ChaseDream

标题: 【每日逻辑训练营】（第四天） [打印本页]

---

作者: 小白斩鸡    时间: 2020-9-3 10:03
标题: 【每日逻辑训练营】（第四天）

DAY4

打卡格式：

1. 做每题所化的时间 （可以让大家更好的把握自己的pace）
2. 逻辑链 （大家平时练习最重要是梳理好GMAT逻辑链）
3. 5个选项简单分析 （正确正确在哪，错误错误在哪）

打卡模版：

时间：2‘15

逻辑链：Premise：voles live in large groups from late autumn through winter, live in smaller groups from spring through early autumn.

Conclusion：the mortality among young voles can explain the seasonal variation in group.
Logic: because the cold/food, the voles dead, they are together form late autumn through winter.
选项：
A.提到young voles 但是时间段the spring and early summer 不对。Pass
B.无关。
C.spring食物丰富，时间段不对。
D.时间点没有严格对应 late atumn 没有E严格。
E.bingo 时间完全对应。简单推断也向到mortality，所以选E

4-1 Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?

• When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
• A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
• When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
• Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
• High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.
  

4-2 Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y.  Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?

• County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state.
• The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X.
• Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county.
• Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.
• Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country.
  

4-3 Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.  To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?

• There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products.
• Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals.
• Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality.
• Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals.
• Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years.
  

4-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage.  However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods.  For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain.  Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking.  However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.

• many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life
• it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has
• cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods
• certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is
• for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded
  

4-5 From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

• During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish.
• For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.
• In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.
• For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s.
• Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980.
  

4-6 Wolves generally avoid human settlements.  For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them.  In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year.  Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves.  From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed.  Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?

• Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915.
• Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves.
• After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals.
• Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks.
• The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans.
  

4-7 Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?

• More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.
• The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.
• Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.
• Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.
• Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.
  

4-8 Community activist:  If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.  Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.

The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning?

• Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns?
• Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville?
• In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period?
• What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville?
• Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation?
  

4-9 In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil.  Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas.  Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.  If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

• In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.
• Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.
• No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.
• Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.
• All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.
  

4-10 Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and sincethe notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

• The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
• The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
• The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
• The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.
• The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.
  

---

作者: vinago    时间: 2020-9-3 12:52
1,
1'54
选C
Premise: The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration
conclusion:the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

A, 和healthy people无关
B，没有说明high salt concentration会怎么样
C，可以说明，取反 如果有c病的人is not maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria, 那就说明不是high salt concentration的问题导致ineffective，因为这个时候还可以resist bacteria
D，和如何治疗无关
E，in many circumstances，无法解释这个情况啊，

2，
1’33
选E
Premise:  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y
conclusion:a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
思考方向： weaken题，找到应该把wild farm不设置在Y而设置在X的，找到Y和X不一样的，而且有利于x的
A，同方向，排除
B，不同，但是Y人口多，无法说明open land的问题，觉得E更好
C，无关
D，发电条件，无关
E，可以说明，Y分布面太广，而我们需要open land，所以x更好

3，
1’42
选B
Premise： the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.
Conclusion:narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
思考方向：削弱，就是说即使价格gap小了，还是不能attract consumers back
A，这个不能解释为什么不能attract back
B，因为顾客满意store-band的产品，可以
C，这个不能削弱
D，这里就是premise，缩小了price gap，矛盾
E，这个无关，不能解释

4，
3’51
选E
思考方向：
conclusion： this fact that irradiation is no worse than in this respect than cooking is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading
找到说明这个观点 是错误的误导的
就是irradiation和cooking的关系

A，无关
B，无关
C，不能说明对食物营养造成损失的点
D，这个感觉和结论反了，
E，可以，说明无法解释这两者的关系在 造成营养成分损失这个事情上

5，
3’18
选E
A， 不知道cost，
B，不知道当时fish在整体consumption的比例
C，不知道两者的数量，无法比较
D，不知道这两者在整体中的比例，
E，可以得出

6，
1’33
选C
思考方向：狼少了，但狼攻击羊的现象更多了。原先狼一般not usually attack domestic sheep
A, 其他wild animals多了，不应该去吃吗，无法解释狼的行为
B，无关
C，可以，因为本来是吃wild animals，现在行动不行，只能去吃domestic sheep
D，但是无法解释狼的行为的变化，因为羊一直是这样啊
E，uninhabited by human了，，，还有domestic sheep吗？那攻击怎么会上升

7，
2’41
选E
思考方向：
安装了catalytic converter的车多了，但是nitrogen dioxide emissons没什么大的decline
A，但是premise说了，新车比例高了，感觉和premise不符
B，无关，（和premise也有点矛盾）
C，其他pollutant，无关
D，这个感觉是和最终结果反了
E，可以说明

8，
2’26
选B
Premise：Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.
conclusion: If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.
A,无关
B，如果有很大比例，那按推论就可能背saveall吸引，如果本身就没有很大比例，那就不影响啊
C，和healthy的无关
D，和employee无关
E，save all 损不损失钱，和其他store倒闭不倒闭无关

9，
2’50
选A
Premise: Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.
conclusion:Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
A,取反可以削弱conclusion
B，取反不能削弱
C，和其他fuel无关
D，和solar energy无关
E，和house的怎么构建无关

10，
2’32
选B
黑2是conclusion
黑1是用来支持 进行对作者进行反驳之前的观点，即支持conclusion
A，后半句错了
B，可以
C，黑2不是evidence
D，黑2 不是evidence
E，后半句不对

---

作者: 李哦呵    时间: 2020-9-3 14:15

4-1:C
时间：1‘27
逻辑链：
Premise:因为他们有high salt concentration
Conclusion:有cf病的人就算肺可以产生抗生素，但是也无效
Logic:
选项：
a.        正常人可以调节盐浓度，和病人的抗病机理无关
b.        低盐浓度可以杀死细菌，说服性不够强
c.        当人为的维持病人的salt concentration时，可以抵抗细菌
d.        治疗方法，无关
e.        重复前提
4-2:E
时间：1‘38
逻辑链：
Premise: 因为X城的人口密度比Y大
Conclusion:应该建立在Y城，
Logic:
选项：
a.        无关选项
b.        Y的总人口比X多，有点削弱，可以保留
c.        无关
d.        和X，Y无关
e.        X的人都集中一个地方，Y的人遍布整个小镇，那肯定Y是不适合建立设施的

4-3:B
时间：1’21
逻辑链：
Premise:价格差价越来越大，store的生意变好了
Conclusion:name brand想通过缩小价格差距拉回来一部分客户
Logic:
选项：
a.         
b.        换去store的客户更加满意store的质量，所以本来name brand的优势就是质量好，这样的话store的客户就不会回去name brand了
c.        没有削弱
d.        现在前提是name brand会缩减差距
e.        总销量不变，不影响

4-4
时间：1min

4-5:A
时间：1‘52
逻辑链：
Premise:
Conclusion:
Logic:
选项：
a.        Fish的profit上涨的没有poultry快，因为文中提到了速度的问题
b.        无法得知
c.        不知道总量
d.        无法得知
e.        不知道总量
4-6:C
时间：49s
逻辑链：
Premise:因为想要保护sheep，所以立法攻击狼
Conclusion:对狼的射杀导致sheep被攻击的更多了
Logic:
选项：
a.        其他生物的上升不一定导致羊被攻击
b.        没有立法之前的事儿
c.        狼失去了猎杀别的动物的能力，就只能去猎杀sheep 了
d.        本来就是没有能力，和狼被射杀无关
e.        如果移居了，那不可能导致sheep被攻击上升

4-7:A
时间：2min
逻辑链：
Premise:
Conclusion:在D城的排放量几乎没减少
Logic:
选项：
a.        很多车是在那之前生产的，还没有装转换器
b.        车卖的的数量减少了，没有a有说服力
c.        其他pollutant无关
d.        解释不了
e.        也有一定道理，我也不确定
4-8:c
时间：1‘17
逻辑链：
Premise:因为SA在别的地方建设，导致了那些商店的破产
Conclusion:要防止SA的建设
Logic:
选项：
a.        那些地方的商店是否成功抵制了SA
b.        是不是大部分的人都在M购物，和后面sa建设成功无关系
c.        那些地方的破产率如何，是否和sa无关，本来就会破产
d.        Employee无关
e.       
4-10:C
时间：2’23

