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标题: 【每日逻辑训练营】（第五天） [打印本页]

作者: 小白斩鸡 时间: 2020-9-4 10:04
标题: 【每日逻辑训练营】（第五天）

Day5

打卡格式：

1. 做每题所化的时间（可以让大家更好的把握自己的pace）
2. 逻辑链（大家平时练习最重要是梳理好GMAT逻辑链）
3. 5个选项简单分析（正确正确在哪，错误错误在哪）

打卡模版：

时间：2‘15

逻辑链：Premise：voles live in large groups from late autumn through winter, live in smaller groups from spring through early autumn.

Conclusion：the mortality among young voles can explain the seasonal variation in group.
Logic: because the cold/food, the voles dead, they are together form late autumn through winter.
选项：
A.提到young voles 但是时间段the spring and early summer 不对。Pass
B.无关。
C.spring食物丰富，时间段不对。
D.时间点没有严格对应 late atumn 没有E严格。
E.bingo 时间完全对应。简单推断也向到mortality，所以选E

5-1 Proposal: Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space. So emission of these “greenhouse” gases contributes to global warming. In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced. Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity.

Objection: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.

Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal?

Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air.
The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills.
The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned.
Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide.
The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled.

5-2 Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies?

None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product.
It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.
Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.
Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures.
None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated.

5-3 Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.

5-4 Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier. Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing. Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.
The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.
The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.

5-5 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why ______.

large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths
large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates
small moths are more likely than large moths to be effectively camouflaged while on vegetation
large moths typically have wings that are larger in proportion to their body size than smaller moths do
most predators of moths prey not only on several different species of moth but also on various species of other insects

5-6 A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.

The argument above assumes which of the following?

There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.

5-7 Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.

Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents. So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution.

Environmentalist: I disagree: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.

Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?

A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances

B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome

C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means

D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it

E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people

5-8 Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.

The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the journalist’s argument?

Has anybody else who has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for the upcoming election reported greater financial holdings than Bergeron?
Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission’s financial disclosure requirements?
Did the information recently obtained by the journalists come directly from the election commission?
Have Bergeron’s financial holdings increased in value in recent years?
Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections?

5-9 Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.

Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response?

Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book
Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned
Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews
Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view
Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes

5-10 A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers’ cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.

In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of the following?

Whether the automaker’s competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products
Whether the advertisements will be created by the manufacturer’s current advertising agency
Whether some of the automaker’s models will be more deeply discounted than others
Whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect
Whether an alternative strategy might enable the automaker to enhance its profitability while holding a constant or diminishing share of the market

作者: lyzzzzz 时间: 2020-9-4 12:12
5-1:
Ans: D Time: 1’30
逻辑链: 烧M会排放CO2→为了减少总排放进而改善全球变暖，不应烧M (削弱)
A. 讨论其他产生CO2的情景，脱离讨论范围
B. distance无关，我们只在乎总排放量
C. M能取代不产生温室气体的fuel, 无关
D. M比CO2更容易block heat escape, 因此烧M能改善全球变暖比起不烧
E. 讨论减少M排放的方式，无关

5-2:
Ans: E Time: 1’32
逻辑链: 政府实行新规, 那7家小公司没能力convert→小公司没一家能存活
A. 取反: 如果没新规，至少一家大公司不能存活，那小公司怎么样，不知道
B. 小公司convert成本更贵, 无关比较
C. 游说者干什么属于无关讨论
D. complex与否不影响公司是否存活
E. 取反: 至少有一家公司原来就符合新规，说明不需要convert,可以存活，削弱了原文只有大公司能存活的argument

5-3:
Ans: C Time: 1’17
逻辑链: P: 相比十年前因过敏送去医务室的比例上升 C: 原因要么是孩子接触更多的过敏源(chemical), 要么是孩子对过敏原更敏感了
A. 取反: 护士减少了，最多影响治愈成功的比例，不影响送去医务室的比例
B. other substances不在讨论范围
C. 取反: 现在过敏的孩子比起十年前更有可能送去医务室，环境改变，削弱原文逻辑链
D. 现在与十年前有什么变化，没讨论; 而且讨论的场景是学校不是家里
E. 上学占总人口的比例，无关

5-4:
Ans: B Time:1’30
逻辑链: 字母书写始祖——P人从6世纪开始才就从右往左写，6世纪前两种方向都有→ 学习P人的G人写字方向应该跟P人一样，已知最早发现的G人写字方向两种都有→G人用字母书写比预想（8世纪）要早
第一个BF句是作者main conclusion, C性质相反, DE方向相反; 第二个BF句支持main conclusion, A方向相反

5-5:
Ans: A Time: 1’47
逻辑链: 理想的温度→effective flight (归纳题)
A. 大moth有理想温度, 推出maneuver better in flight,完美贴合原文逻辑链
B. Common原文未提及
C. camouflaged(伪装) 原文未提及
D. wings更大原文未提及
E. predators还吃别的物种，无关讨论

5-6:
Ans: D Time: 1’35
逻辑链: P: initial repairs 不adequate, 但reworked 令人满意 C:不是因为没能力, 而是重心放在了reworked jobs
A. 有没有systematic difference并不影响原文逻辑链
B. 讨论其他公司与AR的竞争关系, 无关
C. 没看懂对原文逻辑链的影响
D. 取反: 如果有惩罚, 说明AR并不喜欢有rework, 即AR重心并不是放在rework, 削弱
E. 无关

5-7:
Ans: E Time:1’47
逻辑链: 商人: 雪地摩托可以吸引游客从而benefit 当地人→可以容忍pollution
环境学家反驳: 因为noise和pollution, 游客不会再来M城了
E. 反驳了当地人受益, 正确: 游客都不来了，当地人怎么受益

5-8:
Ans: E Time: 1’20
FACTS: AB一直说要竞选，但一直都只是说说而已
逻辑链: AB今年递交了竞选需要的材料→AB终于要竞选了
A. 其他人比AB有钱，无关
B. 无论是不是only way都不影响
C. 是不是directly不影响
D. 无关
E. 如果往年有递交: 有因无果→削弱；往年没有递交: 无因无果→加强

5-9:
Ans: C Time: 1’43
逻辑链: P: 有conservative view后还加了liberal view C: 维持各观点平衡
A. 其他magazine, 无关讨论
B. 讨论unsolicited vs. commission, 无关
C. 如果是: 加强；如果否: 削弱: 该杂志只是为了支持liberal view, 双标
D. books是谁写的, 无关
E. 讨论读者怎么怎么样，无关

5-10:
Ans: A Time: 1’58
逻辑链: 措施: 打折→目的: 从竞争对手那抢顾客，提高market share
A. 竞争对手也打折, 抢不了顾客了
B. 谁当agency不重要
C. 公司内部产品比较，无关
D. 利润不是讨论重心, market share才是
E. alternative strategy 脱离范围

作者: vinago 时间: 2020-9-4 12:42
1,
1’39
D
conclusion: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere

思考方向：反驳这个objection，就是说buring of methane不会产生 carbon dioxide （第一个反应0
A, 和人呼吸无关
B，和methane在哪了转化无关
C，。。。非常迷惑，但是发现不产生greenhouse的是那个fuel
D，
E，讲的是methane怎么可以更好的减少不能削弱

天哪这题有点懵逼

2，
2’19
选E
Premise： since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications
conclusion：only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.
思考方向：小公司不能remain in business，而大公司可以。=》成本太高，小企业承受不了。
A，和政府不regulate的情况无关
B，一开始认为是这个，可是觉得为什么会小公司会比大公司cost more，而且cost more就能负担不了吗
C，无关
D，和assembly环节无关
E，取反后表示至少一些小公司已经符合标准了，那就不会有cannot afford to的情况，削弱了结论，说明小公司可以ramain in business。

