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标题: 【揽瓜阁3.0】Day6 2020.07.25【自然科学-动物】 [打印本页]
作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-7-24 22:24
标题: 【揽瓜阁3.0】Day6 2020.07.25【自然科学-动物】
揽瓜阁俱乐部第三期
Day6 2020.07.25
【自然科学-动物】
The Birdsong That Took Over North America
（1051字 精读 必做篇）
The birds were singing something strange.
Ken Otter and Scott Ramsay first noticed it in the early 2000s, when they were recording white-throated sparrows in Prince George, a city in western Canada. The birds are so ubiquitous across the country, and the male's song so distinct, that bird-watchers have put words to it: Oh sweet Canada, Canada, Canada. But the white-throated sparrows in Prince George were singing something different. They had lopped a note off Canada, so the song sounded more like Oh sweet Cana, Cana, Cana.
At first, Otter and Ramsay, biologists at the University of Northern British Columbia and Wilfrid Laurier University, respectively, thought they had simply discovered a new song dialect unique to sparrows in Prince George. But an even stranger pattern emerged when they and a small team of researchers spent the next two decades gathering archival recordings, crowdsourcing bird songs, and driving hundreds of miles through Canada to record white-throated sparrows. According to a new study out today, the song they first heard in Prince George had spread east across the country—at remarkable speed. By 2017, all white-throated sparrows in western Canada were singing the new song variant and half were singing it as far east as Ontario. Oh sweet Cana, Cana, Cana is taking over Canada.
“The national pride of Canada is hinging on this,” jokes Jeff Podos, a biologist at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, who was not involved with the study. More seriously, says Podos, seeing changes in a feature as basic as the number of notes in a song is striking. “Just to be able to see the speed of this change is really amazing,” he adds. Scientists still don't know how the song variant managed to spread so completely across an entire country.
Otter and his team think the Cana variant of the song originated in western Canada between 1960 and 2000. Archival recordings of white-throated sparrows before that all ended in the classic Canada. Once the team heard the strange new variant in Prince George, they started looking east, especially in Ontario's Algonquin Park, where scientists have long been monitoring a population of white-throated sparrows. They didn't find a male singing Oh sweet Cana in Algonquin Park until 2005. They found two more in 2007. Over the years, the number steadily increased until 44 of 92 males they recorded in 2017 were singing Oh sweet Cana. Meanwhile, in Alberta, in western Canada, surveys in 2004 and then 2014 found that the Cana variant had completely replaced Canada between the two surveys. Hundreds of additional birdsongs uploaded by birders to sites such as eBird and Xeno-canto corroborated the findings.
The new song variant had clearly spread west to east, but how? From 2014 to 2016, Otter and his team were able to recover nine sparrows that they tagged with geolocators. White-throated sparrows spend most of the year in Canada and the northeastern United States, but they migrate to warmer places during the winter. These geolocators showed that birds from both western and eastern Canada spent the winter in overlapping areas in eastern Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Kansas. “It gave us the idea that maybe what's happening is these birds are singing on the wintering grounds and becoming song tutors for birds that live east of the Rockies,” Otter told me. Birds from the West were meeting young sparrows from the East—and possibly passing on Oh sweet Cana.
Young sparrows indeed have a sensitive period when they learn to sing, says Jill Soha, a birdsong researcher at Duke University, who was not involved in the study. Once this period is over, their songs remain mostly fixed for the rest of their life. But Soha wonders whether the young sparrows, who hatch in the spring and summer, would already be too old to learn by the time they migrate to their wintering grounds. “From lab studies,” she says, “they shouldn't be learning new songs after about 100 days of age.” If young white-throated sparrows really are picking up the Cana song variant over the winter, that would challenge the conventional wisdom on how the birds learn. Otter said he thinks mixing over the winter has to play a role because Oh sweet Cana could not have spread so quickly, based on models, if it were simply diffusing from west to east.