---

作者: cli0330    时间: 2020-9-3 15:08
1.        C 1:27
有cystic fibrosis的人，即便肺可以产出抗生素，由于肺部表面盐度高，无法抵抗病毒。所以科学家推测，盐度高使得抗生素无效。求strengthen
其它条件一致，但是盐度低的肺，抗生素有效。C
2.        E 1：35
由于X国的人口密度比Y国高，X国不适合装wind farm。求weaken
比较简单，X国的人口集中在很小的一片区域，所以还是有很多地方可以放的下wind farm。
3.        B 1：50
Name brand vs store brand，由于价格差距大，使得客人逐渐从name转到store brand。题目中暗示，高价选择name brand主要是看中其quality。说为了强回顾客，name brand决定缩小差价。问weaken
B中说被抢走了的吃store brand的人满意store brand的quality。说明name brand失去了其吸引力，那么缩小差价已经不行了，除非价格更低。
4.        E 2：25
Irradiation处理过的食品的营养价值会降低。支持者说，cooking同样会使食物中的营养价值降低。反对说，收到irradiation处理的食物本来就是生吃的（所以cooking这个点没啥用），或者支持者的点误导别人。误导的点就是仿佛食物只能失去一次营养价值，要么在irradiation过程中要么在cooking过程中。想到这个之后可以看出是E，irradiation后再cooking会加重营养的损失。营养损失不是or而是and的关系。
5.        E 1：40
Total consumption fish上升4.5%，total poultry上升9%，total 人口上升6%。说明人均吃鱼下降 （1+0.045）/（1+0.06）< 1
6.        C 1：39
为什么在捕杀狼群之后，狼群袭击圈养的羊群的数量上升了？
因为羊群是easy target，狼在被赶尽杀绝过程中受伤之后没有办法捕杀野外的prey，只能投机袭击羊了。
7.        E 1：46
有个设备装在车上之后使得NO2排量降低，问为什么在使用这个设备之后，某国大部分地区NO2排放量都降低了但是首府的排放量没怎么降低。
原因就是首府地区车的形成短，设备在短途旅行中由于无法达到一定温度，无效。
8.        C 2：19
其它town的案例是，由于saveall的店入住了，其它的店在5年内都倒闭了。现在我的town在考虑要不要让saveall入住，应该获取什么其它信息有助于判断。
迷惑选项主要是B，但是仔细想一想，在自己town消费的人群的多少没有任何意义，应为不管人多人少，现在的人群不会让自己town的店倒闭。而且，意识到现在做决定的方法是借鉴其它的案例，所以应当确定案例的有效性。
C中可以得出saveall与其它店家倒闭有无因果关系，至关重要。
9.        A 2：37
S国原来依赖oil进口，现在打算把供热系统转成natural gas供热。已知目前S国产的natural gas大于其使用的，oil生产会稳步上升。如果保持原料生产与使用的趋势，之后就不用进口那么多了。
如果能耗>产量的话，就会需要更多的进口来弥补能源不足。
花了很多时间想B，后来意识到只要natural gas的结余可以弥补oil的空缺就行了，并不需要生产量比oil高。
10.        D 2：34
一边看一边做了一下笔记。Several scholars有个论点，黑体是它们论点的理由。Historian的论点是scholars的论点有待商榷，然后黑体是historian的论点的理由。
第一个support scholars（historian反对scholars），第二个support historian。做完笔记以后很快可以选出D。

---

作者: 七月的狮子    时间: 2020-9-3 15:52
1.时间 1’56 答案C
逻辑链: lung produces antibiotics to kill bacteria-> people with cf cannot kill such bacteria -> because of high salt concentration
A 当盐在健康的人中上升，很快会回到正常水平 （无关
B low salt concentration 一样可以kill bacteria （提到low salt无关
C people w/cystic fibrosis的lung tissue的盐恢复正常，则resist bacteria，增强
D 肺部感染可treat with 合成抗生素，无关
E 削弱

2. 时间1‘09 答案E
逻辑链：Wind farm需要大量土地去generate electricity。虽然X和Y都有大量土地，但X的人口密度比Y大，所以应选择Y
A X和Y邻近（和土地无关
B Y的人比X多，和土地无关
C 在Y generated electricity被别国的人买走，无关
D wind farm需要更多地 无关
E X的人更紧凑Y更分散 （所以X会有更多open land？

3. 时间1’53 答案B
逻辑链：price gap btw name brand and store brand increases -> people switched to store brand -> name brand attempts to lower the price gap and recalls customer back
A name brand售卖价格和制造价格差不多 无关
B 换到store brand的人很满意，削弱
C 很多人还是stay with name brand，增强
D 因为少广告费，所以store brand卖的便宜，无关
E cereal的价格总体没怎么增长 无关

4. 时间2’08 答案A
逻辑链: irradiation kills bacteria while losing VB.支持者觉得无所谓irradiation和cooking差不多,反对者觉得i大多都是raw food
A 支持者是food distributor
B killing bacteria不是i的唯一用途
C i只是为了防腐
D c比i更不好 （和argument相反
E vb流失更多for cooking and irrdiation 无关

5. 时间1’31 答案E
逻辑链: 鱼consumptiom上升4.5，poultry上升9，J的人数上升6.
A 利润家禽比鱼高，无法从consumption看出利润
B fish不太可能是major diet 无从看出
C p吃的比f多 无从看出
D f和p都是regular diet （昨天做过这题 当时做的时候错选了
E f增长4.5而人增长6，所以consumption per capita下降

6. 时间1‘55 答案C
逻辑链:虽然狼被猎杀很多，但羊死的数量却增多
A 别的野生动物数量增多 无关
B 1910前没有出台猎杀狼的立法 无关
C 因为猎杀，所以狼受伤，无法捕野生动物
D 羊不能抵挡狼的攻击（无法解释为什么狼在被猎杀很多后，羊死的数量还会增多
E 狼因为猎杀只能migrate

7. 时间1‘34 答案E
逻辑链：N是汽车释放的污染物。1993年的汽车都安装上了converter降低污染，虽然新车比例高但污染只decline insignificant
A 大部分车都made before 1993 than after
B 卖出的新车少了 （纠结了一下A和B…还是没选…
C 其他污染物降低 无关
D 1993年前的车也安装上了converter无关
E 大多数跑得太短无法让converter to work

8. 时间2’32 答案C 想选c但不确定又回读了一次…
逻辑链：如果M想营造heealthy shopping district就不能让S开业，因为每次S开业，旁边多于1/4的stores在五年倒闭
A 有无activts劝说S不开业成功，无关
B 有无大部分人都在M shopping 无关
C 在healthy district有多少stores在五年内倒闭（去极限说明不是S的问题
D employee从M流失的比例 无关
E S有无亏钱 无关

9. 时间2’45 答案A
逻辑链：S relies on imported oil.天然气制造的比用的多，oil production also increases。所以以后不用import
A fuel consumption上升没有production快
B natural gas 比 oil production 快 无关
C 没有其他燃料是oil的replacement 无关
D building不能用太阳能 无关
E 所有的new home都可以用天然气

10. 时间：3’07 答案C 应该选D
逻辑链：traditional view: N和L发表的东西无关。反驳：L的notes和N有关，所以traditional view错了。转折：但是只有一个section有关
A 不算是overall position
B 第二不是position
C 这是两派的观点 而非一派scholars的观点 漏读了 读了一遍发现C错了..
D 选D
E 两个观点

---

作者: bobotogo    时间: 2020-9-3 15:52
4-1 加强题 C 2’32’’
Premise: 健康的肺可以生成一个抗生体液来杀死一些有害的细菌。但是有CF病的人就不能杀死细菌，虽然他们有抗生体液的，但是他们的airway surface上体液的含盐量是高于平常的。
Conclusion: 科学家说是因为这个高盐量导致体液不work的。
思路：当有病的肺在体液正常时是work的
4-2 削弱题 E 2’11’’
Premise：风力发电厂需要广阔的地方，X 和Y有差不多的地方可以造。X的人密度高于Y很多。
Conclusion：所以要建造在Y地。
4-3 削弱题 B 1’09’’
Premise：品牌麦片和无牌的麦片价差现在很大了所以很多人都买便宜的了。
Conclusion：大牌麦片要降价，大家就会回来买。
思路：便宜的不一定是质量差，吃了便宜的人爱上便宜的了
4-4 填空题 C 2’44’’
Premise：防腐剂杀细菌以防食物变坏但是他会破坏食物的里的B1。支持防腐剂的人说炒菜也会。
Conclusion：这个活发是不重要的，因为一般有防腐剂的食物都是生吃的。 也是Misleading的，因为。。
思路：炒菜和防腐剂无关。
4-5 推论题 D 1’01’’
Premise：J国鱼量增加了4.5，肉量增加了9。人口同期增长了6%。
4-6 解释题 C 2’48’’
Premise：狼通常都不在有人的地方出现，所以家养的羊一般不会被狼吃。1910年前，H地很多羊在被吃，之后五年政府鼓励人打狼，很多狼都被杀了。
Conclusion：但是羊却被杀的越来越多。
思路：人少了，狼的能力变弱了，食物少了。
4-7 加强题 E 2’01’’
Premise：NO2是汽车尾气，C可以减少尾气。D国要求所有车都需要C。
Conclusion：但是虽然城市里的新车比例很高，但是NO2排放并没有减少很多。
思考方向：城市里的车和郊区车的使用区别。
4-8 Evaluating题 C 2’14‘’
Premise：若想要镇上的商铺健康，就不能开saveall超市。因为其他开了的镇，其他商铺都死了四分之一了。
思路：关的这1/4，是真的都是因为saveall关的吗
4-9 FA题 A 1’37’’
Premise: S要把油换成气。现在S生产的气有多余，油生产也逐渐增加。
Conclusion：按照这速度，进口油的需求就会变少了。
4-10 BF题 E 2’54’’
BF1：一个反对传统想法的一个例子。BF2：一个支持反传统想法的further例子