3，
1’36
选C
Premise:Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years
conclusion: either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago
思考方向：不会有其他原因可能导致更多的schoolchildren 因为对chemical过敏被送去治疗
A，和学校护士数量无关
B，和other children to have allergies to other substances 无关
C，可以说明，取反可以削弱
D，和in houses和apartment building无关
E，和allergic无关

4，
1’50
选B
黑1 是conclusion
黑2和黑1 之间没有转折，应该是黑1 的premise
A，后半部分说黑2是反驳黑1的错误
B，可以
C，黑1不是evidence
D，黑2不是position
E，黑2 不是用来against 那个作者反驳的结论

5，
2’58
选B
larger moths have higher optimal body temperatures,
前面提到 when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators.
A, 这个不能解释体温
B，可以和前面提到的air temperature 相关
C，和small moth无关，不能解释大飞蛾体温高
D，和wings无关
E，和predator怎么prey无关

6，
1’28
选A
Premise:The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory
conclusion:it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
思考方向: 不是因为技术的问题造成rework，
A。取反削弱结论
B，和其他公司无关
C，这个和premise矛盾
D，如果是这样，就不会有rework了
E，文章没提到

7，
1’55
选E
Premise：A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.
conclusion：spokesperson说的不对
即找到snowmobile并不能吸引游客，带来好的经济效益
A，没有说这个desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances,environmentalist反驳了spokesperson说的好处
B，并没有去比较好坏
C，没有说
D，没有说
E，对，说spokesperson说的吸引游客并没有真正 benefit那些人

8，
2’43
选E
Premise:we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission
conclusion:it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.
思考方向：因为Bergeron has fullfilled the financial disclosure requirement，就表示她要成为a candidate for governor, 找financial disclosure requirement和 candidate之间的联系
A，和greater financial holdings无关
B，这个非常误导我，但是这句话并没有说和候选人的关系，只是说了如何完成 finanical disclosre requirement的方式
C，无关
D无关
E，可以说明，如果之前他也这么做了，但是没有成为candidate说明结论不对，如果之前没有，那这次可能就是

9，
2’06
选C
Premise: It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position
conclusion：our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.
思考方向： magazine和liberal views和conservative views的联系
A，和other magazines无关
B，没有去说明和liberal views和conservative views的关系
C，可以说明关系
D，这个和premise矛盾，且文章信息没给出
E，这个和magazine和liberal views和conservative views的联系无关

10，
1’34
选A
Plan:aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months.
In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.
思考方向：有什么因素会影响这个方案成功
A，可以，如果竞争对手手也打折，那这个automaker能成功吸引消费者吗？如果不打折，那可以
B，和广告谁做的无关
C，和汽车型号无关
D，和成本无关，题设说了cut into profits
E，和alternative strategy无关，评价的是这个方案

作者: 七月的狮子 时间: 2020-9-4 15:03
1. 时间1’29 答案C 应该选D
逻辑链：m和co2都会block the escape of heat导致全球变暖。所以为减少全球变暖->减少emission of both->燃烧m就可反对者:燃烧m导致transform to co2
A 无法削弱
B conversion离landfill远，无关
C 主干是m是f的substitute，fuel才是那个不produce gases的…第一次没看到
D m比co2更会block the heat，所以变成co2可以减缓emission
E m可以减少，如果material decomposition was recycle的，无关

2. 时间2’02 答案B
逻辑链：7个小公司和3个大公司，合作开发新的产品线。小公司cannot afford the costs to convert to a new product line,所以只有大公司remain in business。
A 没有大公司会找活干，如果govern不管的话，无关
B 小公司比大公司convert的费用高
C 说客无法阻止govern放弃regulate，无关
D 新产品比现在的more complex，和complex无关，问题是new product line
E 没有小公司是match新产品的

3. 时间1’16 答案C
逻辑链: 过敏的小孩被送到医务室的比十年前更多了，要么是接触的更多，要么是更易过敏
A 护士人数没少，无关
B 取反，没削弱
C 取非削弱，比以前更容易送到医务室
D 化学物质不太用作清洁剂在室内，无关
E 学生人数比例更多，无关

4. 时间2’16 答案B
逻辑链：Greeks adopted alphabetic writing -> adpoted的是P的
A 第二argument没有oppose
B
C 不是assumption
D 不是objection
E同D

5. 时间1’52 答案B
逻辑链: 蛾子需要optimal body temperature，如果空气温度低，他们会在植被上停住不动，但容易被捕捉。大蛾子飞的比小的快，所以他们更容易躲避predators，但他们需要更高的温度
A 大的比小的飞的好，无关
B 大的很多在热的环境而非冷的，选B
C 小比大更容易掩藏自己，无关
D 大的有更大翅膀，无关
E prey不同insects，无关

6. 时间3’34 答案E 最后一句话没读懂
逻辑链: 最开始维修不好不是因为能力，而是因为concentration在rework上
A 没有人员上的区别btw first和rework
B 没有公司比得过A 无关
C 和A的warranty 无关
D 和处罚无关
E 没有repair jobs是first time就很成功的，取非削弱

7. 时间1’46 答案E
逻辑链：环境：ban雪上摩托，太多污染。Econ：带来了经济环境：很多skier已经不来了
A challenge一个假设：某种outcome只能从一种环境中derive，无关
B challenege某种好的outcome被随之而来的坏的方面所抵消
C 从别的方面去achieve greater degree
D 经济学家misrepresent环境学家的position 没提到
E 反对经济学家说的benefit local residents

8. 时间2’33 答案E
逻辑链：A一直说要竞选但没竞选。终于要竞选了，递交了financial disclosure要变成candidate了
A 有其他人比他钱多无关
B 和是否成为candidate无关
C 和是否从election commission得到消息无关
D 钱变没变多无关
E 如果之前有fufill也没有变成candidate 削弱

9. 时间1’47 答案C
逻辑链：第一个book review是conservative没发表，等到第二个book review是liberal的才发表。但不是要bias只是平衡各方声音
A 和其他杂质无关
B 和有无publish unsolicit review无关
C 如果第一个就是liberal还会不会等第二个review，如果是则bias
D 书是否是conservative/liberal view
E 读者读不读无关

10. 时间1’25 答案A
逻辑链：automaker想要increase market share by discounting.in the long run从对手拉客户变成忠实客户，以此来increase profit
A 对手打折更多，则无法增加市场份额
B advertisement由谁create 无关
C 有些车型打折更多
D 减少costs来确保profit （最开始纠结的选项
E 其他strategy确保profit while 市场份额不变无关

作者: lunark6055 时间: 2020-9-4 15:22
0:52 答案

正：CD和M形成温室气体，为了降低全球变暖，M应该被用来生产电力
反：M变成电的过程中会有CD产生
问：反驳反，寻找证明去M产CD仍有帮助
A. 人类和动物会生产CD，没有M和CD的关系
B. 和landfills的距离无关
C. 但仍会产生CD，没有削弱
D. 正确，因为去M产CD仍旧对环境有好处
E. 无关

1:50 5-2 答案:E
3大7小公司生产军工，加入政府需要整顿市场就需要提出一个标准化产品需求，这样的话因为7个小公司都没有前转变生产线，3个大公司将会垄断市场
增强，寻找7个小公司必须转变生产线的情况
A. 无法加强垄断市场这一点
B. 无关加强因为小公司已经假设都付不起转换费了，多少无所谓
C. 可能…? 有关
D. 比现在复杂无关
E. 正确，因为7个小公司都必须转变生产线