Regardless of how the birds first encounter the new song variant, something about it must be especially desirable. In white-throated sparrows, males sing to warn off other males and attract females. (Some females also sing, but their songs are slightly different.) Otter speculated that female sparrows might prefer the new song variant in mates. This spring, his team was planning to capture female white-throated sparrows to test their reactions to the two song variants in a lab, but the pandemic upended those plans. He hopes to test the idea next year. Stewart Janes, a biologist at Southern Oregon University, who was not involved in the study, agrees that female choice could be driving the change. “But why so complete? And so quick?” he asks. “All of a sudden, there's something apparently really sexy about just a slight change that happened in the white-throated sparrow songs, and it's a hot new thing.” The preference could signal a cultural change among sparrows, not unlike the way people flock to skinny jeans or cold-shoulder tops depending on the latest fad.
Bird trends are getting easier than ever to spot. New technology, such as autonomous recording units that can be left at a field site, is helping bird researchers capture more recordings than ever before. And amateur birders—armed with a digital recorder or even just their phone—are uploading birdsongs in droves online. This citizen science, says Karan Odom, an ornithologist at Cornell University, is “really changing the kind of science we can do and the kinds of questions we can ask.”
As researchers listen to bird recordings, they may find that Oh sweet Cana is not unique in sweeping across a continent. It could be happening in other places and with other bird species. Otter said that he's already noticed that a modified version of the Cana song is growing in popularity in Prince George in recent years. It might not be long before Oh sweet Cana becomes old news too.
Source: The Atlantic
【自然科学-动物】
Licking bees and pulping trees: The reign of a wasp queen
（671字 4分53秒 听力 必做篇）
先做听力再核对原文哦~
听力视频下载链接及提取码：
提取码：3g5r
As the April sun rises on a pile of firewood, something royal stirs inside. This wasp queen is one of thousands who mated in late autumn and hibernated through the winter. Now she emerges into the spring air to begin her reign.
Most of her sisters weren’t so lucky. While hibernating in compost piles and underground burrows, many sleeping queens were eaten by spiders. Warm winters caused by climate change led other queens to emerge early, only to find there was no available food. And some queens that survived the winter fell victim to the threats of spring, such as carnivorous plants, birds, and manmade pesticides. Our queen is the lone survivor of her old hive, and now, she must become the foundress of a new one.
But first, breakfast. The queen heads for a citrus grove full of honeybee hives. The bees can be dangerous if provoked, but right now they’re paralyzed by the morning cold. Their hairy bodies are dripping with sugar water from an earlier feeding, and the resourceful queen licks them for a morning snack.
Newly energized, our queen searches for a safe nesting area. This tree hollow, safe from rain, wind, and predators, is ideal. She chews the surrounding wood and plant fibers to make a paper-like pulp. Then she builds around 50 brood cells that comprise the beginning of her nest. Using sperm stored from last fall, the queen lays a fertilized egg into each cell, producing as many as 12 in 20 minutes. Within a week, these will hatch into female larva.
But until then, the queen must hunt down smaller insects to feed her brood, all while expanding the hive, laying eggs, and defending against intruders. Fortunately, our queen is well prepared. Unlike bees, wasps can sting as many times as they need to.
With such a busy schedule, the queen barely has time to feed herself. Luckily, she doesn’t have to. When she feeds an insect to her grubs, they digest the bug into a sugary substance that sustains their mother. By the end of July, these first larva have matured into adult workers, ready to take on foraging, building, and defense. The queen can now lay eggs full-time, sustaining herself on her worker’s spoils and their unfertilized eggs.
Although each worker only lives for roughly 3 weeks, the queen’s continuous egg-laying swells their ranks. In just one summer, the nest reaches the size of a basketball, supporting thousands of workers. Such a large population needs to eat, and the nearby garden provides a veritable buffet. As the swarm descends, alarmed humans try to swat them.
They even fight back with pesticides that purposefully poison wasps, and inadvertently impact a wide-range of local wildlife. But the wasps are actually vital to this ecosystem. Sitting at the top of the local invertebrate food chain, these insects keep spiders, mites, and centipedes, in check. Wasps consume crop-eating insects, making them particularly helpful for farms and gardens. They even pollinate fruits and vegetables, and help winemakers by biting into their grapes and jump-starting fermentation.
