in highly industrialized societies, as compared with some non-industrialized societies, results from the high-fat, high-calorie eating patterns of the former. However, studies show that humans today can healthily meet their nutritional needs by using any of a wide variety of nutritional strategies. Thus, these health problems in the industrial world probably are not caused by the deviations from a low-fat, low-calorie eating pattern.
Which of the following would, if found by researchers to be true, most strengthen the nutritionist’s argument?
A. Diabetes is increasing in all highly industrialized societies in which the percentage of fat-derived calories in the typical diet is also increasing.
B. Present-day societies that get most of their calories from low-fat foods derived from plants have a very low incidence of diabetes.
C. Present-day hunter-gatherer societies that consume on average more fat and calories than do people in highly industrialized societies have a very low incidence of the health conditions in question.
D. Certain groups of people in North America who derive a smaller proportion of their total calories from fat than do typical people in other highly Industrialized societies have, on average, a low incidence of chronic health conditions.
E. The chemical composition of Paleolithic human bones shows that the ratios among types of foods in these early humans’ diets were similar to the ratios found in modern nonindustrial societies.
2. Compared to regular automobile fuel, low-sulfur automobile fuel produces a lower volume of harmful emissions such as sulfur oxides. In an attempt to improve the air quality in Litania, the Litanian government has cut the excise tax on low-sulfur fuel to a point well below that of regular fuel. Since automobiles perform equally well with either fuel, the government hopes that such a tax cut will encourage drivers to switch from regular fuel to the less polluting low-sulfur fuel.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously call into question the Litanian government's plan to use this tax cut to improve air quality?
A. Automobile fuel is not the sole source of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere.
B. In terms of sulfur oxide emissions, the air quality of Litania is not as bad as the air quality of neighboring countries.
C. Some drivers in Litania are unaware of the availability of low-sulfur fuel as an alternative to regular fuel.
D. The cut in the excise tax for low-sulfur fuel is large enough to encourage significantly greater automobile use.
E. Many Litanian drivers remain unconvinced that automobile emissions are a significant threat to air quality.