---

作者: lyzzzzz    时间: 2020-9-3 16:35
4-1:
Ans: C        Time: 2’33
Facts: 有CF病的人有high salt concentration, CF病人无法fight off bacteria                                    
逻辑链: high salt concentration→ ineffective antibiotic
A. 纠结的选项:健康的人salt concentration会自动调节正常, 但题目探讨的是有CF病的这群人antibiotic ineffective的原因是不是盐度高, 脱离讨论范围
B. low salt concentration 的case不在讨论范围
C. normal salt concentration(无因) →tissue can resist bacteria(无果), 加强逻辑链
D. 讨论其他治疗手段, 不在讨论范围
E. 无关

4-2:
Ans: E        Time: 1’14
逻辑链: X比Y人口密度高，turbine需要大片open land, 但___→应该建在X
A. 不能support turbine应该建在X这个conclusion
B. Y人口多,但改变不了X密度高的事实, 按道理还是Y比较适合
CD. 无关
E. X的人住的比较集中,因此有open land, Y的人住得分散, 不适合建turbine

4-3:
Ans: D        Time: 2’34
逻辑链: 措施:NB的manufacturer降价使NB和SB的price gap比5年前还小 目的: 让顾客switch back to NB (削弱)
A.讲NB manufactures的收费模式, 无法说明顾客会不会switch back
B. 顾客对SB的质量满意, 无法说明NB降价后会不会switch back
C. 讲有些顾客当初没switch to SB, 但这部分人不在讨论范围内
D. 说即使NB的manufacturer降价, 商场的SB还是会卖的便宜很多, 从而顾客还是会选择SB，削弱了方案可行性
E. 总销量没上升，无法说明顾客有没有switch back

4-4:
Ans: C        Time: 2’16
逻辑链: irradiation把维他命都杀掉了,但____→人们认为cooking跟irradiation一样杀掉营养的观点是错误的
A. 讲支持irradiation的人是谁, 无法调和矛盾
B. 讲irradiation还有其他作用, 不在讨论范围
C. 通过排除法得出C选项, 具体怎么影响逻辑链不确定
D. 有一些cooking比irradiation还destructive, 方向相反
E. 没指出cooking和irradiation有什么差别

4-5:
Ans: E        Time:1’27
逻辑链: 人↑6%, fish↑4.5%, poultry↑9%→____
A. profit原文未提及
B. 移民的人喜欢吃什么我们不知道
C. 只知道percentage，不知道具体消费的数量
D. 无法推出该选项
E. 每个人吃的鱼变少了，合理

4-6:
Ans: C        Time:1’49
逻辑链: 很多狼被猎人杀了,但_____→羊被狼攻击的次数变多了
A. 狼的其他猎物数量上升, 更无法解释为什么狼更频繁攻击羊
B. 无关
C. 狼被猎人伤害后不能prey其他野生动物了，只能欺负一下羊，补足gap
D. 羊更脆弱，但没解释为什么受猎人保护后反而被攻击得多了
E.狼都去没人的地方了，没人自然没羊，无法解释现象

4-7:
Ans: E        Time: 2’10
逻辑链: D国的新车都装上了C,C能减少排放，但____→D国首都排放没减少
GAP: D国首都和D国其他城市有什么影响排放的因素不同
BCD. 没讲首都和其他城市的不同
A. D首都的旧车比新车多，但对比1993年前新车的比例还是多了呀，无法解释
E. 他因调和: C不能发挥作用in D国首都

4-8:
Ans: C        Time: 1’59
逻辑链: 凡是开SA的地方5年内附近超过1/4的商铺要倒闭→不应该开SA
ABDE. 无关
C.补足了GAP: ¼商铺倒闭算好还是不好

4-9:
Ans: A        Time: 2’44
逻辑链: gas Ss>gas Dd, oil Ss上升→以后不用import oil了
A. 取反: fuel consumption growth> fuel Ss, 说明还是要进口，削弱
B. gas ss比oil ss上升幅度快，无关比较
C. 取反: oil有其他substitutes,无法削弱，反而加强原文逻辑链，方向相反
D. 无关
E. 无关

4-10:
Ans: D        Time: 1’34
两个boldface句之间有however,说明第一句是作者的负态度，第二句是作者的正态度，两句都是说明原因，原因属于facts.
ABC. 第一个BF句态度相反
E. 第二个BF句态度相反

---

作者: 麦小仙女    时间: 2020-9-3 16:45

答案CEBCE CDBAC

4-1

C 1'15''
background：健康的肺可以产生antibiotic防止感染病菌；CF患者的肺也能产生正常数量的antibiotic但是却不能防止感染病菌
premise：CF患者的肺表面盐浓度高于常人
conclusion：高盐环境让肺部的antibiotic失效

A：说明正常人的肺有自动调节盐浓度的功能，但不能加强结论
B：低盐浓度是正常的，不能代表高盐浓度的情况
D：无关
E：无关

4-2

E 2'50''
background：wind farms需要大片用地去收集电能。X和Y的地形类似，但X的人口密度大于Y。
conclusion：应该在Y建wind farm

A：共性条件，不说明问题
B：总人口和需要的用地面积无关
C：无关
D：比较对象是wind farms和其他facility，无关

4-3

B 1'30''

name-brand和store-brand的价格gap很大，消费者逐渐转向了store-brand，尽管name-brand的产品质量reputation好。

plan: 未来缩小两家店之间的price gap

goal: name-brand要吸引流失的客人（削弱选项说明该方案无法实现、可行性差或有副作用）

A：无关

C：name-brand的忠实用户，不在讨论范围内

D：无关

E：无关

4-4

C 2'30''

background：Irradiation可以杀菌并让食物延缓变质，但是也会损害食物的营养价值。

支持者：认为irradiation不会比cooking更差

文章观点：支持者说的不对，因为很多irradiated food是生的。。。？

A：无关

B：无关

D：这一点是和支持者的观点一致的

E：共性问题，不能说明

4-5

E 1'30''
从1980到1989，鱼的消费增长4.5%、poultry product的消费增长9%，人口增长6%→人均鱼的消费量一定减少（E）

4-6

C 1'00''

1910年前，家羊几乎不被狼追捕。但是1910后，政府开始鼓励猎杀狼，导致很多狼被杀死

矛盾点：1910年后，更多家羊被狼攻击

A: 狼的其他猎物数量增加，加剧矛盾点

B：已知

D: 比较对象是domestic sheep和most wild animals，和矛盾无关

E：加剧矛盾

4-7

D 2'15''

background：ND是一种汽车排出的污染物。一种converter可以降低ND排放，在1993年以后的所有新车上都安装了。结果ND排放明显减少。

矛盾点：新车的占比已经很高了（是指1993年前？），但是ND排放只从1993年后明显下降。

A：加剧矛盾

B：加剧矛盾

C：无关

E：无关

4-8

B 2'30''

premise：调查显示，其他small towns只要开了Saveall，五年内就会有1/4以上的店铺破产倒闭

conclusion：M不能开saveall

A：无关

B：如果大多数居民现在都没有在M shopping，那saveall开业以后可能是个好的机会吸引新客；否则可能和argument说的一样

C：无关

D：无关

E：无关

4-9

A 1'30''