1:55 5-3 答案C
小孩因小学用的化学物质过敏。小学护士报告来这里治疗过敏的学生比例远高于十年前。
要么R学生接触了更多这种物质，要么他们比十年前的学生更加敏感
基于哪种假设？-> 十年前的过敏学生数量和现在有可比性
A. 护士数量无关
B. 和其他过敏无关
C. 正确，现在的送诊可能性和10年前没有区别，数量是有可比性的
D. 和物质在别的空间使用无关
E. 和总人口数量无关

1:28 5-4 答案B
第一段是一个position，第二段是一个assumption

0:57 5-5 答案B
蛾子有最佳飞行体温，当空气低于这个体温他们就会在植被上休息并且容易被捕食。总的来说大蛾子飞的比小儿子快所以他们不容易被捉到，但是他们的体温高，所以解释了….
寻找让他们温度不下降hence仍旧飞的快的选项
A. 温度高和飞行技巧无关
B. 正确，大蛾子倾向呆在温暖环境里保证他们能继续飞的快
C. 和小蛾子迷彩无关
D. 大翅膀和飞行和温度都无关
E. 捕猎者的倾向无关

1：09 5-6答案E
AR维修有大量在warranty里的项目，所有的工作都能圆满完成。第一阶段的维修如果不令人满意的话并不是因为维修工的能力，而是因为复杂维修所需要的专注力更能在第二次维修中体现，而不是第一次维修中
A. 第一阶段维修和第二阶段维修的人没有层级差别，这个membership具体代表什么不清楚
B. 业界没有比AR更强的，无关
C. AR warranty只承担第一阶段，违背原题条件
D. AR不惩罚第一次没做好的员工，无关
E. 没有第一阶段维修就很满意的案例，如果有的话就会动摇观点

1:12 5-7 答案B
M商业代表：雪车把很多游客来带M振兴经济，所以经济层面上来说我们要忍受污染
环保人士：我不同意，很多想来M滑雪的人都被噪音赶走了
问环保认识提出的观点是什么关系 –> 用现实状况否定假设
A.  不确定…
B.  正确
C.  还没有可以maintain的
D.  没有讨论环保的立场
E. 没有否认

0:51 5-8 答案E
AB一直说要参选但一直没有，不过最近他提交了参选需要的文件，所以他这次会参选
A. 和别人参选不参选无关
B. 并不直接表达他会不会参选
C. 保留，不太确定
D. 和他资产无关
E. 他过去有没有提交过这类文件？如果有那这次也不一定参选

0:43 5-9 答案C
尽管我们去年收到右书评而没有发表，最终发表的第二篇左书评，但这只是我们需要平衡观点
Con:杂志没有左立场
A. 和其他杂志无关
B. 无关
C. 如果第一篇是左，还会不会审核第二篇，如果不审核直接发那就不是平衡观点而是左立场
D. 书本身立场无关
E. 跟读者无关

1:04 5-10  答案：A
A试图在未来几个月降价，折扣会削减a的收益，但因为会投资大量广告所以a希望把竞争对手的消费者吸引过来。长久而言，a希望因为这折扣而来的客人会变成忠实客户
是否能增强
A. 如果别的公司也有折扣那A无法把消费者吸引过来
B. 跟广告质量无关
C. 跟内部车模型无关
D. 和效益无关
E. 和效益无关

作者: Amaranth- 时间: 2020-9-4 15:50
1 d
时间：2‘14
逻辑链：二氧化碳和甲烷会导致全球变暖-因此要减少此类温室气体的排放-因此排放出的甲烷应该被燃烧来发电
反对者c：烧甲烷会排放二氧化碳，所以不应该  问驳斥
a：无关
b：无关
c：甲烷可以替代一种燃料，它的燃烧不会产生温室气体，这与本文无关，本文说的是为了减少温室气体而燃烧甲烷
d：甲烷比起二氧化碳更能阻止散热，说明甲烷减少了有更好的减轻全球变暖的效果
e：理论上如果分解产生甲烷的垃圾不被丢弃而是被回收那么会减少甲烷的排放，看起来有道理但实则与本文无关，本文说的是大气中已经有甲烷的现状如何去应对，如果燃烧它会产生二氧化碳
2 e
时间：2’27
逻辑链：事实：存在三个大公司和七个小公司生产这样一种产品，如果政府管制工业程序，它们必须遵守。而小公司负担不起生产线的转化，所以只有大公司可以留下来
p：？
c：小公司负担不起会被淘汰，大公司得以生存
a：说的是政府不管制的情况，而且也没说小公司会如何，不对
b：小公司转化花费会比大公司多，这也是无关项，顶多在复述原本信息
c：不能劝阻政府执行新规，无关，文中讨论的本来就是一种还未发生的情况，如果有这种情况会发什什么后果。
d：无关
e：没有小公司的产品现在已经符合政府的管制，如果有的话，小公司也不需要转变，也不会被淘汰
3  c
时间：2‘41
逻辑链：一些孩子对用在学校里的清洁剂或者杀虫剂中的化学物质过敏。学校医护人员称过去十年r地区的因过敏送医的孩子增加了。因此，要么是化学剂的使用增加了要么是孩子比十年前更敏感了
p：？
c：过敏送医的孩子增加，要么因为校园里的化学物质增多，要么是孩子比十年前更敏感
前提应该考虑到十年前和现在孩子过敏都会被送医，这样才有可比性
a：无关
b：无关
c：取反，过敏了的孩子现在比十年前更有可能被送去校医那里，所以现在比十年前多并不是因为化学物质增多和孩子更敏感的原因。削弱了
d：无关
e：无关：
4 b
时间：2’50
逻辑链：两个句子之间都没有明显的转折词，句子一前面a strong case can be made that说明它是个结论，而推测句子二是它的假设
5  b
时间：1‘15
逻辑链：m的有效飞行都会有一个最佳的体温。当大气温度低于体温时，他们就必须待在植物上，此时很易受攻击。而大m比小m飞得更快因此更好地躲避捕食者，但是大m也有更高的最有体温，这也能解释。。。
a：不能解释为什么比小的飞得好
b：因为大m最佳体温高，因此很容易大气温度就比他体温低了，他就会在植物上停留
c：无关
d：无关
e：无关
6  d
时间：2’41
逻辑链：一些复杂的修理工作都要经过二次作业，二次作业总是能令人满意。
p：应该选择并不反对二次作业的情况
c：因此第一次作业不充分并不是因为能力不够，而是想当然认为复杂修理依赖二次作业更多。
a：无关
b：无关
c：无关
D：取反削弱了
e，无关
7  e
时间：2‘39
逻辑链：bs：雪地摩托带来很多外来游客，为当地人创造了经济效益-因此可以忍受其产生的污染
en：因为这些污染，游客们已经不来m地了。  否定了bs的前提
8  e
时间：1‘11
逻辑链：ab很有名，他一直说要参加选举，结果从来没去。而最近得到消息他递交了选举要求的财产披露表给选举委员会，因此很有可能他今年会参选
p：前几年他都没有填过着表格
c：今年填了，所以今年很有可能参选了
a：无关
b：无关
c：无关：
d：无关
e：如果前几年都没做过，今年这样做了，才有可能说明他要参选了
9  c
时间：2’19
逻辑链：杂志为了平衡起见，将保守观点与自由观点同时发布，以此说明自己并不存在偏见
p：杂志是否有努力获取更多的观点
c：杂志是为了寻求平衡，并非有偏见
abde均无关
c：正确
10  a
时间：1‘57
逻辑链：汽车厂商计划通过降价和打广告来吸引竞争对手的客户，虽然短期来看会损失一些利润，但长期来看可以把这些客户变成忠实客户。
p：竞争对手不会采取应对措施，或者这些客户可以变成忠实客户
c：损失利润的举动从长远来看是有益的
a：正确
b：无关
c：无关
d：无关，文章中说了在利润损失的情况下能否取得客户并转变为长期客户
e：无关

