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标题: 揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队第115天酒驾与车祸 [打印本页]

作者: 小白斩鸡 时间: 2021-7-23 06:19
标题: 揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队第115天酒驾与车祸

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There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BAC’s of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.

There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country’s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.

To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this level there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to driving while intoxicated. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.

Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverages will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BAC’s involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs for those repeatedly arrested for drunken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash rates. Thus far, there is no firm evidence that Alcohol Safety Action Project-supported programs, in which rehabilitation measures are requested by the court,have decreased recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however; unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.

1. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalities
(B) reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk driving
(C) suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United States
(D) analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities
(E) making an international comparison of experience with drunk driving

2. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain
(A) changed an existing law to lower the BAC level that defined driving while intoxicated
(B) made it illegal to drive while intoxicated
(C) increased the number of drunk driving arrests
(D) placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks
(E) required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation therapy

3. The author implies that a BAC of 0.1 percent
(A) is unreasonably high as a definition of intoxication for purposes of driving
(B) penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limit
(C) will operate as an effective deterrent to over 90 percent of the people who might drink and drive
(D) is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal collisions
(E) proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time

4. With which of the following statements about making driving while intoxicated a criminal offense versus increasing taxes on alcohol consumption would the author most likely agree?
(A) Making driving while intoxicated a criminal offense is preferable to increased taxes on alcohol because the former is aimed only at those who abuse alcohol by driving while intoxicated.
(B) Increased taxation on alcohol consumption is likely to be more effective in reducing traffic fatalities because taxation covers all consumers and not just those who drive.
(C) Increased taxation on alcohol will constitute less of an interference with personal liberty because of the necessity of blood alcohol tests to determine BAC’s in drivers suspected of intoxication.
(D) Since neither increased taxation nor enforcement of criminal laws against drunk drivers is likely to have any significant impact, neither measure is warranted.
(E) Because arrests of intoxicated drivers have proved to be expensive and administratively cumbersome, increased taxation on alcohol is the most promising means of reducing traffic fatalities.

5. The author cites the British example in order to
(A) show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the U.S.
(B) prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce traffic deaths
(C) prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deter drunk driving
(D) suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws
(E) demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in states that have laws against drunk driving

6. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the author’s statement that the effectiveness of proposals to stop the intoxicated driver depends, in part, on the extent to which the high-BAC driver can control his intake?
(A) Even if the heavy drinker cannot control his intake, criminal laws against driving while intoxicated can deter him from driving while intoxicated.
(B) Rehabilitation programs aimed at drivers convicted of driving while intoxicated have not significantly reduced traffic fatalities.
(C) Many traffic fatalities are caused by factors unrelated to excessive alcohol consumption on the part of the driver.
(D) Even though severe penalties may not deter intoxicated drivers, these laws will punish them for the harm they cause if they drive while intoxicated.
(E) Some sort of therapy may be effective in helping problem drinkers to control their intake of alcohol, thereby keeping them off the road.

参考答案：

作者: salsalsal877 时间: 2021-7-23 07:05
谢谢

作者: Gracie0201 时间: 2021-7-23 08:16
第一段：说明酒驾现象
第二段和第三段：两种可行的方法
第四段：不确定是否可行的方法以及建议

作者: sssszzzzxccsc 时间: 2021-7-23 09:23
BBADCE

作者: CaryX 时间: 2021-7-23 11:08
mark

作者: LucianLau 时间: 2021-7-23 14:06
1酒驾现象及测量方式
2减少酒驾方法一，酒税
3减少酒驾方法二，定罪
4上述方法是否有用未知，作者提出可能的原因和方法

作者: xyy12138 时间: 2021-7-23 15:39
BBEABA

作者: ChloeD 时间: 2021-7-23 17:24
酒驾与车祸致死率有正相关
酒税是解决方法之一
酒驾法案是解决方法
两种方法的具体效果不明确但是酒驾得管
BBADBA