premise：S很依赖进口石油，但是S正生产自己的natural gas，且生产的比用的多，且oil产量也在持续增长

conclusion：很快S对外进口的石油就会减少

B：natural gas和oil的产量相比无意义

C：取非：有其他可以替代oil的fuel可以使用，但没说清和进口石油的关系，比如可以替代的fuel的产量足够大？

D：无关

E：无关

4-10

C 2'30''
第一个BF是fact，是evidence；第二个BF是conclusion/position，而且是historian的主要position

---

作者: Amaranth-    时间: 2020-9-3 17:18
4-1   c
时间：  2‘7
逻辑链：Fact：健康的肺会产生一种抗体杀菌来保护自己。有病的人也能正常产生抗体但是无法杀菌
p： 有病的人肺部有高浓度的盐 c：是高浓度的盐使得抗体失效
问题：支持
a：健康人肺部盐溶液浓度上升后会回归正常水平，这跟抗体失不失效无关
b：选项说的是低浓度的盐溶液，文中讨论的是高浓度
c：有病人的肺组织在正常浓度的盐溶液中是可以抵抗细菌的，而在高浓度的溶液中就不行，正面支持了原文
d：如何治愈与本文假设无关
e：高浓度盐溶液有抗菌效果，不能支持原文假设
4-2   e
时间：2’49
逻辑链：事实：风厂通过风力涡轮来发电，需要很大的开阔场地。 x与y有相似的地形，但是x的人口密度比y大得多
p：y的人口密度更小，且两地地形相似
c：二选一的话应该在y地建造风厂
a：无关
b：就算y的总人口数大于x，也不能说明y没有开阔的土地可以建厂
c：无关
d：风厂发每单位的电要求更多的土地比起其他发电设施，这个事实在原文有阐述，且与究竟是选x还是选y无关
e：x几乎所有人口聚集在一小块地区，而y是遍布全市，说明x比y有更大的开阔土地，驳斥原文
4-3  b
时间：1‘35
逻辑链：事实：过去的五年n品牌和更便宜的s品牌的价格差很大，消费者更多的转向s品牌，尽管n有着更好的质量，n品牌计划通过缩小与s的价格差来找回顾客
p：n计划缩小与s的价格差
c：n品牌可以成功找回已经转向s的客人
问题：削弱
a：无关
b：已经转向s 的客人们对s的质量也很满意，因此不会选择价格更高的n，可以削弱
c：不选择s的客群不在本题考虑范围内
d：此项是在重复陈述题干信息
e：无关
4-4   e
时间：1‘15
逻辑链：事实：照射食物可以杀死细菌防止变质，但也会减少食物中的营养成分，比如破坏维生素b1
此题可以看出空格所在句子是一个either  or 的结构，应该遵循parallel原则，前方是说食物被生吃，那么后方填入的句子也应该是食物的处理方法
4-5  e
时间：2’26
逻辑链：事实：从1980到1989，j地鱼的消费量上升了4.5%，p产品消费量上升了9%，在同时期从外地迁往j的人数上升了6%
a：不知道鱼与p产品各自的单价
b：原文信息不能推出
c：原文只说了比例，并不知道具体数量
d：不能推出
e：人数的增加比鱼的增加更多
4-6  c
时间：2‘7
逻辑链：事实：狼总是避开人类居所，因此本应很容易被狼捕食的羊通常不会被袭击。然而农民失去大量的羊，他们把这归因于狼的数量很多。因此政府悬赏杀狼，大量的狼被杀，但是狼对羊的攻击反而增加
p：大量的狼被杀掉
c：狼对羊的袭击不降反增 问原因
a：鹿和其他狼捕食的动物数量增加与攻击羊增加无关
b：无关
c：因为大量狼被杀或受伤，大大减少了这些狼捕杀野生动物的能力，所以就捕杀家养的羊，对羊的攻击增加
d：无关
e：无关
4-7  e
时间：1；28
逻辑链：
p：新车比例很高在d国的首都，而且新车上都被要求安装c这种装置，可以有效减少二氧化氮排放
c：然而二氧化氮排放量并没有显著减少。 问原因
a：无关
b：无关，题干都说了首都新车比例很高
c：无关
d：这里应该错在说的是d国，而题干里说的是d的首都这个城市
e；d的首都很多人开车只开一小段距离，达不到c装置能起作用的温度，起到解释作用
4-8 c
时间： 2‘39
逻辑链：m如果想保持健康运营的中央购物中心，就应该阻止sa的开业。其他小城市的记录表明sa开在这些小城中心购物区之外，五年内超过四分之一的店铺都面临破产
p：如果不阻止sa开立
c：那么很多其他店铺会面临破产
a：其他小城有没有成功阻止sa开业无关
b：无关
c：在有健康运营商业体系的城市，正常五年间会有多少店铺破产
d：无关
e：sa亏不亏钱无关，重要的是它对其他店铺的影响
4-9  a
时间：2’23
逻辑链：事实：s国以前严重依赖进口的石油。最近s执行一个项目，把油转化为天然气，s生产的天然气供大于求，石油的产量也稳步上升，如果按这个趋势下去，s国对国外燃料的依赖将减少
p：？
c：按照此趋势，s国将减少对国外燃料的依赖性
a：燃料使用的速度不如燃料生产的速度快在s国，所以不用再依赖进口
b：无关
c：无关
d：无关
e：无关
4-10 d
时间：2/21
逻辑链：第二句前有一句话：然而更严谨的结论被需要。说明前方的论述不够严谨，是历史学家所反对的。而第二句才是用来支持历史学家的正确严谨的结论。

---

作者: Leonado7    时间: 2020-9-3 17:26
4-1
2`23 E
逻辑链：正常人的肺可以杀死细菌，得了C病的人可以正常分泌抗体，但是不能杀死细菌。
科学家发现是因为含盐量高
结论：高含盐量导致抗体反应异常。
问支持
A.健康人的气管含盐量会升高，但是不久会恢复正常。无关
B.低盐含量下抗体可以杀死细菌。无关
C.当得了C病的肺细胞在正常盐情况下，可以杀死病毒。不足以支持
D.同类肺病。无关
E.高盐含量可以在各种情况下导致抗体异常反应。支持

4-2
1`21 E
逻辑链：风车要建在有大面积开阔的地方。X的人口密度比Y大很多。（暗示密度大，开阔的地方就少）
结论：所以Y比X更适合建风车。（找跟X人数虽然多，但是面积小，或者Y人少，但是占面积多的选项）
问削弱
A.两个地方都在风多的地方。无关
B.Y的总人数比X多。无关
C.跟外面买电没关系。
D.跟需要的面积大小没关系
E.X的人虽然多，但是集中在一起（所以开阔面积大），Y则相反。削弱

4-3
2`09 B
逻辑链：NB的商品比SB的商品贵了很多年，但是人们更多的转去SB商店因为质量好。所以NB的老板准备降低价格希望吸引客户。
问削弱（找跟质量相关的）
A.跟制造商没关系。
B.去SB店买的人是因为他们相信SB质量更好。对了
C.从不去SB，买东西的人觉得NB质量好。增强
D.跟广告费没关系。
E.跟总销售额没关系。

4-4
2`48 D
逻辑链：辐射可以杀死细菌，但是也会破坏一些营养素。但是有人反对说做饭也会杀死营养素。这个人反对的有道理，因为：
给出原因：
A.无关
B.杀死细菌不是辐射唯一的作用。无关
C.做饭一半是最后一步工作，而辐射是为了保证保鲜。无关
D.有一些做饭的方法甚至比辐射还破坏营养素。继续反驳，解释了反对的原因。
E.对于辐射的食物再做饭，减少的营养素是两者叠加的。无关

4-5
1`41 E
逻辑链：一个地方的鱼消费增加了4.5%，P的消费增加了9%，人口增加了6%
问可以推出以下那个结论
A.不能算出
B.不能判断鱼的占比
C.比例和数量有区别，不能判断
D.不知道是不是平时吃的
E.人均鱼的消费变少了。对，因为增加的比例，分母比分子大。

4-6
1`41 C
逻辑链：有段时间人们经常杀狼，同时狼本来不攻击人类羊群的，现在也攻击了
解释以上现象
A.狼的其他食物增多了。无关
B.之前不允许杀狼。无关
C.狼抓不到野生动物了。所以去抓羊了
D.圈养的羊不能保护自己。无关
E.狼搬家了。无关

4-7
2`19 A
逻辑链：为了减少N排放，D城市的新车都要装一个装置，但是其他城市效果都挺好，D城市不行
解释以上现象（为啥N排放还是很高）
A.更多的车都是旧车。（没有装装置）所以减少的N排放不多。
B.新车卖的少。不充分
C.其他污染减少。无关
D.很多D市民已经换车了。增强以上现象
E.跟旅游的车无关。

4-8
2`21  B
逻辑链：结论：有人建议为了防止生意不好，要组织S店开过来。
前提：因为在S店开了的小城里，其他店关了不少。
问下面哪个有助于评价
A.跟能不能说服别人无关
B.是不是大部分人在这个地方消费。如果是，则会影响，如果不是，则不会影响。
C.跟之前倒闭的占比无关
D.跟员工无关
E.跟有没有丢钱无关

4-9
1`23 A
逻辑链：S城进口油多，最近S城准备换成用气，而S城的产油和产气都在上升
结论：S城进口油会减少
问前提：
A.需求不会超过产量。如果不是这样，那产量会跟不上。
B.跟油和气产量谁快无关
C.跟有没有替代品无关
D.跟建筑无关
E.有燃气新设备也不一定能减少油需求