作者: 青山宿 时间: 2020-9-4 19:11
1.D 1’06
Bg: CO2&CH4都是温室气体，会导致global warming
Goal：reduce global warming
Plan：reduce greenhouse gas，让被排放的CH4被烧掉去产电
Ob：CH4燃烧产生CO2，无法达到reduce global warming效果
方向：比较直接排放的CH4和CO2的warming效果

A.exhale产生CO2，与文本无关
B.Distance，无关
C.与plan无关
D.CH4warming比CO2更强，对
E.和plan无关
2.E 1’37
Bg：三个large七个small生产，如果要regulate则所有都要adhere
P：7个small都不能afford convert to specification
C：只有3个large可以remain in business
Gap：所有人要想remain都得convert to specification

A.现在讨论regulate，无关
B.Small花钱比large多，但不一定不能afford
C.和gov无关（dissuade 劝说，劝诫）
D.procedure更复杂，无关
E.现在都不达标，所以都得convert，对

3.C 1’33
Bg：一种学校常用chemical会导致children allergic，
P：近年来送到护士的children对这种chemical过敏的proportion增加；
C：要么是exposed to 更多chemical，要么学生现在比以前更sensitive
方向：既然有两个解释，一般来说是排除其他因素

A.和nurse无关
B.P说了是对这个chemical过敏，其他无关
C.不是因为以前快死了才送现在刚有症状就送导致的proportion增加
D.限定在学校，无关
E.人口结构，无关

4.B 1’37
全篇无转折，A/D/E排除，剩BC
黑1是conclusion，黑2正向，选B

5.B 1’44
P：每种moth都有最适宜的温度；一般来说大moth比小moth fly faster，optimal温度更高。归纳

A.只提到flight
B.更适宜在warm生存：optimal温度高，在warm地区fly faster生存能力就强
C.和vegetation无关
D.不一定能推出wing
E.和predator无关

6.A 1’44
Bg：AP的work经常要做两次，第二次的就做得很好
C：第一次不行不是因为工匠技术不行，而是因为concentration不够

A.两次的人没有不同，排除技术因素
B.和其他company无关
C.质疑两次warranty，削弱
D.是因为不penalize惩罚，所以做两次，削弱了吧（反正不能加强）
E.存不存在第一次就做好的工作与讨论无关

7.E 1’38
E：sm产生pollution所以应该ban
M：sm带来fin benefit所以应该put up with
E：很多skiers因为sm的noise和pollution所以不来

A.没有人提到only？
B.Outcome out weighted by negative aspect说反了
C.没有说different means
D.没有说M怎么misrepresent吧？
E. 否认M认为的benefit一些人真的benefit到了他们

8.E 1’27
Bg：AB目前还没参与过竞选
P：但他已经完成fin disclosure，candidacy都要做这个
C：他很可能今年要去参与竞选

A.和其他人无关
B.和竞选没什么关系捏？
C.无关
D.无关
E.他以前也老这样，那今年就一般也不会去run；以前要是从来没有，那很可能要去run了

9.C 1’30
P：我们去年先收到了conservative的文章，但一直等到收到了liberal的文章之后才一起发
C：我们没有liberal bias，是为了balance diverse opinion
攻击点：等着收liberal是为了倾向liberal还是为了balance？

A.和其他无关
B.无关（unsolicited不合法，commissioned现役的，委任（过去式）
C.如果liberal先来怎么样
D.两个book review的主题book是怎样的，无关
E.和reader无关

10.A 1’13
Goal：attract buyers from rival，make them loyal
P：make discount
预判：rival也降价就能削弱了，对应A

作者: Leonado7 时间: 2020-9-4 19:22
5-1
1`47 D
逻辑链：
前提：二氧化碳和甲烷导致温室效应，为了减少温室效应，应该减少这些气体。
把那些直接排除的甲烷用来燃烧发电可以减少温室效应。有人反驳因为燃烧甲烷也会产生二氧化碳。
问哪个反驳了这个人的反驳？
A.跟人类无关
B.跟距离无关
C.这个观点支持了上面人的观点
D.甲烷比二氧化碳温室效应强，削弱了
E.甲烷减少的另一个方法。无关

5-2
2`12 E
逻辑链：3个大公司和7个小公司要能生产武器，政府准备让他们按政府要求生产，小公司没有财力换到政府要求，所以只有3个大公司可以继续生产。、
问假设
A.3个大公司不生产也能活下去。无关
B.小公司转换花的钱比大公司多。已知小公司无力转换了，没啥意义
C.跟dissuade政府无关
D.跟复杂不复杂没关系
E.7个小公司都需要转换。对了，不然就不用转换了

5-3
2`09 C
逻辑链：事实：学校护士发现得病的学生多了
结论：要么是学生接触的病原多了，要么是他们现在更脆弱了
问假设
A.跟护士数量无关
B.跟其他感染源无关
C.送去护士的次数没变。否则有可能只是因为去护士那儿变多了，导致了护士观察接受病人变多
D.在其他地方杀虫剂这些用的不多。取反，其他地方用的也多，原结论依然成立，甚至支持了原来的结论，所以不是这个。
E.人数没变多。无关

5-4
1`13 B
逻辑链：第一个黑脸是一个结论。后面就在解释这个结论，第二个黑脸提出了一个推理来支持第一个结论。
A.第二个不是反对
B.正确
C.第一个不是证据
D.第一个不是文章反对的
E.同D

5-5
1`49 B
逻辑链：moth需要保持体温才能飞得高，大moth比小moth在天气冷的时候飞的高，更能躲避天敌的捕食，同时大moth体温也高，这也解释了：
问后面补充
A.没读懂，无关
B.天气热的时候大Moth更常见。跟前面相关，因为天气冷了都飞走了，看不到了
C.小Moth隐藏的更好。没提到这个
D.大moth有更大的翅膀。没提到
E.跟天敌的捕猎对象无关

5-6
4`54 D
逻辑链：有一批工作需要返工，不是因为第一次工作，而是因为复杂的工作本来就需要投入更多精力。
问假设
A.跟前后工人无关
B.这个公司最强无关
C.这个公司擅长啥无关
D.返工的工人和之前的工人不是同一拨人。否则就不会有返工了，明知道要返工，咋会留着呢
E.没有工作是分开的。无关

5-7
1`59 B
逻辑链：E说产品造成了污染，应该ban了，M反驳说我产品带来了很好的经济效应。E反驳，但是因为你的噪音和污染，人们已经不来了旅游了
问E反驳了啥
A.不是从其他derive的
B.正确
C.没有maintain
D.没有Misunderstand
E.没有Benefit其他人

5-8
2`38 E
逻辑链：AB是个有钱的商人，他之前说想竞选但从未竞选。这次他提交了关于申请的相关清单。所以我们认为他这次会竞选。
问评价
A.跟竞争对手无关
B.跟是不是唯一方法无关
C.跟是不是来自委员会无关
D.跟钱有没有增加无关
E.他之前有没有提交过类似的。如果有，那可能也不一定，如果没有，那可能会

