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标题: 揽瓜阁做题小分队第20天（两栖动物）种群下降与灭绝 [打印本页]

作者: 小白斩鸡 时间: 2021-4-19 15:26
标题: 揽瓜阁做题小分队第20天（两栖动物）种群下降与灭绝

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There are recent reports of apparently drastic declines in amphibian populations and of extinctions of a number of the world's endangered amphibian species. These declines, if real, may be signs of a general trend toward extinction, and many environmentalists have claimed that immediate environmental action is necessary to remedy this "amphibian crisis", which, in their view, is an indicator of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity.

To evaluate these claims, it is useful to make a preliminary distinction that is far too often ignored. A declining population should not be confused with an endangered one. An endangered population is always rare, almost always small, and, by definition, under constant threat of extinction even without a proximate cause in human activities. Its disappearance, however unfortunate, should come as no great surprise. Moreover, chance events—which may indicate nothing about the direction of trends in population size—may lead to its extinction. The probability of extinction due to such random factors depends on the population size and is independent of the prevailing direction of change in that size.

For biologists, population declines are potentially more worrisome than extinctions. Persistent declines, especially in large populations, indicate a changed ecological context. Even here, distinctions must again be made among declines that are only apparent (in the sense that they are part of habitual cycles or of normal fluctuations), declines that take a population to some lower but still acceptable level, and those that threaten extinction (e.g., by taking the number of individuals below the minimum viable population). Anecdotal reports of population decreases cannot distinguish among these possibilities, and some amphibian populations have shown strong fluctuations in the past.

It is Indisputably true that there is simply not enough long-term scientific data on amphibian populations to enable researches to identify real declines in amphibian populations. Many fairly common amphibian species declared all but extinct after severe declines in the 1950s and 1960s have subsequently recovered, and so might the apparently declining populations that have generated the current appearance of an amphibian crisis. Unfortunately, long-term data will not soon be forthcoming, and postponing environmental action while we wait for it may doom species and whole ecosystems to extinction.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) assess the validity of a certain view
(B) distinguish between two phenomena
(C) identify the causes of a problem
(D) describe a disturbing trend
(E) allay concern about a particular phenomenon

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following to be true of the environmentalists mentioned in lines 5-6?
(A) They have wrongly chosen to focus on anecdotal reports rather than on the long-term data that are currently available concerning amphibians.
(B) Their recommendations are flawed because their research focuses too narrowly on a single category of animal species.
(C) Their certainty that population declines in general are caused by environmental degradation is not warranted.
(D) They have drawn premature conclusions concerning a crisis in amphibian populations from recent reports of declines.
(E) They have overestimated the effects of chance events on trends in amphibian populations.

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following to be true of the amphibian extinctions that have recently been reported?
(A) They have resulted primarily from human activities causing environmental degradation.
(B)They could probably have been prevented if timely action had been taken to protect the habitats of amphibian species.
(C) They should not come as a surprise, because amphibian populations generally have been declining for a number of years.
(D) They have probably been caused by a combination of chance events.
(E) They do not clearly constitute evidence of general environmental degradation.

4. According to the passage, each of the following is true of endangered amphibian species EXCEPT:
(A) They are among the rarest kinds of amphibians.
(B) They generally have populations that are small in size.
(C) They are in constant danger of extinction.
(D) Those with decreasing populations are the most likely candidates for immediate extinction.
(E) The are in danger of extinction due to events that sometimes have nothing to do with human activities.

5. Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A question is raised, a distinction regarding it is made, and the question is answered.
(B) An interpretation is presented, its soundness is examined, and a warning is given.
(C) A situation is described, its consequences are analyzed, and a prediction is made.
(D) Two interpretations of a phenomenon are described, and one of them is rejected as invalid.
(E) Two methods for analyzing a phenomenon are compared, and further study of the phenomenon is recommended.

6. Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 35-38 [Anecdotal reports of population decreases cannot distinguish among these possibilities, and some amphibian populations have shown strong fluctuations in the past.]?
(A) To give an example of a particular kind of study
(B) To cast doubt on an assertion made in the previous sentence
(C) To raise an objection to a view presented in the first paragraph
(D) To provide support for a view presented in the first paragraph
(E) To introduce an idea that will be countered in the following paragraph

参考答案，做完才看：）

作者: 123Better 时间: 2021-4-19 16:09
ADEDBC

作者: N0ire 时间: 2021-4-19 17:34
14min
主旨：两栖动物数量下降并不一定意味着灭绝，但值得警惕
P1: （根据现象提出结论）两栖动物数量下降，环境学家提示人类应该保护环境挽救濒危物种；
P2: （验证上述观点-存在漏洞）濒危物种数量下降或者灭绝，有多重因素，未必是人类造成；
P3: （指出P1现象的生物学意义）物种数量下降意味着生态环境的变化，这更值得关注；
P4: （提出警示）数量变化未必意味着灭绝，需要实践验证，但人类还是应该采取行动，以防事态恶化且不可逆。

ADEDBC

作者: yutingw 时间: 2021-4-19 18:28
EDBDBC

作者: Ggggamber 时间: 2021-4-19 22:47
回复

作者: Sibaiyuan 时间: 2021-4-20 00:48
ADEDBC

作者: 速水愛媛 时间: 2021-4-20 10:02
ACEDAC

作者: LouisTan 时间: 2021-4-20 10:39
ADCDBC

作者: FCAENG 时间: 2021-4-20 11:32
ADEDBC

作者: Jack.Lu 时间: 2021-4-20 12:05
ADBDBC

作者: yyking625 时间: 2021-4-20 13:00
ADEDBC

作者: 傻猪lulu 时间: 2021-4-20 13:47
ADDDBC

作者: auttoautto 时间: 2021-4-20 17:18
主旨：对环境学家关于两栖动物的数量下降的观点进行评估
P1：两栖动物的数量下降和一些物种的灭绝，环境学家声称是灾难灭绝的信号，立即行动是必要的。
P2：为了评估，重要的是做一些初步的区分：下降和灭绝。
P3：数量下降的单列报道不能区分几种可能性。
P4: 长期数据不足，研究不能确认真实下降数量。但是长期数据不是立马就有的，推迟行动可能导致灭绝！
ADBEAC