4-10
2`33 D
黑脸体:有人说牛顿跟L都是独立的思想。一些学者反对，认为L的思路是从牛顿发展出来的，第一个黑脸给了证据。后面作者又提出一个想法，第二个黑脸是这个想法
A.第一个不是作者支持的
B.同A
C.同A
D.对
E.第二个不是去证明第一个结论的。

---

作者: lunark6055    时间: 2020-9-3 17:33
4-1
Premise：得CF得人肺内有高盐，所以无法抗击某种细菌
Conclusion:科学家假设高盐导致抗生素失效
Strength：没有高盐，CF人可以抵抗细菌

A.        讨论抗生素是否有效
B.        只在低盐有效不代表高盐无效
C.        正确，一旦CF人盐量正常就可以抗细菌
D.        医疗手段无关
E.        削弱

4-2
Premise: 风车需要占地，X城人口密度比Y城高
Conclusion：应该建在Y
Weaken：人口密度高不代表面积小
A.        两者之间位置无关
B.        增强，Y人多还密度低说明面积大
C.        和电力本身无关
D.        和用电无关
E.        正确，因为X城密度高不代表可用地面积小

4-3
Premise: 名麦片和无名麦片价差越来越大，消费者不再因为品质而选择名麦片
Conclusion:名麦片试图用降低价差来吸引消费者
Weaken: 其他因素影响消费者选择
A.        麦片质量和plan无关
B.        正确，其他因素导致消费
C.        跟已买名麦片消费者无关
D.        手段和likelihood无关
E.        和总销售量无关

4-4
Beside the point已经表达了之后得内容与Cooking行为无关，这题不是很确定
A.        和批发商无关
B.        保留，因为除了cooking之外价值有更多
C.        保留，有别的价值
D.        两个比较程度无关
E.        无关

4-5
Premise: 鱼类和肉类consumption分别上升4.5%和9.0%，人口上涨6%
A.        不确定两者的定价
B.        不确定基数不能假设Fish只是secondary
C.        不确定基数无法确定是否两倍
D.        正确，因为两者都上升了证明起码有大部分人是两者都常吃
E.        Fish的consumption增加了

4-6
Premise: 狼害怕人群聚集所以在人群周边的羊不容易被攻击。1910年前H羊每年都会被攻击，所以政府决定大面积捕杀狼群，但1910-1915年间狼少了羊却仍旧被攻击。
Conclusion:?
Strengthen：H的羊不在人类区域？
A.        无法解释狼为什么攻击羊
B.        无关
C.        正确，只能攻击羊了
D.        这个跟捕杀狼无关
E.        没有domestic sheep

4-7
Premise: ND是汽车排放，D1993年起安装过滤器，总体ND排放下降，但D首都车多且ND没有降低
Explain：是否安装过滤器？
A.        保留，1993年前的车没有过滤器
B.        带过滤器的话车总量不影响排放
C.        和其他物质无关
D.        无法解释为什么过滤器失效
E.        这里不太确定，感觉这个也可以表达过滤器失效？但没有A明确。这里没有说明别的城市会不会也有这个问题但总量下降了。
4-8
Premise: 历史证明只要SA在小镇边缘开商场，5年内1/4的中心城区商家会倒闭
Argument: 如果M想保证中央区商务健康，那就不要让SA在边缘开商场
Evaluate：其他因素？
A.        涉及后续落地，无关
B.        保留，如果客人本来就不在中心买东西那CA的reasoning没有意义
C.        比例和CA的reasoning无关
D.        这一点不确定
E.        SA赚不赚钱无所谓
4-9
Background: S严重依赖进口油
Premise: S将取暖系统从油改为气，本来S气产供给高于需求，油产也在逐步上升
Conclusion: S未来进口油量会下降
Strengthen：S的气供给在新计划下仍旧高于需求
A.        正确，供给高于需求
B.        两者之间比例无关
C.        不需要讨论第三种fuel
D.        无关
E.        一个条件，不影响结论
4-10
黑体一：Support of scholars’s conclusion(Historianpposes) 黑体二：support of second conclusion (Historian:support)
A.        第一个不defends H.
B.        第一个不defends H
C.        第一个不defends H
D.        正确，第一个criticise，第二个support Historian
E.        第二个不support之前的position

---

作者: GmAtI760    时间: 2020-9-3 17:37
总用时：19min19s
CEBCE CECEC
4-1 Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?
A.        When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.（跟含盐度维持一定无关）
B.        A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.（跟高盐度杀死无关）
C.        When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.（对照实验，说明确实是高盐度的问题，加强）
D.        Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces. （跟咋治疗无关）
E.        High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.（跟高盐度在很多场合下的effext无关）
事实：cf会导致含盐量过高
前提：有cf的人肺的一个功能有问题
结论：是含盐度过高导致的问题 
4-2 Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y.  Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?
A.        County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state.（无关选项）
B.        The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X.（挑战了题目中前提，这不就是说Y的人口密度才高嘛）
C.        Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county.
D.        Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.
E.        Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country.
事实：建造风力发电站需要大面积土地
前提：X地人口密度远高于Y地
结论：在Y地区建造好，因为Y空地多
方向：题目只说了比例，寻找土地总量方面的 
 
4-3 Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.  To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?
A.        There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products.（与品牌产品之间的价格差无关）
B.        Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals.（对平价产品质量满意，不会为了高一点的质量花多的钱了）
C.        Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality.（逻辑搞反了）
D.        Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals.（重复题干中的前提信息，看起来让人有安全感，想去选，但实际和逻辑链无关）
E.        Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years. （总产量不增加和转变消费品牌无关）
前提：虽然品牌的质量好，但价格太高，导致很多人转而买平价的
结论：降低价格能够吸引人们转变道品牌产品上
方向：关键在质量，选择跟质量有关的 
4-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage.  However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods.  For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain.  Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking.  However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.
A.        many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life
B.        it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has
C.        cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods
D.        certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is
E.        for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded
这一题我没看懂，所以想看看解析。 
4-5 From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
A.        During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish. （跟零售商的利润无关）
B.        For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.（移民只占6%，不一定就适用4.5%和9%的增长）
C.        In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.（明显错的，只是增长率）
D.        For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s.（无关选项，跟饮食习惯常常吃啥无关）
E.        Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980. （人增长了6%，鱼的消费只增长了4.5%，很明显）
 
4-6 Wolves generally avoid human settlements.  For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them.  In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year.  Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves.  From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed.  Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?
A.        Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915. （应该导致家羊捕杀减少的）
B.        Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves.（无关）
C.        After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals.（恰恰解释了，开始猎杀后，狼更要吃羊了）
D.        Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks.（挑战了前提，不选）
E.        The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans. （反而削弱了逻辑链）
逻辑链：狼避免和人接触，所以一般不杀家羊；但一个地方狼老吃家羊，开始捕杀后
 
4-7 Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?
A.        More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.（挑战题干前提信息，错）
B.        The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.（同A）
C.        Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.（重复题干信息，无关）
D.        Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.（无关）
E.        Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.（引入其他因素，解释这样的现象）
前提：全国的汽车都装了一个装置减少一个气体，全国的气体排放下降
结论：首都的装的最多的，但总排量却没有减少 
4-8 Community activist:  If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.  Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.
The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning?
A.        Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns?（无关）
B.        Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville?（无关）
C.        In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period?
D.        What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville?（无关）
E.        Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation? （无关）
前提：Saveall开过的地方，购物中心有1/4都破产了
结论：SaveAll的开导致了地方购物圈不健康。
方向：涉及到1/4破产是否健康的。 
 
4-9 In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil.  Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas.  Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.  If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.
B.        Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.
C.        No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.
D.        Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.
E.        All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.
事实：S生产比实际用更多的天然气
前提：本国供暖改天然气了，本国石油生产变多了
结论：进口外国能源减少了 
4-10 Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.
In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A.        The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
B.        The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
C.        The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
D.        The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.
E.        The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

---

作者: shuuuuu    时间: 2020-9-3 20:30
时间：24’00

4-1 Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

现象时间重合：
因：高盐
果：antibiotic ineffective
supports：支持因果联系，或排除干扰因素：并不是其他原因导致的antibiotic ineffective


Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis? C

When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal. 盐度变化，无关
A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.  低盐可以杀死细菌，不一定能证明高盐就不能。
When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria. 本来高盐不能的人，盐度改到正常就可以了，支持了因果联系
Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces. 治病方法，无关
High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances. 其他情况下，高盐可以杀死病毒，削弱



4-2 Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y.  Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
类比：
因：XY土地一样大，X人口密度大，
果：风力发电应在Y
weaken：破坏因果，指出因该在X的不同点，方向：人口密度上的延伸。或干扰，不能致果。

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument? E

County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state.  相同点，无关
The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X. Y的不同，但与风力发电没有联系。
Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county. 买家，无关
Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.  人均土地更大，只知道X人口密度，不能联系。
Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country. X的土地更宽广，指出X的不同处，并且有利风里发电。



4-3 Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.  To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
决策题：
因：名牌cereal太贵，没人买。
果（决策）：降价名牌cereal
weaken：决策可行性，决策的因果破坏，决策的副作用。

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands? B

There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products. 不同名牌的价格都一样，无关
Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals. 买便宜品牌的客人不是因为价格，而是因为质量才买的。破坏因果联系
Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality. 买名牌的人会一直支持名牌
Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals. 店家自己推出自己的低价品牌，与决策无关。
Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years. 总销量没有增长，无关，只需关系两个品牌间的销量关系。



4-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage.  However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods.  For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain.  Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking.  However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______. C

因：irradiation与cooking都会destroy营养
果：两者一样
weaken：irradiation更差，指出与cooking不一样的点。

many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life 支持irradiation，无关
it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has 优点不止一个，无关
cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods 两者的目的不同。
certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is。 cooking更差，无关
for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded 营养缺失的复杂情况，无关。



4-5 From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them? E

During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish.
For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.
In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.
For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s.
Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980. 人口1.06%，鱼consumption1.045%，人均比较，同百分比比较。



4-6 Wolves generally avoid human settlements.  For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them.  In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year.  Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves.  From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed.  Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.

