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标题: 揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队第102天悲痛阶段模型 [打印本页]

作者: 小白斩鸡 时间: 2021-7-10 07:34
标题: 揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队第102天悲痛阶段模型

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Freud is considered an early expert on the subject of grief. In his writings, one of the primary tasks faced by the bereaved individual was reclaiming the energy that had been invested in the loved one. Later theorists added to our understanding of grief by reflecting on the role of socialization and the relationship with the deceased in the experience of grief. Bowlby identified four phases through which the grieving person passes: numbing, yearning and searching, disorganization and despair, and reorganization. Still others have suggested that responses to grief are predictable, regardless of the individual’s personality characteristics and personal coping skills. A recent theory also suggests that grief is not only psychological but also biological, and represents the individual’s movement toward reintegration and balance.

One concern frequently expressed by critics of the stage models of grief is general misunderstanding about how the stages are experienced. The average person and even many mental health practitioners tend to see the stages of grief as linear and as descriptions of how grief should be experienced. This can make grieving individuals feel as if they must ‘progress’ through the stages in a timely manner and that something is wrong if they do not do so. The authors of the various stage models did not make this assumption, however. Instead, they acknowledged that the way grief is expressed, the timing and sequence of stages, the duration for which grief lasts, and the coping responses used were varied. Another criticism is that these models assume that the outcome of the grief process will be a return to a more ‘normal’ psychological state. Some experts, on the contrary, suggest that a person does not ever return to the state of mind prior to the loss, and long-term grief may be normal for some people. This aspect needs further examination of theories before the merit of this criticism can be objectively judged.

Source: Hidden Victims: The Effects of the Death Penalty on Families of the Accused – Susan F. Sharp

1. What is the author’s attitude on the theories suggesting stage models of grief?
A. The author considers these theories plausible.
B. The author finds the stages to be predictable.
C. The author questions the chronological nature of the theories.
D. The author is convinced that a final state of normalcy exists.
E. The author finds similarity among the various stage models.

2. Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with?
A. The latest theories of grief find their base in the work of Freud.
B. The critics of stage models have incorrectly made certain assumptions about the stage model theories.
C. The ‘coming to normalcy’ idea of stage model theories is incorrectly interpreted by the critics of these theories.
D. The stages of grief are linear and time-bound.
E. Socialization can help in refocusing energy invested in the relationship with the deceased.

参考答案：

作者: Blanche会努力 时间: 2021-7-10 09:59
A B

作者: CaryX 时间: 2021-7-10 12:58
Mark一下！

作者: Leilanico 时间: 2021-7-10 14:30
AB

作者: Junfa 时间: 2021-7-10 14:54
6:10
1.文章结构：
第一段用弗洛伊德引出一个最近的悲伤方面的理论，就是人从悲伤摆脱出来必定经历四个阶段。
第二段描述批判者对于这个理论的两个方面的批判（作者保持中立）。第一个批判是悲伤理论把四个阶段的流程定义成了线性的时间流逝阶段，但这并不一定。第二个批判是悲伤理论断定了人一定会回到初始阶段，这个也不一定。但是，作者觉得这些还需要进一步研究才能合理评估。
2. 题目选项：
C
B

作者: Leilanico 时间: 2021-7-10 15:18
Freud is considered an early expert on the subject of grief.
Freud 被认为是悲伤主题的早期专家。