5-9
2`11 C
逻辑链：一个杂志说自己会发表不同看法的言论来保持自由发声。
A.跟其他媒体无关
B.跟unsolicited无关
C.是否会继续带来更多视角，这有助于判断说的是不是真的。
D.跟subject无关
E.跟读者无关

5-10
2`20 A
逻辑链：一个商人准备降价来吸引更多其他地方的客人，并发展成忠实客户。
问哪个有利于判断能否成功。
A.竞争对手是否会降价。有利于，因为他想通过降价达到目的，如果竞争对手降价会影响到他的竞争力
B.跟广告无关
C.跟他的哪个产品降价无关
D.跟能不能赚到钱无关
E.跟有没有其他方案无关

作者: abbylung 时间: 2020-9-4 20:54
1- 1
答案：C
时间：1'48
逻辑链：
P 要抑制全球变暖，就要减少温室气体
C 甲烷被烧

反对：烧甲烷会产生二氧化碳

A. 无关
B. 距离无关
C. 烧甲烷不会产生温室气体，正确
D. 无关比较
E. 没有反驳argument中的反对

1- 2
答案：E
时间：1'20
逻辑链：
P 政府管控
C 7个小公司没钱，所以只有3个大公司能留存

A.  如果政府不管控，3个大公司不会倒闭，无关
B. 小公司比大公司花的多，无关
C. 无关
D. 无关
E. 如果政府要管控，7个小公司目前生产的产品没有符合要求的

1- 3
答案：C
时间：1'22
逻辑链：
P 过敏的学生增加
C 过敏源增多或学生更敏感

A. 护士数量无关
B. 其他物质无关
C. 过敏的学生不是更可能被送进医院的，排除他因，正确
D. 无关
E. 小学生数量无关

1- 4
答案：C
时间：2'03
逻辑链：
第一个BF：事实
无转折词
第二个BF：论据
最后一句结论

A.
B.
C. 第一个BF是证据，第二个BF是假设
D.
E.

1- 5
答案：B
时间：1'22
逻辑链：
P
C 大飞蛾有更高的体温，

方向，温度的比较

A. 大飞蛾和小飞蛾比较，无关
B. 正确
C. 大飞蛾和小飞蛾比较，无关
D. 大飞蛾和小飞蛾比较，无关
E. 其他昆虫，无关

1- 6
答案：A
时间：2'17
逻辑链：
P 第一次不满意，第二次满意
C 不是因为工人技术不能，而是因为第二次工人更专注

A.  第一次和第二次的工人人数上没有区别，排除他因
B. 无关
C. 引进区别了
D. 无关
E. 无关

1- 7
答案：B
时间：2'17
逻辑链：
E：雪地车带来污染
S：雪地车带来经济，可以忍受污染
E：污染增加，游客不来

A.
B. challenge假设（雪地车的好处大于坏处）
C.
D.
E.

1- 8
答案：E
时间：1'39
逻辑链：
P 之前一直竞选都没选上
C 这次递交资料，就能选上？

A. 有其他人递交没？不是重点
B. 无关
C. 消息来自哪里，无关
D. 价值增加与否，无关
E. 之前有没有递交过？如果之前递交过没选上，那这次递交了也选不上

1- 9
答案：C
时间：1'37
逻辑链：
P 第一次有偏见，第二次改正才出版
C 出版社态度公正

A. 无关
B. 无关
C. 第一次的态度公正，会不会继续之后的review
D. 书的态度无关
E. 无关

1- 10
答案：A
时间：1'46
逻辑链：
P
C 价格促销，吸引竞争对手的客户

A.  竞争对手是不是打折更多，正确
B. 无关
C. 无关
D. 无关
E. 无关

作者: shuuuuu 时间: 2020-9-4 21:17
Day5
时间：24’37

5-1 Proposal:  Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space.  So emission of these “greenhouse” gases contributes to global warming.  In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced.  Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity.
Objection:  The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.

objection：
因：燃烧甲烷会释放二氧化碳
果：不能燃烧甲烷
counter：因果联系存在？干扰因素导致可以燃烧？

Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal? C

Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air. 二氧化碳其他来源，无关因果
The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills. 在哪里转化，无关
The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned. 燃烧甲烷不会释放温室气体，破坏因果联系。
Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide. 甲烷与二氧化碳比较，无关因果
The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled. 减少释放，却还是会释放。肯定了因果联系。 

5-2 Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications.  If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere.  In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

plan：10家公司都有新规定
因：小公司无法完成新规定
果：只有大公司才能完成
assumption：肯定因果联系，排除干扰因素，或方向问题

Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies? E

None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product. 政策和大公司成功的关系，跟因果无关。
It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies. 重复条件，没有因果联系
Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry. 游说，与策略可行性有关，无关因果
Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures. 策略可行性，无关因果。
None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated. 排除了干扰，排除了小公司可以完成的可能，肯定了因果。 

5-3 Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children.  Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.  Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.

果（现象）：更大比例的小朋友出现allergy了
因：要么是化学过敏物多了，要么是小朋友体质更敏感了
assumption：因果间的联系，或排除外因，排除方向问题

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? B

The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years. 护士数量，与果无关
Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances. 排除了其他过敏源的外因，肯定了化学物过敏源变多的因果联系。
Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. 不送去护士，却更大比例过敏，加强
The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.  化学物的使用范围，无关。
Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.  学生数量占总人口比例没有更大，也就是数量没有增加，跟果中，过敏比例增加没有关系。 

5-4 Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.  Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.  Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? B

The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.
The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.
The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position. 

5-5 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators.  In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why ______. B

因：大飞蛾的体温更高
推测果：大飞蛾想要active，就要呆在热的地方

large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths 飞的更好，无关
large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates 热的地方
small moths are more likely than large moths to be effectively camouflaged while on vegetation 小飞蛾生存技巧，无关。
large moths typically have wings that are larger in proportion to their body size than smaller moths do 大飞蛾的翅膀，无关。
most predators of moths prey not only on several different species of moth but also on various species of other insects 天敌，无关。 

5-6 A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty.  The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory.  When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.

“rather, there is clearly 【a level of focused concentration】 that complex repairs require （that is elicited more reliably） by rework jobs than by first-time jobs”
文章发现现象：initial repairs做的不好，rework做的好（rework用到complex repair）
找到原因：不是两种工的技工能力问题，是rework的complex repair需要更专注的能力，使得rework做的更好

果（现象）：rework job做的好
因：不是因为员工技能，而是因为focused concentration
assumption：因果联系，排除外因，和方向问题

The argument above assumes which of the following? D

There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.  分员工的系统没有分别。
There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs. 竞争对手，无关。
Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs. 与因果联系无关。
Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked. 做的不好要惩罚，提供外因，说明rework job做的好的原因。
There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily. 是否有first time job就做的好的类型。无关因果。 

5-7 Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.
Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville  in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents.  So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution.
Environmentalist: I disagree:  A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.

Spokeman：策略可以带来好处
environmentalist：策略带来了副作用，不能达到好处了

Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following? B

A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances
B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome
C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means
D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it
E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people

5-8 Journalist:  Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run.  However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission.  So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.