因：狼少了
本果：吃掉的羊也少了
本果weaken：吃掉的羊却多了。
逻辑：干扰因素，导致因果联系破坏

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep? C

Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915.  其他猎物增多了，不是原因
Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves. 前后情况一致，
After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals. 干扰，副作用，导致因果联系破坏
Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks. 政策前后都不变的情况，不能破坏因果。
The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans. 狼少了，weaken。



4-7 Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.

因：新车都装仪器，全国都降低污染
本果：首都也应该降低。
结论—weaken：没有怎么降低。
逻辑：因果联系破坏，干扰导致无果。

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city? E

More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993. 新车少，否定因的条件。
The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993. 新车数量比93年前有减少，但有新车就还是应该会降低污染。无关因果。
Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993. 其他污染有减少，无关。
Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars. 旧车也有装仪器，更应该降低污染了。weaken结论
Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature. 干扰因素，仪器无法发挥作用。



4-8 Community activist:  If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.  Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.

因；其他小城市，S入驻，5年内倒闭了1/4的点
果：M城市也会一样。
策略：M应该抵制S入驻
逻辑：指出M与其他城市，是否一样，是否有因果联系。

The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning? C

Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns?  方案是否可行，而不能证明因果。
Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville? 无关策略，无关因果。
In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period?  是否有第三案例证明因果。
What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville? 员工，无关。
Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation? S本身的运营，无关。



4-9 In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil.  Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas.  Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.  If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
因：油改气，气够，油也增产
果：不需要再进口油，可以自给自足
assumption：支持因果联系，也没有干扰因素破坏，

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A

In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production. 排除干扰，建立因果联系，油可以自己自足
Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria. 气产量增长快过油产量增长，不确定可以自给自足
No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria. 取反，加强。
Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas. 取反加强。
All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems. 与果无关。



4-10 Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles? D

The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.
The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

---

作者: 青山宿    时间: 2020-9-3 20:46
1.C 1’40
P: people with cf unable to fight off bacteria, their fluid on airway has high salt concentration
C: high salt concentration make the antibiotic ineffective

A.只能说明正常人的salt concentration能自行恢复，与antibiotic无关
B.说明在low concentration antibiotic也能工作，与文本无关
C.将这些人的lung tissue放在normal concentration就可以工作，正向说明是high salt导致ineffective，对
D.和salt无关
E.Many circumstance，说了屁话

2.E 1’04
P：wind farm need vast expanses of open land, X/Y have similar terrain, but X have higher population density
C:  should be built in Y
削弱：high population density不等于 lack of open land

A: 说明XY地理位置，无关
B：total population与density很难比较，无关
C. Purchase，无关
D. Wind farm和别的facility比较，无关
E. x虽然density高但population集中度也高，因此open land的可能性更高，Y集中度低，

3.B 1’56
Premise: because of price gap, consumer switch to store-brand cereal, despite brand means better quality
Goal: attract these consumer back
Plan: narrow the price gap less than 5 years ago

A.Name brand manufacturers之间比较，比较对象无关
B.consumer已经满足store brand cereal, 因此即使缩小price gap（应该还是比store贵），也没办法吸引回以前的顾客
C.那些还买brand的顾客，无关
D.与plan无关
E.各自的涨价幅度，与gap无关

4.D 2’24 E
P: irradiation destroy B1, proponents think irradiation is no worse than cooking
C: the fact beside the point(eat raw), or misleading,___
解释：可以看到con和proponents观点对立，从beside the point和misleading两方面反驳
A. 说proponent怎么样，无关
B.不是only effect，无关
C.cooking和irradiation的不同作用，与二者比较无关
D.Cooking more destructive，加强proponents（之前没看懂conclusion的意思）
E.Both cook&irradiate food，二者的效果是compounded的，无法单独拎出来说明，因此反驳proponents；再加上前面raw&irradiate food, 二者列举了cook和不cook的情况，一起反驳

5.E 0’55
6.C 1’09
7.E 1’22

8.B 2’20 C
P: record from other town, saveall open, within 5 years other stores experience bankruptcies
C: if want to keep district healthy, should prevent saveall opening
相关因果，削弱：第三因素，因果倒置，无因果联系，中间因素
A.是否抵制成功与论证无关
B.是因为residents本来就不再去M do shopping才导致bankrupcy，If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, percentage大小无关，因为已经是healthy了
C.What proportion无法evaluate，和healthy districts比较/correct：如果他们的bankruptcy rate接近于a quater，那就与saveall无关
D.与employee无关
E.和saveall是否亏钱无关

9.A 1’05
10.D 1’45

---

作者: 阿芈    时间: 2020-9-3 21:26



4-1 支持题 C 180s
背景：肺部可以产生AN来杀灭空气中的细菌使其免受侵害。
矛盾：有CF的人不能抵抗细菌，即使他们肺部A的数量很正常。
解释： CF的人肺部盐分含量高，所以得出结论：A在高盐浓度中失效
A 当盐浓度人为提高时，不久会恢复正常。主要探讨的是盐浓度与A的影响，无关
B A样品可以杀死低盐浓度环境下存在的细菌。主要讲的高浓度，低浓度无关
C当含有cf的肺部组织培养在正常盐度情况下，肺组织能够抵抗细菌. 说明了盐都的不同可以改变肺部能否抵抗细菌的变化。对
D其他肺部感染。无关
E未涉及many circumstances。无关

4-2 削弱题 E 90s
背景：风力发电要求大量开阔地，X Y两地面积类似
矛盾：X的人口密度大
结论：风力发电站应该建设在Y处
A XY 毗邻，并且都在风最多的地区。错，主要是找XY差异，不是共性
B Y总人口比X多。能够削弱在Y处建设，一开始看到这个没直接排除，继续往下看
C和购买地点无关，错
D未比较X Y，错
E，X人口分布集中在一小部分，Y均匀分布。很强烈说明了虽然x密度大但是很集中，暗示其他地方空间多，对

4-3削弱题 B 90s
背景：过去五年，NB和SB的价格越差越大
矛盾：消费者更愿意选择SB尽管NB代表着更好的品质。
措施：NB决定缩小其与SB之间的价格差来挽回顾客。
问如何削弱NB降价挽回顾客的可能性
A NB的产品没有品质差异。 本文需要探讨NB降价对消费者的吸引，无关
B 被SB吸引的顾客对其商品质量满意。本文说了NB的优势在于其品质，当顾客对SB的品质满意时，NB的唯一优势也不存在了。对
C很多人从未考虑过转为SB因为他们觉得NB质量更好。主要讲的是NB吸引其被SB夺去的顾客，无关，错。
D 因为低广告开销，SB可以推出其比NB低价的产品。因为SB产品一直低价，感觉不如B直接，错
E需要探讨二者差异，无关。错


4-4 补充题 原来做过 C 90s
矛盾：食品辐射能够杀死细菌防止变质 vs 辐射使得营养流失
辐射支持者说辐射对营养的影响不会比烹饪更高
反驳:大部分辐射的食物是生食，并且这是误导，是因为…
A许多支持者是可以通过辐射食品盈利的经销商。抓住前面misleading，应该说支持者不对的方面。错
B杀菌不是辐射的唯一影响。无关
C烹饪往往是准备食品的最后一步，然而辐射让易腐烂食物保质期变长了。说明了无论会不会被cooking，营养都会流失。对
D有部分烹饪流失的维生素比辐射还严重。这应该是说辐射的不好而不是说烹饪不好，错
E 对于既辐射又烹饪的食物，炜生素A的减少是混合的。食物已经辐射后已经损失了维生素A，无关选项。错