This feast continues until autumn, when the foundress changes course. She begins grooming some eggs into a new generation of queens, while also laying unfertilized eggs that will mature into reproductive males called drones. This new crop of queens and males requires more food. But with summer over, the usual sources run dry, and the foraging wasps start taking more aggressive risks.
By September, the hive’s organization deteriorates. Hungry workers no longer clean the nest and various scavengers move in. Just when it seems the hive can no longer sustain itself, the fertile queens and their drones depart in a massive swarm.
As the days grow colder, the workers starve, and our queen reaches the end of her lifespan. But above, a swarm of reproductive wasps has successfully mated. The males die off shortly after, but the newly fertilized queens are ready to find shelter for their long sleep. And this woodpile looks like the perfect place to spend the winter.
Source: TED
【笔记格式要求】
精读笔记格式要求：
1.总结文章中心大意
2.总结分论点或每段段落大意
3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子
4.总结文章中的生词
5.记录阅读时间、总结时间、总时间
精听笔记格式要求：
1.逐句听写整篇文章
2.对照原文修改听写稿，标记出错原因
3.总结文章中心大意
4.总结精听过程中的生词
5.记录听写时间、总结时间、总时间
泛听笔记格式要求：
1.听整篇文章，总结文章中心大意
2.对照原文，总结泛听过程中的重点生词
3.记录泛听次数、总时间
这里也给大家三点学习小建议哦~
精读：如遇到读不懂的复杂句，建议找出句子主干，分析句子成分，也可以尝试翻译句子来帮助理解~
精听：建议每句不要反复纠结听，如果听 5 遍都没听出来，那就跳过，等完成后再回听总结原因，时间宝贵，不要过于执着哦~
泛听：每次听全文，边听边记录，不要逐句听或中间暂停，如果听 5 遍都没听懂，那就对照原文总结大意和原因，时间宝贵，不要过于执着哦~
作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-7-24 22:24
揽瓜阁俱乐部，自「language」一词谐音而来，是一个为帮助大家提升英语语言能力而建立的学习小团队。在这里，我们将定时发布涵盖各类话题的外刊语料，供大家练习听、读。同时还设置了严格的打卡机制，督促大家克服懒惰坚持学习。
同时我们也招募volunteer协助维护团队，确保学习活动顺利开展~大家一起营造积极向上的学习氛围~
想要提升英语能力的小伙伴，快快添加微信（theTOEFL）报名加入吧，大家一起观尽天下新鲜事，览遍四海热议瓜～
作者: Garfieldsu 时间: 2020-7-25 02:16
day 6 打卡
作者: micahlan 时间: 2020-7-25 11:09
Day6打卡
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作者: lucin 时间: 2020-7-25 11:51
Day6
作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-7-25 11:57
Day 6 打卡
阅读笔记
第一部分（1-3段 总论）加拿大的科学家在研究鸟类叫声时发现，一种麻雀能以惊人的速度来传播一种鸣叫（类似“歌曲”）
第二部分（4-6段 分论点 传播路径）当科学家数研究了数十年来的录音，发现最近听到这种麻雀的“歌曲”，其实是源自上世纪60年代到2000年时期加拿大西部的一种麻雀“歌曲”的变种。结合科学家近年来采取的对麻雀的定位追踪研究，这首“歌曲”的传播路径明显是从西向东展开。
第三部分（7-8段 分论点 学习“歌曲”的原因）科学家们对该种类的幼年麻雀是如何学习变体“唱歌”的展开调查，并研究者是否和它们要在迁徙后马上求偶吸引异性有关。
第四部分（9-10段 总结与畅想）科学家在继续使用新的追踪和记录装置来研究鸟类，期待在其他种类的鸟类里，对它们的“歌唱”有更多的发现。
句子摘抄
But an even stranger pattern emerged when they and a small team of researchers spent the next two decades gathering archival recordings, crowdsourcing bird songs, and driving hundreds of miles through Canada to record white-throated sparrows.
Scientists still don't know how the song variant managed to spread so completely across an entire country.