In his writings, one of the primary tasks faced by the bereaved individual was reclaiming the energy that had been invested in the loved one. Later theorists added to our understanding of grief by reflecting on the role of socialization and the relationship with the deceased in the experience of grief.
在他的作品中，失去亲人的人面临的主要任务之一是恢复投入到所爱的人身上的能量。后来的理论家通过反思社会化的角色和与在悲伤体验中与死者的关系来增加我们对悲伤的理解。
Bowlby identified four phases through which the grieving person passes: numbing, yearning and searching, disorganization and despair, and reorganization. Still others have suggested that responses to grief are predictable, regardless of the individual’s personality characteristics and personal coping skills. A recent theory also suggests that grief is not only psychological but also biological, and represents the individual’s movement toward reintegration and balance.
Bowlby 确定了悲伤的人经历的四个阶段：麻木，怀念和寻找，紊乱和绝望，和重新振作。还有一些人认为，无论个人的性格特征和个人应对技巧如何，对悲伤的反应都是可以预测的。最新的一个理论还表明，悲伤不仅是心理上的也是生理上的，代表了个人到重整和平衡的转变。
One concern frequently expressed by critics of the stage models of grief is general misunderstanding about how the stages are experienced. The average person and even many mental health practitioners tend to see the stages of grief as linear and as descriptions of how grief should be experienced. This can make grieving individuals feel as if they must ‘progress’ through the stages in a timely manner and that something is wrong if they do not do so.
对悲伤阶段模型的批判者经常表达的一个担忧是对于这个阶段如何经历的普遍误解。普遍的人甚至许多从事心理健康职业的人倾向于把悲伤阶段看成线性的，并描述悲伤应该如何体验。这使得悲伤的人感觉到他们必须时间性地通过这些阶段来‘进步’，如果他们不这样做那就是不对的。

The authors of the various stage models did not make this assumption, however. Instead, they acknowledged that the way grief is expressed, the timing and sequence of stages, the duration for which grief lasts, and the coping responses used were varied.
然而，这些各个阶段模型的作者没有做出这个假设。相反地，他们承认表达悲伤的方式，阶段的时间和顺序，悲伤的持续性和使用的应对措施都是多样的。
Another criticism is that these models assume that the outcome of the grief process will be a return to a more ‘normal’ psychological state. Some experts, on the contrary, suggest that a person does not ever return to the state of mind prior to the loss, and long-term grief may be normal for some people. This aspect needs further examination of theories before the merit of this criticism can be objectively judged.
另一个批判是这些模型假设了悲伤进程的输出将会恢复到一个更‘正常’的心理状态。相反的，一些专家认为一个人永远不能恢复到失去之前的精神状态，而且长期悲伤也许对某些人来说是正常的。这方面需要进一步的理论研究，才能客观评论这个批判的价值。

作者: Leilanico 时间: 2021-7-10 15:33
第一题是为作者对悲伤阶段模型理论的态度，通过两段文章可以看出作者对不同理论的叙述都持中性的似有道理的看法，即plausible。选A

2. Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with?
A. The latest theories of grief find their base in the work of Freud. （错误，最新的悲伤理论并没有以Freud的成果为理论基础）
B. The critics of stage models have incorrectly made certain assumptions about the stage model theories.（正确，线索在第二段：'The authors of the various stage models did not make this assumption, however. Instead,......')

C. The ‘coming to normalcy’ idea of stage model theories is incorrectly interpreted by the critics of these theories.(错误，作者没有说这个‘coming to normalcy’观点是错误的，虽然后面有反对它的观点，但是作者最后说还需要进一步的理论研究才可以客观评论。）
D. The stages of grief are linear and time-bound.（错误，是普遍人和心理学从业者的观点，作者不同意）
E. Socialization can help in refocusing energy invested in the relationship with the deceased.（错误，这是早期理论观点，作者没有表达是否同意）

作者: Blackui 时间: 2021-7-10 22:42
cc

作者: KaylaZZZ 时间: 2021-7-10 23:09
1 C
2 A

作者: rs曦曦 时间: 2021-7-11 10:12
grief theory的溯源和阶段论观点的呈现
反对者的两个质疑：1、linear process，不成立，分阶段理论本身也是动态的；2、结束后能否回到normal stage，现在还不好说，以观后效

作者: Fnc001 时间: 2021-7-11 15:23
CA

作者: pluto1 时间: 2021-7-11 16:14
BC

作者: sssszzzzxccsc 时间: 2021-7-11 22:39
cc

作者: Yanting1 时间: 2021-7-12 10:29
CC

作者: 飞跃重洋2017 时间: 2021-7-12 23:10
Mark一下！

作者: 山言寺林 时间: 2021-7-13 07:54
1. 引出文章主题grief，B提出人从悲痛中恢复会经历四个阶段，有些人说grief response是可预测的，也有些人说grief不仅是心理层理，也是生理层面的
2. 提出两个critics：1）stage models的批判者关心的关于人们怎么经历这些阶段的观念是misunderstanding的，人们会觉得经历这些阶段是线性的，various stage的作者就没有做这个假设，他们承认这些阶段是因人而异的；2）models认为人从悲痛中恢复能回到正常的状态，然而一些学者认为不会回到原先水平，但是作者对这个critic持保留态度，认为需要更多证据支持
CB