作者: KaylaZZZ 时间: 2021-7-23 22:16
B B E D B A

作者: Ariafox 时间: 2021-7-24 11:38
bbedca

作者: yangzezczc 时间: 2021-7-24 18:25
！！！！

作者: Sylvia_Ah 时间: 2021-7-24 23:26
BBADBA

作者: Blanche会努力 时间: 2021-7-25 10:44
BBEBDD

作者: yu33 时间: 2021-7-25 11:18
BBEBBE

作者: 山言寺林 时间: 2021-7-25 11:55
1. 引入酒驾这个现象和测量标准（BAC）
2. 一种solution是提高酒精税，针对entire population
3. 另一种solution是给酒驾司机定criminal offense，同时用英国的例子说明不一定有效
4. 总结这两种方法不一定有直接效果，提出另一个因素是司机能否控制摄入量，引出另一个solution是therapeutic program
BBADCA

作者: candiceyq 时间: 2021-7-25 18:59
BCDACA

作者: 南瓜星人 时间: 2021-7-25 20:30
BBEBCE

作者: easion3 时间: 2021-7-25 21:28

作者: Blackui 时间: 2021-7-25 21:50
bbadba

作者: 小王冲冲冲 时间: 2021-7-25 22:54
ding

作者: 断了的弦 时间: 2021-7-26 17:58
BCCDDA

作者: lfengi 时间: 2021-7-26 22:34
BEADCB

作者: wenh4 时间: 2021-7-29 16:23
BCADCA

作者: 浪浪清 时间: 2021-7-29 23:16
Mark一下！

作者: ccccherry 时间: 2021-8-4 08:36
BCDDCC

作者: hedy1210 时间: 2021-8-4 13:08
Mark一下！

作者: jiajiajiayi 时间: 2021-8-6 16:46
BBADCA

作者: 冲啊~ 时间: 2023-9-8 12:26
Mainpoint: different attempts to reduce the driving intoxitation
1. use data to explain that alcohol consumption is the core reason of the fatally driving injury
2. provide a solution: high tax, which it exists the barrier: all the people who drink will be penalized
3. Another solution: penalities for driving with a elavated BAC
● shortcomming: one arrest with 700 violation
● law plays less deterrant
● example of british
4. a alternative treatment which is usless
-> emphasize the importance of dealing with the alchoholic intoxication
在美国，汽车事故的受伤和死亡风险非常大。超过80%的居民有自己的行驶车或者轻卡车，每辆车都平均驾驶超过11,000英里每一年。几乎一半的致命的受伤司机的BAC（血液酒精浓度）等于或超过0.1%。对于普通成年人，必须很短时间内喝超过5盎司的80度烈酒才可以在达到这个血液酒精浓度水平。1/3的司机有饮酒，但是不到所有司机的4%显示这个血液酒精浓度水平。尽管少于1%的BAC水平在0.1%或者更高的司机涉及致命车祸，他们被参与的概率是那些血液里没有酒精的27倍。
2. 有很多不同的方法去减少醉酒导致的受伤。根据观察，持续的消费与一个国家人口消费酒精的总量有关，已经被建议更高的酒精税会降低两者。虽然最重的喝醉者会被征收最多的税，但是所有喝酒的人都会被这种方法惩罚。（infer->一些人只是喜欢喝酒并不酒驾也会被惩罚）
3. 将饮酒和饮酒驾驶作为犯罪是一种只对酒驾的司机的方式，在一些州，法律授权警察去要求所有涉及交通事故的司机去呼吸测试，提升的血液酒精浓度可以被称为逮捕的依据。但是国家高速交通安全协会估计，即使逮捕增加，大概有700个违反者在对应每一次逮捕。在这个阶段几乎没有证据表明法律扮演了一个威慑力在喝酒后的驾驶中。在英国，移动汽车致死率降低了25%在道路安全条例1967年颁布后不久，当英国人开始逐渐认识到他们可以饮酒并没有被禁止，条例的效果下降。尽管在接下来的三年致死率很少达到法规之前七年观察到的水平。（example function, infer->所以这个法令并不禁止喝酒也不拦截，喝酒也可以开车）
4. 是否对于高血液酒精浓度的驾驶的惩罚和过度征税的对于消费酒精饮料的会降低持续的酒醉导致的大多数死亡是不清晰的。一部分，这个答案依赖于那些涉及车祸的有高酒精血液浓度程度的酒驾者对于经济和惩罚威胁，有能力控制他们的摄入量。从个人到集体咨询和心理治疗对于化疗的治疗项目组成了另一种方式，但是他们也没减少酒精作为一个因素而造成的事故的比例，在少数一些控制的实验中已经发展，几乎没有证据表明对于那些反复因为酒驾行为被逮捕的康复项目可以降低再犯和车祸率。因此直到现在，没有明确的证据，酒精安全行动计划-支持的项目，法院要求的康复措施，已经降低了接触这些方案的客户的再犯或者车祸。尽管知识和态度被提升，但是一件事是清晰的，除非我们处理激动着和高速公路安全，降低醉酒的事故率，很多人还是会死亡（照应第一句话的fact）