New technology, such as autonomous recording units that can be left at a field site, is helping bird researchers capture more recordings than ever before.
The preference could signal a cultural change among sparrows, not unlike the way people flock to skinny jeans or cold-shoulder tops depending on the latest fad.
生词摘抄
ornithologist n.鸟类学家
sparrows n.麻雀
lop vt.砍伐 vi.删减
geolocator n.定位装置
variant n.变体
overlap v.与……重叠
desirable a.称心如意的
fad n.时尚，一时流行的狂热
用时
阅读15分钟 总结45分钟 共计1小时
听力笔记
[attach]251999[/attach][attach]252000[/attach][attach]252001[/attach]
[attach]252002[/attach][attach]252003[/attach][attach]252004[/attach]
中心大意
介绍了蜂后从春天开始发育，进食，然后到秋天交配，直到冬天寿终正寝，并诞下下一带蜂后的整个过程。
生词摘抄
hibernate v.蛰伏
burrow n.地穴 v.挖掘
carnivorous a.食肉的
foundress a.雌性创始者
citrus n.柑橘inadvertently a.无意地，不经意地
pollinate vt.对....授粉
fermentation n.发酵
fertile a.富饶的，能生育的
drones n.雄峰
lifespan n.生命周期
woodpile n.柴堆
用时
听写用时55分钟 总结55分钟 共计110分钟
作者: ChloeSolo 时间: 2020-7-25 12:25
Day 6
作者: Amaranth- 时间: 2020-7-25 12:40
day6
作者: Dannibiubiubiu 时间: 2020-7-25 16:48
day6
作者: LostSanta 时间: 2020-7-25 19:57
Language Club Day 6
& 补作业 Day 5
作者: YLEmily 时间: 2020-7-25 20:18
DAY 6
作者: Carlisler 时间: 2020-7-25 20:44
Day 6
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作者: chealsea 时间: 2020-7-25 21:04
day 6打卡
作者: 殺G成功 时间: 2020-7-25 21:26
DAY6打卡
作者: Lingli_Here 时间: 2020-7-25 21:33
DAY 6:
精读笔记格式要求：
1. The birds start new songs. The reason might to their migrate during the winter. Scientist has also start to find new songs.
2. O&R find a new song between the bird.
2-1. They start to do the research of the origin of the song. 1960-2000 Orginated in western
2-2. The new song spread west to east through the migration in winter of White-throated sparrows
2-3. The new song must be desirable for the birds, The female choice could drive the change
2-4. The birds trend is easier to spot than previous due to new technology. And also the song could also change in the trend.
3&4:
ubiquitous 普遍存在的
white-throated sparrows
monitoring a population 监视人数
hatch 舱口
5:
10:00/ 25min/ 35min
精听笔记格式要求：
2&4
a pile of firewood. 一堆火柴
hibernating 冬眠 in compost piles and underground burrows
paralyze 使麻痹
hatch into female larva 幼崽
feed her brood, all while expanding the hive, laying eggs, and defending against intruders
foraging 草料, building, and defense
3. The queen in the bee become the founders of a new one.
5.