4-5 结论题  B 90s
抓住增量关系：鱼＜人＜p
A。只谈增量不谈利润，错
B.说鱼成为主食的可能性比P小。因为P增加的快，增长的多，所以对
C只谈增量不谈倍数，错
D只谈增量，错
E只谈增量不谈单位消耗。错


4-6解释题 原来做过忘记了  E 90s
背景：狼离人栖息地远，所以即使狼吃羊，羊也不会经常遭受攻击。1910年前农民损失数量可观的羊。所以政府开展捕狼行动，5年间很多狼被杀了
矛盾：狼吃羊的情况加剧了
A五年间羊和其他狼的食物数量增加。主要解决为啥狼少了吃的羊多了，无关，错
B1910年前法律对捕狼无限制。无关，错
C猎人杀狼后，狼捕食羊能力下降。能力下降应该捕的养羊少了，削弱文章，错
D羊比其他动物抵抗狼的能力弱。主要是讲的变化，如果现在弱，之前也弱，无法解释狼少了吃的羊多了。错
E狼跑到没人的地方了，没人的地方吃羊没人管所以羊被吃的多了。对

4-7 解释题 原来做过 E 90s
背景：为了解决汽车排放的二氧化氮，1993年以后的新车装了催化剂，因此二氧化氮排放量显著减少。
矛盾：虽然首都新车比例相当高，但是二氧化氮含量下降很少。
A此地车辆主要是早于1993制造。之前车装没装不清楚，但是可能有关，先保留。
B1993年后每年新车数量下降。讲的是二氧化氮变化新车下降但是新车比例也高，无关。
C其他污染物含量也从1993年开始减少.和其他污染物无关。错
D1993年前的车已经安装了催化剂。那二氧化氮更应该低，错。
E此地大部分车行驶距离太短以至于催化剂不起作用。说明了虽然安装了新设备，但是新设备没起作用。对

4-8评价题 C  90s 这题没读懂问题
背景：如果M希望保持其购物区的健康发展，就需要防止S折扣店开在其附近。
理由：其他地区显示当S开在购物区外面时，五年内，四分之一的商场都会关闭。
这题问题没大读懂，只是选了一个和文章最有关的C，只是感觉DE不对，无关内容太多。A也很大概率不对

4-9假设题 90s A
背景：S地依赖石油进口，S实施了一项措施将供热系统的供热方式从石油变为了天然气。S地目前天然气产量供大于并且石油产量稳步上升
结论：照此方式，S对进口石油的依赖会降低
AS低燃料消耗的应该不能比生产的快。意思是产量大于消耗。对
B国内天然气产量增加应该比石油多。无关。主要讲的是国内外。错
C错。其他燃料替代石油更能减少进口。
D无关选项
E无关选项。主要讲的是能源间关系

4-10 黑脸题
黑1黑2为转折关系， 黑1为fact论据 黑2为结论
黑1黑2相反，BE错
黑2为结论ACD错
这样看无答案，此方法不行，细读选项后选择D项

---

作者: cgvmc    时间: 2020-9-3 21:58
My answer: CEBEE CECAD
4-1
Time: 1'40
Background: Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.
Premise:The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration
Conclusion:scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Options:
A. unrelated
B. unrelated
C.correct
D. unrelated
E. unrelated

4-2
Time: 1'35
Premise: County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y.
Conclusion: a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
Options:
A. 与位置无关
B.无关
C.无关
D.无关
E. correct

4-3
Time: 2'10
Premise: the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.
Conclusion: narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands can attract consumers back
Options:
A. 无关
B. correct
C.讨论的是那些switch brand的群体，无关
D. 无关
E. 与销售额无关

4-4
Time: 2'23
Conclusion: this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading
Options:
A.无关
B. correct
C. 无关
D.无关
E. 营养失去在辐照和烹饪都会发生，并不是单一过程

4-5
Time: 1'53
Premise:80年代 鱼消费增长了4.5%，禽类增长9%，人口增加6%
问must be true
Options:
A. 不知道成本是否变化，不能算出利润
B. 未知
C. 未知1980年的初始值
D.未知
E.计算可得，correct

4-6
Time: 2'28
原先狼不攻击羊，大量捕杀狼之后狼攻击羊数量上升
Options:
A.削弱了结论
B. unrelated
C. correct
D. unrelated
E. unrelated

4-7
Time: 1'35
Premise: 新车装了二氧化氮转化装置，新车比例较高
Conclusion: 二氧化氮下降不明显
Options:
A. 无关
B. 无关
C. 与其他污染物无关
D. 无关
E. correct

4-8
Time: 3'44
这题没看懂，蒙了个C

4-9
Time: 2'01
Premise:Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace
Conclusion: If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
国内供给增加，就可以减少国外进口了，前提应该是需求不变
Options:
A.correct
B.无关
C.无关
D.无关
E.无关

4-10
Time: 1'47
Conclusion1:牛顿发现微积分，莱布尼兹发现analogous concepts and techniques，两人的发现是独立的
Conclusion2:the traditional view is false.
Options:
A.BF1是支持历史学家反对的观点的证据，BF2是支持历史学家主要观点的证据
B.
C.
D.correct
E.

---

作者: abbylung    时间: 2020-9-3 22:04
1- 1
答案：C
时间：1'45
逻辑链：
P
C 高浓度盐水→抗生素失效

A. 无关
B. 能杀死病毒的在低浓度盐水中，不能说明高浓度盐水怎么样
C. 正确
D. 无关
E. 无关

1- 2
答案：E
时间：1'04
逻辑链：
P 建风场需要更多open land，X比Y人口密度大
C 在Y建风场更好

A. 无关
B. 无关
C. 无关
D. 无关
E. X人口集中在一个地方，open land更多，削弱

1- 3
答案：B
时间：1'13
逻辑链：
P store brand消费者比name brand的多
C 价格导致的

A. 无关
B. 不是价格，而是store brand的质量
C. 无关
D. 无关
E. 无关

1- 4
答案：C
时间：1'41
逻辑链：
P
C argument观点是，辐射比烹饪不好，因为什么

A. 无关
B. 无关
C. cooking和irradiation比较
D. 和其他cooking无关
E. 无关

1- 5
答案：E
时间：1'42
逻辑链：
Fact1：鱼增长4.5%
Fact2：肉增长9%
Fact3：人口增长6%

A. 与利润无关
B. 不知道
C. 不知道
D. 不知道
E. 1989的人均消耗的鱼少于1980年的，正确

1- 6
答案：C
时间：1'53
逻辑链：
P
C 猎人捕狼数量增加，为什么狼吃羊增加？

A. 狼吃的其他猎物数量增加，被吃掉的羊的数量应该减少呀
B. 不能解释
C. 狼吃野生动物的能力降低，所以吃羊增加
D. 羊比野生动物保护自己能力弱，不能解释为什么狼吃羊增加
E. 不能解释

1- 7
答案：E
时间：1'59
逻辑链：
P 1993年后，新车上装converters，减少二氧化氮
C 新车数量（converters）很多，但二氧化氮没有减少很多

方向：很多的converters为什么没有发挥作用

A. 无关
B. 无关
C. 其他污染物，无关
D. 无关
E. 正确

1- 8
答案：C
时间：1'43
逻辑链：
P 其他town，开了S，4/1的商店倒闭
C 为了保持M商场健康，不应该开S

方向：其他town的4/1的商店倒闭的商场健康吗？

A. 有没有反对S开，无关
B. 居民在不在M购物，无关
C. 健康的商场，倒闭率怎样，正确
D. 员工比例，无关
E. 新开的S亏钱吗，无关

1- 9
答案：A
时间：1'11
逻辑链：
P 换用天然气，生产的天然气比燃烧的多，生产的石油在增加
C 不用进口石油了

方向：消耗的石油有没有增加

A. 燃料消耗的速度比生产的速度慢，正确
B. 天然气生产速度与石油生产速度比较，无关
C. 其他燃料，无关
D. 太阳能，无关
E. 无关

1- 10
答案：D
时间：1'52
逻辑链：

传统观点，N和L观点独立
反驳的观点，L抄袭N，给出理由（第一个BF）
作者观点=传统观点，给出理由（第二个BF）

A.
B.
C.
D. 正确
E.

---

作者: 妥妥    时间: 2020-9-3 22:22
蹲(˶‾᷄ ⁻̫ ‾᷅˵)

---

作者: 7878wu78    时间: 2020-9-4 05:28
4-1 Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?
A.        When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal. （和盐含量是否能会到正常无关）
B.        A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt. （在低的盐含量下可以杀菌不能知道高含量的是否有效）
C.        When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria. （当在正常的浓度下还是能抵抗细菌，说明不是因为别的因素就是因为盐含量的多少）
D.        Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces. （解决方案不是我们想知道的）
E.        High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances. （新概念）
Time：1’51
P: 有cf的人肺里的盐含量高
C: 盐含量导致抗生素没有用
思路：排除他因，比如说患有cf的人的抗生素能在其他浓度存活/加强盐含量高抗生素无效的关系




