作者: RxxMewo 时间: 2021-4-20 17:19
ADECEC

作者: irisville 时间: 2021-4-20 18:15
adedbc

作者: 大大大kk 时间: 2021-4-20 20:11
EDADBD

作者: 大大大kk 时间: 2021-4-20 20:31
主旨：纠正一个错误认知，同时表达concern
P1: 老观点：数量下降预示着濒临灭绝，因此要立即开展行动（人类活动>>环境破坏>>动物数量下降>>濒临灭绝）
p2: 新（作者）观点：老观点混淆了“数量下降”和“濒临灭绝”的概念
   1）濒临灭绝的物种本身特性：少数群体，数量少，持续威胁>>即便没有人类活动的影响也可能自己灭绝
   2）濒临灭绝的物种本身特性：chance event也会导致起灭绝>>这是由物种本身数量基数决定的，而非数量增减导致的
p3: 阐述客观事实（面临的问题）：数量下降比物种灭绝更可怕，这说明生态系统出现了问题，而这二者在现有数据条件下很难区分
p4: 阐述客观事实（面临的问题）:  缺乏长期数据支持，导致研究受阻

作者: sssszzzzxccsc 时间: 2021-4-20 20:37
同意！

作者: 半日大哥 时间: 2021-4-21 21:01
EDEEBC
用时10分钟

作者: 星v座v书v上 时间: 2021-4-22 00:03
AEBDBC

作者: Maxxxx123 时间: 2021-4-22 08:11
謝謝

作者: 断了的弦 时间: 2021-4-22 18:03
ACEDBB

作者: zhangmenghan 时间: 2021-4-22 18:46
ADDABC

作者: ccccherry 时间: 2021-4-23 21:26
ADDDDC

作者: Dianita 时间: 2021-4-24 05:21
EDBDBC 11分钟
1.环境学家对于最近amphibian数量下降相关报告的看法，claim需要进行相关行动……（环境学家的一种观点）
2.evaluate环境学家的claims。数量下降和濒危不同。（解读其观点）
3.对biologist来说，数量下降比灭绝更worrisome。数量下降
4.没有足够长期科学数据，如果因此推迟采取相关行动，可能造成物资灭绝等后果。（警示）

作者: _Salaxy_ 时间: 2021-4-24 21:30
ABEDBC

作者: Happyduo 时间: 2021-4-26 07:28
看一下！

作者: 飞跃重洋2017 时间: 2021-4-27 19:50
BDEDBC

作者: SchodingerCat 时间: 2021-5-4 00:43
EDEDBC

作者: 690387114 时间: 2021-6-21 16:54
ADEDBC

作者: 大月亮cyn 时间: 2021-10-28 17:15
Day20 ADEDBC

作者: svwma 时间: 2022-4-10 03:07
记下,回头再看.

作者: 木柚籽 时间: 2023-10-28 10:31
"P1: （提出观点） [ declines in amphibian populations < signs of extinctioon ] +opinions of environmentalists
P2: （评估观点）distinction between a declining population and extinction --> many factors lead to decline
P3: （承上）boilogists' opinion [ population declines>extinctions ] -->反驳P1观点
P5: （总结）identifying real declines needs more data [ but we should pay attenntion in time] --> warning. "

作者: B及站士 时间: 2023-10-31 13:43
P1.
1. Recent reports: of drastic declines in amphibian populations and of extinctions of a number of the world's endangered amphibian species
2. Environmentalists: immediate environmental action -> to remedy "amphibian crisis" – an indicator of environmental degradation due to human activity

P2.
1. Evaluation: A declining population ≠ endangered one
2. Elaborate: endangered one is always rare, small, and under constant threat of extinction even without a proximate cause in human activities – chance events may lead to its extinction (depends on the population size)

P3.
1. Biologists’ concern: population declines are more worrisome than extinctions – indicate a changed ecological context
2. Argument: distinctions must be made among apparent declines/ lower acceptable declines/ threaten extinction delcines
3. Difficulties: Anecdotal reports can’t distinguish + amphibian have shown fluctuations before

P4.
1. Evidence: long-term scientific data on amphibian populations is not enough
2. Example: many amphibian species extinct after severe declines in the 1950s and 1960s have subsequently recovered
3. Reminder: long-term data will not soon be forthcoming – postponing environmental action while we wait for it may doom species and whole ecosystems to extinction

作者: joliajjj 时间: 2023-12-8 13:36

文章结构：

P1：提出观点：两栖动物的数量和种类都在下降；环境学家指出是人类活动使其环境遭到破坏

P2：验证观点;存在漏洞说明：物种下降与环境下降；说明原因
P3：生物学家认为数量下降比濒临灭绝更让人担忧，说明生态环境改变；下降分安全下降和威胁下降，在过去，am的数量强烈波动
P4：没有足够长期的数据说明真正下降的原因
ADEDB
1.allay 减轻的意思
2的C 没有说warranted，没有说是必要的
3物种下降而不是灭绝与环境下降关联，但下降还要分安全下降和威胁灭绝下降

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