3min/ 20min/ 23min
作者: 啊哒 时间: 2020-7-25 21:48
打卡
作者: ppxstar 时间: 2020-7-25 21:59
Day 6 打卡！！！今天的都好长啊。。。而且听力太多生词了。。。。。
作者: IvyPei 时间: 2020-7-25 22:01
[url=]Day6阅读.pdf[/url]Day 6 打卡 [url=]Day 6听力.pdf[/url]
作者: KLYnn 时间: 2020-7-25 22:05
打卡啦
作者: wanglu1994143 时间: 2020-7-25 22:31
打卡
作者: cgvmc 时间: 2020-7-25 22:32
DAY6
作者: rebeccaaaaaa 时间: 2020-7-25 22:58
DAY6
作者: Dovis 时间: 2020-7-25 22:58
揽瓜阁 Day6
精读
一 文章大意
加拿大的科学家们发现某处白喉麻雀的歌声与其他地方不同，并且在全国范围内广泛传播。针对该种类的麻雀是如何传播歌曲，是否与迁徙及求偶行为有关展开了调查，以期捕获更多发现。
二 段落总结
- 有人注意到，Prince George的白喉麻雀的歌声与别处不同。
- 生物学家发现，白喉麻雀的歌声可以以惊人的方式传播到全国各地。
- 科学家们不知道这首变异的歌曲如何在整个国家广泛地传播。
- 研究人员推测该首变体歌曲的起源和观察到的传播过程。
- 当科学家数研究了之后认为歌曲是西边麻雀在越冬的地方与东边麻雀交汇途中传播的。
- 科学家们研究已经学会唱歌的幼麻雀，是否还会受歌曲传播的影响。
- 歌曲传播可能还受到迁徙后求偶异性的影响。
- 人类可以通过自主记录装置等新技术捕获记录研究鸟类趋势。
- 当研究人员有更多的鸟类录音之后，可能会有新的发现。
三 生词摘录
ubiquitous 似乎无所不在的; 十分普遍的
sparrow 麻雀
lop 砍伐; 剪(枝);
archival 档案的
Crowdsource 群众外包的方式; 大众信息; 群众外包; 来源变得大众化
corroborate 证实，确证(陈述、理论等)
hatch 孵出; 出壳; 孵化; 破壳
Diffuse 传播; 普及; 使分散; 散布; (使气体或液体) 扩散，弥漫，渗透; (使光) 模糊，漫射，漫散
upend 翻倒; 倒放; 使颠倒
flock 群集; 聚集; 蜂拥
四 句子摘抄
But an even stranger pattern emerged when they and a small team of researchers spent the next two decades gathering archival recordings, crowdsourcing bird songs, and driving hundreds of miles through Canada to record white-throated sparrows
五 用时记录
阅读 11min 总结24min 共计36min
听力 Licking bees and pulping trees: The reign of a wasp queen
一 文章大意
讲述了蜂后的一生。春天开始苏醒发育，夏天筑巢繁殖，秋天交配选择新的蜂后，冬天寿终正寝。并简略描述了蜜蜂对环境的重要性。
二 生词摘录
hibernate 冬眠; 蛰伏
foundress 女创立者；女奠基者
wasps 黄蜂; 胡蜂
woodpile 木柴堆
三 用时记录
听力 5times 总结 11min 共计40min
作者: はな 时间: 2020-7-25 23:00
day6
作者: davidylxu 时间: 2020-7-25 23:31
day6
作者: cynwis 时间: 2020-7-25 23:38
Day 6
作者: ste蔡 时间: 2020-7-25 23:55
day6
作者: 木辛青 时间: 2020-7-26 00:07
阅读笔记：
阅读：16min 总结：32min 总用时：48min
在美国南部出现的鸟鸣声
1.小鸟有时候会唱一些奇怪的事情
2.科学家在研究白喉鸟的时候发现了它们的歌曲会被传播到很远的地方
3.科学家研究表明白喉鸟所唱的歌曲是来自加拿大一首歌曲的变化，歌曲传播的方向是由加拿大的东部传向西部的
4.鸟类唱歌的原因在于求偶
5.科学家对未来进行展望，希望通过新设备对鸟类的歌声有更好的研究
variant 变体
corroborated 确证
geolocator 地理定位器
amateur 业余爱好者
Regardless of how the birds first encounter the new song variant, something about it must be especially desirable.
泛听笔记
次数：3次
一个蜂后如何度过一生，从早期发育、找栖息地、产卵到培育下一代冬天结束生命的全过程
hibernate 蛰伏
burrow 地穴
compost 堆肥
carnivorous 食肉的
foundress 雌性创始者
inadvertently 无意地，不经意地
pollinate 对....授粉
fermentation 发酵
fertile 富饶的，能生育的
drones 雄峰
lifespan 生命周期
woodpile 柴堆
citrus grove 柑桔园
作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-7-26 11:59
听力好像木有看到哦
作者: shuzijun 时间: 2020-7-26 16:08
day 6 打卡
作者: ling0602 时间: 2020-7-26 23:01
day 6
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