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标题: 揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队 第123天 安慰剂 [打印本页]
作者: 小白斩鸡 时间: 2021-7-31 08:27
标题: 揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队 第123天 安慰剂
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That placebos can cure everything from dandruff to leprosy is well known. They have a long history of use by witch doctors, faith healers, and even modern physicians, all of whom refuse to admit their efficacy. Modern distribution techniques can bring this most potent of medicines to the aid of everyone, not just those lucky enough to receive placebos in a medical testing program.
Every drug tested would prove effective if special steps were not taken to neutralize the placebo effect. This is why drug tests give half the patients the new medication and half a harmless substitute. These tests prove the value of placebos because approximately five percent of the patients taking them are cured even though the placebos are made from substances that have been carefully selected to be useless.
Most people feel that the lucky patients in a drug test get the experimental drug because the real drug provides them a chance to be cured. (1) Yet analysis shows that patients getting the placebo may be the lucky ones because they may be cured without risking any adverse effects the new drug may have. Furthermore, the drug may well be found worthless and to have severe side effects. No harmful side effects result from placebos.
Placebos regularly cure more than five percent of the patients and would cure considerably more if the doubts associated with the tests were eliminated. Cures are principally due to the patient’s faith, (2) yet the patient must have doubts knowing that he may or may not be given the new drug, which itself may or may not prove to be an effective drug. Since he knows the probability of being given the true drug is about fifty percent, the placebo cure rate would be more than doubled by removing these doubts if cures are directly related to faith.
The actual curing power of placebos probably stems from the faith of the patient in the treatment. This suggests that cure rates in the ten percent range could be expected if patients are given placebos under the guise of a proven cure, even when patients know their problems are incurable. It may take a while to reach the ten percent level of cure because any newly established program will not have cultivated the word-of-mouth advertising needed to insure its success. One person saying “I was told that my problem was beyond medical help, but they cured me,” can direct countless people to the treatment with the required degree of faith. Furthermore, when only terminal illnesses are treated, those not cured tell no one of the failure.
Unfortunately, placebo treatment centers cannot operate as nonprofit businesses. The nonprofit idea was ruled out upon learning that the first rule of public medicine is never to give free medicine. Public health services know that medicine not paid for by patients is often not taken or not effective because the recipient feels the medicine is worth just what it cost him. (3) Even though the patients would not know they were taking sugar pills, the placebos cost so little that the patients would have no faith in the treatment. Therefore, though it is against higher principles, treatment centers must charge high fees for placebo treatments. This sacrifice of principles, however, is a small price to pay for the greater good of the patients.
1. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Placebo treatment is a proven tool of modern medicine and its expanded use would benefit society’s health.
(B) Because modern technology allows for distribution of drugs on a massive scale, the proven efficacy of the placebo is no longer limited to a privileged few.
(C) The curative power of the placebo is so strong that it should replace proven drugs because the patients receiving the placebo will then be cured without risking any adverse side effects.
(D) The price of placebo treatment must be kept artificially high because patients have little faith in inexpensive treatments.
(E) Semi-placebos—drugs that contain only a small amount of the usual dosage—are even more effective curatives than either the placebo or the full-strength drug.
2. Which one of the following is most analogous to the idea presented in the last paragraph?
(A) Buying a television at a discount house
(B) Making an additional pledge to charity
(C) Choosing the most expensive dishwasher in a manufacturer’s line
(D) Waiting until a book comes out in paperback
(E) Contributing one dollar to the Presidential Campaign fund on your tax return
3. According to the passage, when testing a new drug medical researchers give half of the subjects the test drug and half a placebo because
(A) proper statistical controls should be observed.
(B) this method reduces the risk of maiming too many subjects if the drug should prove to be harmful.
(C) all drugs which are tested would prove to be effective otherwise.
(D) most drugs would test positively otherwise.
(E) the cost of dispensing drugs to all the patients is prohibitive.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author might
(A) believe that the benefits of a placebo treatment program which leads patients to believe they were getting a real drug would outweigh the moral issue of lying.
(B) support legislation outlawing the use of placebos.
(C) open up a medical clinic that would treat patients exclusively through placebo methods.
(D) believe that factors other than faith are responsible for the curative power of the placebo.
(E) believe that placebo treatment centers should be tax-exempt because they are nonprofit businesses.
5. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the material presented in the passage?
(A) A general proposition is stated; then evidence for its support is given.
(B) Two types of drug treatment—placebo and non-placebo—are compared and contrasted.
(C) A result is stated, its cause is explained, and an application is suggested.
(D) A dilemma is presented and a possible solution is offered.
(E) A series of examples is presented; then a conclusion is drawn from them.
6. Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author’s attitude toward placebo treatment?
(A) reserved advocacy
(B) feigned objectivity
(C) summary dismissal
(D) perplexed by its effectiveness
(E) zealous promotion
参考答案
作者: sssszzzzxccsc 时间: 2021-7-31 09:24
ACCACE
作者: CaryX 时间: 2021-7-31 10:21
mark
作者: hedy1210 时间: 2021-7-31 13:07
Mark一下!
作者: ChloeD 时间: 2021-8-1 12:08
ACCACA
作者: yu33 时间: 2021-8-1 23:10
DCAACB
作者: xyy12138 时间: 2021-8-2 10:25
ACCACA
作者: KaylaZZZ 时间: 2021-8-2 21:55
A D C A C A
作者: 梦想杀鸡者 时间: 2021-8-3 15:38
ACCACA
作者: candiceyq 时间: 2021-8-4 18:41
ACDACA
作者: 上780 时间: 2021-8-4 20:25
Mark一下!