果（现象）：B开始写financial disclosure了
因：因为他要竞选了
evaluate：因果联系是否成立，是否有外因？是否是方向问题？

The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the journalist’s argument? E

Has anybody else who has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for the upcoming election reported greater financial holdings than Bergeron? 其他人是否更有钱，无关因果。
Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission’s financial disclosure requirements? 是否是唯一方法达到 election commission的要求，是因果联系无关
Did the information recently obtained by the journalists come directly from the election commission? 消息的出处，无关
Have Bergeron’s financial holdings increased in value in recent years? B的财务，无关
Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections?  以前是否也会做，会做的话，就不能说明这次的特殊因果联系，可能只是习惯性动作。不会，就可能是特殊动作，要竞选了才这么做。 

5-9 Magazine Publisher:  Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position.  Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.

果（现象）：有了conservative view之后，要等到liberal position才发表
因：不是为了支持liberal view，而是纯粹呈现divers opinions
evaluate：验证因果，排除他因和方向

Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response? C

Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book 其他杂志比较，无关
Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned  杂志出版什么，无关
Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews 有了liberal 后，是否会再等其他view。是则divers opinion；否则liberal
Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view 保守view和liberal view对比，无关
Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes 读者是否读，无关。

 

5-10 A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers’ cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.

因：降价
果：吸引竞争者的客人，转化为自己的长期忠实客户
evaluate：因果联系，是否有干扰

In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of the following? A

Whether the automaker’s competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products 竞争者是否也会降价，形成干扰，导致因果联系破坏。
Whether the advertisements will be created by the manufacturer’s current advertising agency 谁主导这个plan，无关
Whether some of the automaker’s models will be more deeply discounted than others 降价降多少，都是降价，无关。
Whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect 争取profit margin 无关。
Whether an alternative strategy might enable the automaker to enhance its profitability while holding a constant or diminishing share of the market 其他策略来维持利润率，无关。 

作者: 阿芈 时间: 2020-9-4 21:55
5-1 削弱题 90s D
反驳反对提议，就是支持提议
背景：二氧化碳和M是导致气候变暖的罪魁祸首。现采用将M燃烧发电而不是直接排出的方式来减少温室效应。
反对：燃烧M产生的二氧化碳也会释放到大气。
A 无关选项，和人、动物无关，主要是探讨M和二氧化碳对环境影响。
B和距离无关。
C用于发电的M被用作燃烧时不产生二氧化碳的物质的替代品。错，支持了反驳的点，说明了M燃烧的坏处。
D说明了M对环境的影响更加严重，那么即使产生了二氧化碳也没用原来本身严重。
E M的排放可以减少，如果回收材料而不是把它丢弃，无关选项

5-2前提题 120s E
背景：3大公司7小公司开发产品
矛盾：政府需要对产品进行管控，那么小公司没有能力去调节生产来满足政府要求
结论：合适的公司只能为大公司
A 没大公司都不会退出竞争如果政府不控制产品。错，应该改为政府管控才正确、
B涉及到花销，无关选项
C 无关
D和复杂度无关
E目前没有一家小公司的产品能够符合政府新要求。对。如果符合了就不需要去改变。所以如果说只剩下三家大公司，说明小公司都被淘汰，那么就不能有符合条件的

5-3前提题做过看到选项想起来答案了 C 60s

绝对数和相对数，如果现在得病的少但是更可能被送去医院的话也会造成这种情况出现。

5-4 黑脸题 90s B
黑1为观点黑2为事实，二者间无转折词
黑2支持黑1，排除A，第一个不是evidence，排除C，第一个不是objection排除D E

5-5补充题 90s B
背景：每种飞蛾都有一个最佳飞行温度，当气温降低到这个温度下以后，它们就会在树叶上静止
矛盾：这种情况下它们对天敌的抵御会很脆弱。
大体上，大飞蛾比小的飞得快，所以它们对天敌抵御能力强，但是它们身体温度也更高，这就解释了XX
A 大飞蛾能更好的在飞行中操控自己，无关选项。和高温没关系。错
B大飞蛾在高温出现的更多。对。因为身体温度高，那么为了防止降温到身体温度一下，需要生活在高温环境。
C小蛾子比大蛾子更可能在植被隐藏自己。错，应该是大的更可能，因为大的温度高，更容易降温到自己温度一下
D与翅膀无关
E和其他物种无关

5-6 前提题 180s E
本题因为长难句没大看懂
我选择E项，因为如果第一次满意了就不会有rework了

5-7 对话题 120S B
科学家：sb污染环境应该禁止
商人：sb可以吸引游客带来经济效益，虽然污染环境也能接受
科学家：sb带来的噪音会让游客远离
科学家直接反驳了商人的观点，商人说吸引人，科学家说不会吸引人
下面选项没大读懂
A好处结果只能从唯一情况产生的假设。无关
B结果的好处被产生结果可能的坏处超过。对，反驳看科学家吸引人的观点，因为造成噪音人不来了。

5-8 评价题，原来做过 60s E
背景：一个人经常谈论选举但是从来没参选过。
矛盾：此人已经符合了参选经济要求，所以他今年很可能参选。
问哪个最能帮助评价
E。之前有没有此类情况出现？如果有的话就不能说明其今年很可能参选，反之则能说明。
A，只讲的B，与其他人无关。
B方式是否无关不影响对其是否参选作评价无关
C无关
D无关

5-9评价题 180s D
背景:编辑认为杂志没有明确自由倾向
矛盾：去年发行了保守主义的文章，但是有自由主义的评论后才发表
结论：是为了表达对于自由的不同观点
A 与其他杂志无关
B 与是否委托无关
C如果第一篇带有自由主义立场，那么会找其他评论。应该是让自由保守平衡，错
D对，说明了a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.
E与读者无关

作者: 阿芈 时间: 2020-9-4 22:03

阿芈发表于 2020-9-4 21:55
5-1 削弱题 90s D
反驳反对提议，就是支持提议
背景：二氧化碳和M是导致气候变暖的罪魁祸首。现采用将M燃烧 ...

5-10 评价题 160s A
背景：汽车商家为了吸引顾客，在未来几个月亏本降价出售车辆
矛盾：降价会削减利润但是会大肆做广告来吸引其他对手的顾客
目的：在未来将因为低价吸引来的顾客变为自己的忠实顾客
A。措施的关键是低价，如果其他商家采用同样策略，该商家就可能就无法达到目的
B。与广告代理公司无关
C只与其他公司比较，与本公司无关
D能否降低其他成本维持利润。已经说了亏本，不在乎利润
E能否在市场减少的同时提高盈利能力。措施目的是为了扩大市场。错

作者: cgvmc 时间: 2020-9-4 22:08
DECBB  ABEECA
5-1
1`58
逻辑链：
background：排放二氧化碳和甲烷产生温室气体导致全球变暖
goal：为了减少温室效应，应该减少这些气体
plan: 应该把那些直接排出的甲烷用来燃烧发电，反对者说燃烧甲烷也会产生二氧化碳产生温室效应。
问削弱
A.与人类无关
B.与距离无关
C.支持反对者的意见
D.correct
E.无关

5-2
2`32
逻辑链：3个大公司和7个小公司要生产军事武器，小公司没钱，只有大公司能继续经营
问假设
A.无关
B.与cost无关
C.无关
D.无关
E.correct

5-3
1`45
逻辑链：
前提：the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.
结论：either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
问假设
A.与护士数量无关
B.无关
C.correct
D.无关
E.无关

5-4
3`58
前提：
结论：the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.
BF1 is a conclusion,BF2 is a fact,both support the author's argument.