word:
deterrent-威慑因素，威慑力
penalized-惩罚
in the ensuing three years-在接下来的三年
therapeutic-治疗的
rehabilitation-康复
recidivism-再犯

作者: 屯个名字 时间: 2023-9-17 22:48
P1:醉驾数据分析
由于动车导致的伤亡在US很普遍
——>(为什么?——描述现状)
1.平均驾驶里程超11000miles
2.几乎一半的致命受伤司机血液中的酒精浓度（BAC）为0.1%或更高——平均每人必须在短时间内饮用超过5盎司的80种防冻烈酒才能达到这些水平
3.1/3的司机一直在喝酒，但只有4%的司机，BAC>=0.1%
4.BAC>=0.1%发生车祸的概率是其他人的27倍

P2:醉驾解决办法1-酒精增加税
过度饮酒与全国总酒精消耗量相关——>增加酒精赋税
（醉驾越严重罚越多——所有喝酒的人都会被惩罚）

P3:醉驾解决办法2-酒驾犯法
酒驾犯法只针对于酒驾人员
——>(如何算违法?)驾驶时BAC升高进行逮捕
——>但是在美国一些州，这个措施并没有效用
——>在英国，刚实行时摩托车死亡率立马下降25%，但后来效果下降了

P4:对两种办法的评价：不论是处罚还是酒精加税对于减少酒驾引起的死亡的效果并不得而知+提出另外的方法
1.——>（为什么？）每个人对于经济处罚的而自控饮酒的能力不一样
2.——>（所以引入Therapeutic programs来增加自控力）——>但这种方法不能减少酒精引起的事故比例
<——对照试验不能提供这种方法能降低再犯率
3.（所以以上3种方法都不可行）但是不找到解决办法，就会继续有人因此死亡

BBAACA 17min

作者: andyhhhh 时间: 2023-9-18 08:20
一、酒駕者雖然佔比不高，但肇事機率卻高出一般人27倍，顯示酒駕的危害

二、課稅會是一個遏止過量飲酒的好方案，但會是對全部民眾的

三、為了只針對酒醉的人，有些州開始實施酒測，但效果不顯著，在英國，酒測實施後前三年效果很好，後來大家認為不要被抓到就好，所以就逐漸消退效果了

四、至今仍不確定刑罰對於酒駕者是否有效，但若如果不解決，還是會有很多人死去

CBBDCC

作者: setmefree1 时间: 2023-10-5 11:58
1. 描述酒驾车祸现象。1/2致命伤司机BAC在0.1%，但对成年人来说难，不到4%的司机会这样。1%的这些0.1%BAC的司机致命，是没酒精的27倍
2. 解决方法1--高酒精税，但是只要喝酒就会被惩罚税
3.方法2--酒驾判罪。警察对任何交通违法行为检测酒精，酒精浓度升高可逮捕。但是几乎没有证据表明法律对酒驾震慑。
举例：英国，实施法律，开始死亡人数下降，但是人们认识到可以喝酒不被阻止，法律作用下降，但是仍有积极影响
4. 评价两个方法：
征税和惩罚酒驾是否有用，目前不清楚。取决于高BAC的人控制摄入能力。心理生理疗法，但是没有减少酒精。实验：无证据表明，酒驾反复被捕的人的康复计划减少再犯和车祸。且法院要求的康复计划减少再犯率和车祸率，尽管知识态度改善。
得出：除非处理公路和车安全问题，减少醉酒中毒事故，否则更多人死。

BBDABA

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