作者: 山言寺林 时间: 2021-8-5 13:36
1. 提供placebo治疗的背景
2. 解释为什么要用placebo test,并且给出结果placebo也有治愈的效果
3. placebo的优点
4. 解释为什么会有cure effect,主要和病人的信念有关
5. 进一步阐述和faith的关联
6. 提供placebo的机构并非是non-profit,必须要收高价的钱
AECACA
作者: _Sparkle_ 时间: 2021-8-9 23:13
ECBDCE
作者: winonabreath-yy 时间: 2021-8-9 23:35
Mark一下!
作者: Mavis1017 时间: 2021-8-9 23:53
看答案
作者: ccccherry 时间: 2021-8-10 13:13
DACACB
作者: jiajiajiayi 时间: 2021-8-12 16:39
看一下!
作者: foxli2020 时间: 2021-11-20 13:44
Day123:安慰剂
1th:引出话题。placebos很久以前就有。在现代因为可得性,越来越常见。
2th:试药。一半人用new drug,一半人用placebo。如果全部newdrug,会发现every drug will be tested effective如果不做neutralization.用一半placebo对比。心理作用faith使得placebo起cure的作用。且被告知是drug可以使placebo的效果double.
3th:但是placebo treatment 不应该免费,因为free会让人对placebo的效果产生怀疑。
1-6 A C C A C A
作者: Sophie_Lee 时间: 2022-10-20 11:52
1
作者: AliceJQC 时间: 2022-10-21 18:53
有一种P药,现代技术可以让这种药帮助所有人而不仅仅那些参加药物实验的人。
药物试验需要用一半的新药和一半的无害物质。
有些人认为参加药物实验的病人是幸运的,因为他们可以被治愈且免于新药可能产生的副作用。P药没有副作用。
P药正常可以治愈5%以上的人,如果对于P药的质疑消除的话还能治愈更多。治愈主要由于病人的信心,病人在不知道是否在使用新药这个想法也会变成一种有效方式。
一些病人即使知道他们无法治愈,信心还是对他们有帮助
A C B A E A
作者认为P治疗不能成为无利润的生意。花越多的钱病人可能对治疗更有信心,所以定价要高。
作者: elsewhere.xx 时间: 2022-11-11 08:04
main idea:
安慰剂可以治愈一切疾病,有5%的治愈率。安慰剂真正的作用是信念,但不能免费提供。
具体:
安慰剂可以治一切疾病,大家都有机会得到安慰剂的帮助。
药品测试是有效的,50%的病人拿到新药50%的拿到无害替代药。5%的病人吃了后可以被治愈,证明了安慰剂的价值,尽管安慰剂的成分都是没有用的。
大多数人认为拿到实验性药品的病人是幸运的,因为真正的药让他们有机会被治愈。但是,分析证明拿到安慰剂的才是幸运的,因为他们可能免受与新药的副作用风险就可以被治愈。且,新药可能没有用且有副作用。而安慰剂没有不良的副作用。
如果消除对测试的疑虑,安慰剂能治愈超过5%的病人,这种治愈主要源于病人的信念。然而,病人会担心自己是否会拿到新药,新药是否有效。如果这是和病人信心有关的疾病,那么消除是否能到新药的疑虑后,安慰剂的治愈率能超过10%。
安慰剂实际的治愈能力源自于病人的信念。这说明如果病人吃的是证实有效的药(由安慰剂伪装),即使这是绝症,治愈率还是可能达到10%。可能需要一段时间达到10%,因为需要口口相传一段时间这个药的有效性。这能增强人们的信心。
不幸的事,这个疗法不能免费。大众药品如果免费,病人一般不吃或不相信它的效果。尽管病人不知道这其实是糖,太便宜的话病人不会对这个疗法有信心。所以尽管有悖更高原则,这个疗法还是需要高昂的费用。
AECACB
作者: IrisGMAT750 时间: 2022-11-18 20:12
15min28s ACACCA,没背过安慰剂单词,有些蒙着写题
作者: 2021上北大 时间: 2023-7-26 07:46
P1 安慰剂治愈效应的历史悠长,现代技术可以把安慰剂用于救助每个人,而不是幸运收到的人。
P2 安慰剂是如何测试的,治愈5%的人。
P3 得到安慰剂比得到受测试药更幸运,没有副作用风险。
P4 安慰剂治愈效应会增强通过增强病人信念。
P5 信念增强治愈效果增加的原因和原理。
P6 关于现实中安慰剂作用的一个矛盾。
作者: 杨翠花 时间: 2023-8-20 14:52
第一段:概述安慰剂的作用非同一般,能治愈很多病。
第二段:安慰剂应用在药品测试中。(此段落出考题问:为什么药品测试时要一半用drug一半用安慰剂)
第三段:延续第二段描述在药品测试中服用到安慰剂的病人才是幸运的,因为新药品(有副作用、不一定有效)vs 安慰剂(无害)。
第四段:描述安慰剂治愈病人的重要原因是faith信念。展开叙述人们会有怎样的疑虑,进而影响信念。
第五段:安慰剂的治愈功能主要源自病人治疗过程中的信念。只需要一些时间治愈率就可以达到10%,依靠口口相传的方式提高病人的信念。
第六段:转折,安慰剂不能作为非营利性企业运作。根据规定安慰剂治疗需要收费,因病人不付费可能会觉得药没有效果或者没有价值。(此处出题类比)为了让人们有信念,安慰剂收费很高。
文章结构:总-分-总
安慰剂治疗很多病-----> 为啥可以治疗病?-------> 安慰剂治疗中心的应用
选项:ACAAAA (35错,应该为C)
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