5-5
2`31
premise 1 : optimal body temperature for effective flight
premise 2 : larger moth more optimal temperature for flight
问原因
A.与maneuver 无关
B.correct
C.无关
D.与翅膀无关
E.无关

5-6
4`52
前提：大量维修工作需要返工，返工工作总是满意
结论：这不是因为工人技术不行而是需要集中精力解决复杂的维修问题，而返修工作比第一次工作更为可靠
问假设
A.correct
B.无关
C.无关
D.无关
E.无关

5-7
2`42
环保人士：公园内使用雪地摩托车会产生空气污染，应该禁止；许多滑雪者因为噪音污染不来了
商业人士：雪地摩托车产生经济利益，应该忍受污染
选B

5-8
2`13
background：AB他经常谈论竞选州长，但他从未竞选过。
前提：AB递交了财务状况，满足了候选人的要求
结论：因此AB很可能会在今年成为州长候选人
A.与竞争对手无关
B.无关
C.无关
D.无关
E.correct

5-9
3`17
前提：去年观点保守每月出版，直到obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position.
结论：our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.
A.无关
B.无关
C.correct
D.无关
E.与读者无关

5-10
3`39
goal：increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months.
conclusion： In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.
A.correct
B.无关
C.无关
D.无关
E.与其他策略无关

作者: 7878wu78 时间: 2020-9-4 23:38
Total time: 17’03

5-1 Proposal:  Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space.  So emission of these “greenhouse” gases contributes to global warming.  In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced.  Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity.
Objection:  The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.
Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal?
A. Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air. （和人类还有其他动物无关）
B. The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills. （和距离无关）
C. The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned. （如果不产生温室气体，那为什么不用fuel呢。加强了counter）
D. Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide. （说明相比m, c的有害度比较小）
E. The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled. （和是否是recycle的无关）
P: co2 and m产生温室效应，m应该烧了发电
Counter: 烧m会产生co2
思路：反驳counter,c和m都会产生温室气体那么有没有可能m产生的更多

5-2 Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications.  If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere.  In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies?
A. None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product. （重点在为什么小公司不能支付，而不是大公司干不干了）
B. It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies. （已经说了小公司不能支付转换，所以重复条件）
C. Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry. （已经说了这个假设如果发生会产生影响，这里说lobbyists不能说服govt无关）
D. Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures. （和assembling procedures无关）
E. None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated. （说明小公司的产品不符合要求如果重新整改资金不足）
P: govt regulates the industry
C: small comp cant afford, large comp remains

5-3 Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children.  Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.  Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years. （和nurses数量无关）
B. Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances. （无关比较other substances）
C. Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. (说明现在和过去的被到医务室的概率要相同，这样才能加强说明确实是现在的孩子太敏感了)
D. The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston. （添加新的概念）
E. Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago. （我们想知道increase proportion是否是因为孩子太敏感，和总人口数量无关）
P: 在过去十年里，学生过敏被送到医务室数量增多
C: 学生要嘛就是接触到的化学物质更多了，要嘛就是他们比十年前的孩子更加敏感
思路：对比十年前和十年后，要想知道学生是否在现在接触到更多化学物质就要确保其他的变量都不会改变

5-4 Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.  Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.  Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.
B. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies. （bf1是结论，bf2是一个猜测）
C. The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
D. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.
E. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.

5-5 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators.  In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why ______.
A. large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths （比小的更能飞，但是由于体温高如果到了温度低的环境，可能就不能很好的躲避天敌了）
B. large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates （解释了为什么体温高还能躲避的快）
C. small moths are more likely than large moths to be effectively camouflaged while on vegetation （小的比大的更能掩饰的话，应该更能不被抓到，和条件相反）
D. large moths typically have wings that are larger in proportion to their body size than smaller moths do （和翅膀大不大无关）
E. most predators of moths prey not only on several different species of moth but also on various species of other insects （无关比较）
P1: air temp < optimal body temp, moth remains inactive
P2: larger m evade better but higher optimal temp
思路：解释为什么有高体温还能躲避的快？可能是因为大的飞蛾所在环境问题

5-6 A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty.  The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory.  When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A. There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs. （取反说明其实就是两个人的技术问题，削弱了c）
B. There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs. (无关)
C. Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs. （无关）
D. Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked. （惩罚或者不惩罚都不能说明两次干活的水平一样）
E. There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily. （无关）
P: initial repair 不充足
C：不是因为第一次的人没有经验而是因为两次的标准不同

5-7 Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.
Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville  in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents.  So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution.
Environmentalist: I disagree:  A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.
Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?
A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances
B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome （错在并没有说到弊大于利）
C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means
D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it
E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people （Environmentalist是直接对ss的一个反驳，现在很多滑雪的人都不去了这样就会导致local residents本来可以benefits但是现在不能了，说明ss的观点是错误的）

5-8 Journalist:  Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run.  However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission.  So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the journalist’s argument?
A. Has anybody else who has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for the upcoming election reported greater financial holdings than Bergeron? （和其他人无关）
B. Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission’s financial disclosure requirements?
C. Did the information recently obtained by the journalists come directly from the election commission?
D. Have Bergeron’s financial holdings increased in value in recent years?
E. Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections? （验证了思路）
P: AB never run governor/ab submit current financial holdings
C: b 可能是候选人
思路：ab之前有没有做过同样的事情，如果有说明有因无果，如果没有就是反因反果

5-9 Magazine Publisher:  Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position.  Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.
Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response?

A. Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book （和other mag无关）
B. Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned （和unsolicted无关）
C. Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews （如果是有，就削弱了结论；如果是没有，就加强了）
D. Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view （书本倾向的观点和杂志社无关）
E. Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes （和读者无关）
P: 第一次只有保守想法的审查等到第二次有了自由想法的审查才出版
C: 不是杂志社倾向于自由想法而是想要平衡不同的看法
思路：削弱说杂志社就是更倾向于自由想法如果第一次是一个自由想法的审查说不定就会直接出版

5-10 A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers’ cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.
In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of the following?
A. Whether the automaker’s competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products （如果对手的折扣比你低，plan works）
B. Whether the advertisements will be created by the manufacturer’s current advertising agency (和广告无关)
C. Whether some of the automaker’s models will be more deeply discounted than others （some是多少，并没有指出是这一个产家和另外一些）
D. Whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect （目的不是能不能保持现有的pm）
E. Whether an alternative strategy might enable the automaker to enhance its profitability while holding a constant or diminishing share of the market (说到另外一个plan,添加新概念)
G: attract buyers from rival and become loyal customers
P: offer discount
思路：因为要从对手那里抢生意所以如果对手的折扣比你更厉害，那么plan失败

作者: 麦小仙女 时间: 2020-9-6 13:12

Objection: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.

Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal?

Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air.
The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills.
The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned.
Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide.
The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled.

[size=14.6667px]C 1'55''
[size=14.6667px]fact：CO2和甲烷会阻止大气层热量散发，从而导致温室效应。
[size=14.6667px]plan：燃烧甲烷用来发电
[size=14.6667px]objection：甲烷燃烧可以generate CO2
[size=14.6667px]最终目的：减少温室气体排放，减缓温室效应
[size=14.6667px]预测削弱点：虽然CO2减少，但甲烷释放增加，最终排放的温室气体不一定减少，或者总效果不一定好
[size=14.6667px]

[size=14.6667px]A：无关
[size=14.6667px]B：无关
[size=14.6667px]C：甲烷是用来替代本来燃烧根本不产生温室气体的fuel的→甲烷释放增加、CO2释放减少，最后效果不一定
[size=14.6667px]D：甲烷比CO2 block heat的能力更强（但如果这个plan可以让总体温室气体排放量减少，就无所谓哪个能力更强）
[size=14.6667px]E：无关
[size=14.6667px]

Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies?