4-2 Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y.  Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?
A.        County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state. （两者都在风最大的地区不能说明其实建在X or Y都ok）
B.        The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X. (总人数多但是密度小说明还是适合在Y建立)
C.        Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county. （和被谁购买的无关）
D.        Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility. （无关比较）
E.        Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country. （说明密度大不是因为人口多而是因为都住在一个小地方而Y住的比较散）
Time: 0’51
P: the population density of X higher than Y
C: wind farm should be built in Y
思路：削弱说不一定就是要建在Y, 人口密度大不一定说每个地方的密度都很大






















4-3 Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.  To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?
A.        There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products. （如果没有差别，那大家应该更青睐牌子的）
B.        Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals. （说明即使价格有所下降但是质量没有store-brand好的话，大家就会更喜欢store）
C.        Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality. (加强方案实行的可能)
D.        Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals. （和价格无关）
E.        Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years. （和sales增长无关）
Time: 0’38
G: name brand cereals attract consumers back
P: narrow price gap
思路：削弱就是该方案有副作用，该方案是否可行



















4-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage.  However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods.  For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain.  Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking.  However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.
A.        many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life （和支持者无关）
B.        it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has （和杀菌无关）
C.        cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods （能存放很久不能代表两者之间没有可比性）
D.        certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is （无关比较）
E.        for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded （因为一个食物被irradiated还有cooked这样就不知道两者之间是否有差异）
Time: 1’47
P: irradiation的支持者说irradiation和cooking没差
C：要嘛就是支持者说的或者是误导因为…
思路：所以就是irradiation和cooking的类比，如果无法比较就是原因

4-5 From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
A.        During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish. (不知道具体的Profits涨幅)
B.        For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry. （increase幅度小不代表不是major consumption）
C.        In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish. (只是增长幅度是2倍不代表总消耗量是2倍)
D.        For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s. （不确定）
E.        Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980. （鱼的涨幅确实比人数低，说明人均消耗量会降低）
Time: 1’34
P: 1980-1989, fish consumption increases 4.5%/poultry increases 9%/population 6%
4-6 Wolves generally avoid human settlements.  For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them.  In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year.  Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves.  From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed.  Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?
A.        Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915. 猎物增加了就更不应该吃羊了
B.        Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves. （重复条件）
C.        After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals. （受伤了所以更容易去抓羊）
D.        Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks. （重复条件）
E.        The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans. （狼的数量少）
Time: 1’22
P: hunters 大量杀狼应该会使狼吃羊的情况减少
C: 但是狼吃羊的情况增加了
思路：解释本该下降但却上升的原因，额外上升，可能是狼没有被杀死抓不到羊
















4-7 Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?
A.        More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993. （时间先后无关）
B.        The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993. （和新车数量没有关系）
C.        Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993. （无关比较）
D.        Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars. （和时间先后无关）
E.        Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature. （说明有了cc但是cc没有很effective仍然是没有很大作用的）
Time: 0’47
P: 新车都装cc, 然后新车数量多
C: 但是排放量仍然没有明显的降低
思路：有没有可能是cc的功能还没有很好
4-8 Community activist:  If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.  Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.
The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning?
A.        Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns? （和campaign无关）
B.        Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville? （和居民数量无关）
C.        In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period? (知道了正常没有sa的破产率如果高于了就是说明sa有影响如果没有就说明不是sa的原因)
D.        What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville? （和员工数量无关）
E.        Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation? （和新开的sa无关）
Time：1‘28
G: keep the district healthy
P: prevent sa open
4-9 In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil.  Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas.  Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.  If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production. （思路的公式）
B.        Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria. （无关比较）
C.        No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria. （无关比较）
D.        Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas. （无关比较）
E.        All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems. （和new homes无关）
Time: 1’34
P: production>consumption
C: import decline
思路：total consumption=domestic+import, domestic上升只有total consumption变化不快才会使import减少
















4-10 Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and sincethe notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.
In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A.        The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
B.        The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
C.        The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
D.        The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position. （bf2前面说more cautious conclusion说明了对bf2的肯定，bf1,2是对立的所以如果bf2被支持则bf1被反驳）
E.        The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.
time: 0'37

---

作者: _Salaxy_    时间: 2020-9-8 16:34
4-1
        时间：2’30
        逻辑链：
P：①健康肺可以制造自然抗体来保护不受空气中有害细菌的感染。②有cf病的人，即使肺部能制造正常数量的抗体，也无法抵抗这些细菌。③有cf病的人肺部液体的盐含量高
C：高盐含量使抗体失效
取反：不是因为高盐含量而使得无法抵抗细菌
        选项：
A：与健康的人无关，无法直接削弱
B：一个抗体样本能够在低盐度的环境中杀死细菌。部分无法说明全部。（不确定）
C：√当cf病人肺组织在正常盐含量的液体中，依旧无法抵御细菌。反因同果达到削弱
D：无关
E：重复文章信息，无用

4-2
        时间：2’00
        逻辑链：
P：①建风电场要大面积开阔土地 ②X和Y土地相似，但X人口密度比Y高。
C： 风电场建在Y而不是X
削弱目标：风电场不应该建在Y
        选项：
A：无关信息
B：Y总人口比X多很多，XY两地面积相似，所以Y人口密度应该比X高。反前提。
C：无关
D：和其他方式的发电厂的单位产电量无关。
E：√

4-3
        时间：1’56
        逻辑链：
Goal：品牌商计划重新吸引拉拢消费者
Plan：缩短和开架品牌的价格差
削弱目标：缩短价格差无法吸引拉拢消费者
        选项：
A：无关
B：√ 无关价格，而是开架品牌的产品质量反而更好
C：方向反了
D：无关开架商场控制成本的方式
E：无关两者的年总销量的增长

4-4
        时间：3’00
        逻辑链：
P：辐照食品能杀细菌并减缓变质；但会降低营养价值；
支持者C：认为辐照并不比烹饪的危害大；
反对者C：支持者观点偏离事实有误导性。原因是？（填空加强）
        选项：
A：相对更优，因为支持者是买水果的商贩
B：削弱，因为杀菌是辐照的益处。不是危害
C：削弱
D：削弱
E：无关信息

4-5
        时间：1’45
        逻辑链：
P：①80-89年间，J国鱼销量增长4.5%，禽制品销量增长9%②同时期，J国人口增长6%，部分是因为其他国家的移民
        选项：
A：销售额和利润是两回事，没说成本无法比较。
B：无法得出
C：无法得出，9年间的增长和第9年的数据无法混谈
D：√
E：无法得出

4-6
        时间：1’48
        逻辑链：
background：①狼通常避人②虽然羊易被狼捕食，但因为家养故不会被狼捕杀
矛盾：1910前每年羊会被狼捕杀，当地开始杀狼1910-1915，大量狼被杀，羊被狼捕杀的数量反而更多。
        选项：
A：无法解释。有削弱成分
B：1910之前的事实无法解释1910-1915发生的变化
C：√，降低了狼捕食其他野生动物的能力，所以选择捕食家养的羊
D：既定事实无法解释变化，且与狼更多捕食羊无关
E：无法解释

4-7
        时间：2’00
        逻辑链：
矛盾：即使1993以来，D城的新车数量很高且都安装了C设备，但nd排放仅有微弱的下降。
        选项：
A：无法解释，只讨论since93之后下降为什么微弱
B：与P相悖
C：无关其他污染物
D：无法解释
E：√行车距离太短无法达到c设备的效果

4-8
        时间：2’10
        逻辑链：
Goal：保护中心购物区健康发展
Plan： 阻止Saveall打折店开在郊区
        选项：
A：与是否成功抗议无关
B：无法评价
C：无法评价
D：√S新开店如果会把市内商场的店员都吸引走，那么一定程度上会对市内购物区发展有不利影响。每人干活。
E：S的盈亏无法评价

4-9
        时间：1’51
        逻辑链：
P：S地新政加热系统从用石油变为用天然气；S生产的天然气比用的多；石油生产每年稳步增加
C：S地对进口燃料的依赖很快能下降。
取反削弱：S地对进口燃料的依赖不一定很快下降（供需关系）
        选项：
A：√取反后，燃料使用比燃料生产更快
B：与国内不同能源的生产速度无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：新房建设只是燃料的一个消耗来源，无法代表全部。

4-10
        时间：1’30
        逻辑链：
正方historian：P：Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.
反方scholar：P：since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques
        选项：
A：第一句是historian对立观点的P
B：第一句是historian对立观点的P，第二句是historian观点的P
C：不存在intermediate conclusion
D：√
E：两句对立而非一个阵营，不存在further info

---

欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/)

Powered by Discuz! X3.3