作者: YY-Y 时间: 2021-7-13 11:37
CB

作者: Alan-Endless 时间: 2021-7-14 11:04
Mark一下！

作者: Marshall333 时间: 2021-7-14 16:00
1

作者: 别碰我宝藏 时间: 2021-7-16 21:05
Mark一下！

作者: lfengi 时间: 2021-7-16 23:17
AB

作者: 690387114 时间: 2021-7-20 12:15
AA AB全文
题2.

作者: yu33 时间: 2021-7-23 10:18
CB

作者: 12121212133 时间: 2021-7-25 02:27
Mark一下！

作者: ccccherry 时间: 2021-7-30 09:22
CE

作者: NikitaHan 时间: 2023-9-2 16:12
悲痛阶段模型：
P1: Freud is considered an early expert on the subject of grief. He thinks the main task of bereaved individual is to reclaim the energy invested in the loved one. Later, Bowlby identified four phases of grief. Stiil, others suggested that the response to grief is predictable regardless of the person's personality. A recent study shows that grief if not only psychological but also biological.

P2: One frequent concerns of the stage models is general misunderstanding about how the stages are experienced. The authors of various stage models acknowledge that there are stages, but the timing and sequence of stages, the duration for which grief lasts, and the coping response used were varied. Another criticism is that these models assume that the outcome of grief process will come back to a normal state. Some experts think that some people might never come back to the previous state. This opinion also needs further explanation.

Author's opinion: introduced a few models about grief and suggested further research to be done.

作者: 屯个名字 时间: 2023-9-28 19:58
P1:关于grief的各种观点
1.引子-Freud：grief -primary tasks- reclaiming the energy that had been invested in the loved one
2.Latter:+role of socialization and the relationship with the deceased
3.Bowlby-grief stage model
4.Others-responses to grief are predictable
5.Recent-grief is not only psychological but also biological

P2:grief stage model的缺点——他人观点
1.misunderstanding about how the stages are experienced： linear (f)-人们assume;但是学者并不这么认为（varied）
2.the outcome of the grief process will be a return to a more ‘normal’ psychological state-some experts thought not return & long-term grief——needs further examination

AB 4'50"

作者: setmefree1 时间: 2023-10-3 10:23
1. F研究悲伤，丧亲人的任务是重新投入亲人身上的力量。B 确定了四个阶段；一些人认为悲伤可以预测；悲伤不只是心理的还是生理的，是人重新整合平衡。
2. 两个批评：阶段经历的误解，悲伤的各个阶段是线性的-令悲伤的人认为应该有进展。反-阶段的作者，悲伤应对时间阶段时间都是不同的；悲伤恢复到更正常的心理状态。反-永远回不到之前的状态，长期悲伤是正常的。需要进一步研究得出客观结论。
A B

作者: sudn 时间: 2023-10-3 16:30
Freud是早期研究悲痛的专家，他写：失去亲人时第一考虑的是收回在失去的爱人身上投入的精力。后来的理论家认为悲痛也反映了逝者的社会角色和活人的关系。B描述悲痛有四个阶段：麻木，哭+寻找，沮丧，重振。和个人性格无关，大概都会经历这么一个可预见的过程。这是个物理性，生物性的，展示了一个悲伤的人的情绪的发展过程和寻到平衡的过程。

对这个过程的批评大概是误解了这个过程。大多人认为这个过程是线性的，让人误认为他们必须一步步经历，否则就不对劲，其实专家并无此意，实际步骤，频率和每步的时长都不一样。

另一个观点是认为这些步骤走完之后必定回归正常的心里状态。这也不一定，有些人可能会进入一个长期悲伤的状态，尚无定论。

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