None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product.
It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.
Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.
Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures.
None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated.

E 1'45''

fact：一共有3大7小生产商，如果政府出台规定，10家公司都必须遵守

premise：？

conclusion：7家小公司不能负担convert 生产线的成本，所以最后只有3大可以继续做这个生意

预测premise：目前7家小公司都不符合政府规定→必须convert，否则就违法

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.

C 1'15''

fact：部分学生会对chemicals过敏。近十年来被送去治疗过敏的学生比例增加了。

premise：？

conclusion：这十年要么就是学生变得更加容易过敏了，要么就是chemicals的quantities增加了

预测其他原因：C（只是被送去治疗的学生变多了，总的过敏人数其实没变化）

5-4 Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier. Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing. Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.
The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.
The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.

B 1'50''

第一个BF是观点，是一个conclusion；第二个BF和第一个方向相同，不存在oppose

5-5 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths
large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates
small moths are more likely than large moths to be effectively camouflaged while on vegetation
large moths typically have wings that are larger in proportion to their body size than smaller moths do
most predators of moths prey not only on several different species of moth but also on various species of other insects

B 1’50''

fact: moth可以调控身体温度，当空气温度比它们体温低太多的时候，它们会容易被predators攻击；通常，larger moth可以比small one飞得更快，但体温也更高，所以？

预测解释：要和体温、空气温度相关

The argument above assumes which of the following?

There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.

A 2'10''
fact：Ace Repair的reworked jobs做得很好，但initial repair做得很不好。
premise：？
conclusion：不是因为机器原因，而是rework的时候更加专注、花了更多精力
假设：做rework和first-time的是同一批人（同一批人才可以区分出concentration的问题，不同一批人没有可比性）

5-7 Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.

Environmentalist: I disagree: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.

Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?

A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances

B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome

C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means

D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it

E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people

E 2‘30''

E：snowmobiles制造空气污染应该被ban

M: snowmobiling带来很多游客，对当地人来说有很大的financial benefits

E：但也有很多滑雪的人因为noise和pollution而不来了

The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the journalist’s argument?

Has anybody else who has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for the upcoming election reported greater financial holdings than Bergeron?
Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission’s financial disclosure requirements?
Did the information recently obtained by the journalists come directly from the election commission?
Have Bergeron’s financial holdings increased in value in recent years?
Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections?

A 1'50''

fact：B是当地很有名的商人，虽然他总说要竞选governor，但他从来没有；然而听说B已经符合了financial disclosure requirement，用来竞选governor

conclusion：B很可能会参加今年governor的竞选

A：如果有人比他更符合，那可能B就无法成为candidate

B：是不是唯一渠道，不重要

C：质疑消息的可靠性（这是前提）

D：无关

E：gubernatorial elections和governor竞选无关？

Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response?

Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book
Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned
Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews
Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view
Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes

D 2'30''

premise: 我们去年book review的时候发现表达了很明确的conservative views，直到我们收到了liberal postition才出版这本杂志

conclusion：我们的杂志没有liberal bias，我们的行为是a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions

5-10 A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers’ cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.

In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of the following?

Whether the automaker’s competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products
Whether the advertisements will be created by the manufacturer’s current advertising agency
Whether some of the automaker’s models will be more deeply discounted than others
Whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect
Whether an alternative strategy might enable the automaker to enhance its profitability while holding a constant or diminishing share of the market

[size=14.6667px]A 2'40''
[size=14.6667px]plan:大力度折扣，虽然利润降低，但可以吸引很多竞争对手的客户
[size=14.6667px]goal:automaker可以把通过打折吸引来的客户转变为忠实客户，从而增加market share
[size=14.6667px]A：竞争对手如果也offer deep discount，就无法实现吸引新客户的目的
[size=14.6667px]D：profit不是重点，能否增加客户群才是重点?
[size=14.6667px]BCE无关

作者: _Salaxy_ 时间: 2020-9-13 18:56
5-1
 时间：1’35
 逻辑链：
P：温室气体造成全球变暖；减缓全球变暖应该减少温室气体排放。
Proposal的C：甲烷应该用于燃烧产生电能
反方C：甲烷燃烧会释放二氧化碳到空气中
目标：反对objection，即甲烷的燃烧不会产生二氧化碳释放到空气中
 选项：
A：无关人类或者其他哺乳动物的排放
B：无关
C：√
D：空气中的甲烷比二氧化碳更有效地组织热量escape
E：无关数量增减

5-2
 时间：2’00
 逻辑链：
P：政府重建制造标准三大七小公司都要遵循；七小公司无钱支付改造产品线的费用。
C：只有三大公司能继续接生意。
目标：并非只有三大公司能继续接生意？
 选项：
A：如果没有新规，有公司可以继续做生意。无关
B：√小公司改产线的成本不一定比大公司改的要高。
C：无关
D：讨论的是生产而非集装assembly
E：反前提？题中说的该产线是必须的，这里是指不用改也能达到标准？？

5-3
 时间：’
 逻辑链：
P：暴露在清洁剂或杀虫剂的化学物质中会引起幼儿园孩子过敏；过敏数过去十年激增
C：要么因为孩子暴露在更大量的有害物质中；要么是因为他们比以前的孩子更易过敏。
目标：取反后既不是。。也不是？
 选项：
A：√看这个病的护士少了，每人看的病人量增多，而不是实际患病人数增多。
B：与因其他物质过敏的可能性高低无关
C：有过敏反应的孩子更可能被送去医务室
D：无关
E：孩子总人口降低，方向相反

5-4
 时间：2’30
 逻辑链：
C：a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.
 选项：
A：无对立观点
B：√
C：第一句不是P是C
D：无对立观点
E：无对立观点

5-5
 时间：2’10
 逻辑链：
填空：因为他们有更高的体温，所以能怎么样？
 选项：
A：无关
B：√
C：无法解释，大的无法解释小的
D：与wings大小无关
E：无关

5-6
 时间：2’20
 逻辑链：
P：大量复杂修理工程需要返工；返工工作大多令人满意。
C：一开始工作不合格不是因为机械师技术不过关，而是因为精密复杂修理工作就是需要返工，而非第一次就能完成的。
 选项：
A：错
B：无关
C：说反了
D：√
E：无关

5-7
 时间：’
 逻辑链：
正方Economics：忍受污染以获取经济增长
正方Environmentalist：游客也无法忍受污染，所以大多减少到访，所以经济不会像预期增长
 选项：
A：无关
B：无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：√

5-8
 时间：1’59
 逻辑链：
C：因为B fulfilledxxx，所以B很有可能今年成为候选人。
 选项：
A：√同样条件下 financial holdings大的会不会更有可能。
B：提交xx是fulfill要求的唯一方式，但并不意味着一定是B
C：无关
D：无关
E：无关

5-9
 时间：3’00 难
 逻辑链：
P：杂志没有自由主义偏见；去年书评确实表达了保守观点，但直到收到第二份强烈表达自由主义观点的书评我们才发表。
C：以上行为证明并不是偏见支撑了自由主义观点，而是在不同观点中寻求平衡表达。
 选项：
A：无关其他杂志
B：√
C：无关
D：无关书本身
E：无关读者

5-10
 时间：1’40
 逻辑链：
Goal：提高市场份额，抢客户
Plan：打折促销
 选项：
A：√
B：无关
C：无关某单品价格
D：无关盈利
E：无关盈利

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