ChaseDream

标题: 【揽瓜阁3.0】Day3 2020.07.22【自然科学-动物】【自然科学-宇宙】 [打印本页]

作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-7-21 22:22
标题: 【揽瓜阁3.0】Day3 2020.07.22【自然科学-动物】【自然科学-宇宙】

揽瓜阁俱乐部第三期

Day3 2020.07.22

【自然科学-动物】

Dolphins can learn from peers how to use shells as tools

（464字精读必做篇）

For some bottlenose dolphins, finding a meal may be about who you know.

Dolphins often learn how to hunt from their mothers. But when it comes to at least one foraging trick, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Western Australia's Shark Bay pick up the behavior from their peers, researchers argue in a report published online June 25 in Current Biology.

While previous studies have suggested that dolphins learn from peers, this study is the first to quantify the importance of social networks over other factors, says Sonja Wild, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Konstanz in Germany.

Cetaceans — dolphins, whales and porpoises — are known for using clever strategies to round up meals. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off Alaska sometimes use their fins and circular bubble nets to catch fish. At Shark Bay, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) use sea sponges to protect their beaks while rooting for food on the seafloor, a strategy the animals learn from their mothers.

These Shark Bay dolphins also use a more unusual tool-based foraging method called shelling. A dolphin will trap underwater prey in a large sea snail shell, poke its beak into the shell's opening, lift the shell above the water's surface and shake the contents into its mouth.

“It is pretty mind-blowing,” says Wild, who studied these dolphins as a graduate student at the University of Leeds in England. This brief behavior appears to be rare: From 2007 to 2018, Wild and colleagues documented 42 shelling events by 19 individual dolphins out of 5,278 dolphin group encounters in the western gulf of Shark Bay.

The researchers analyzed the behavior of 310 dolphins, including 15 shellers, that had been seen at least 11 times. The dolphins' network of social interactions explained shelling's spread better than other factors, including genetic relatedness and the amount of environmental overlap between dolphins. Wild likens the proliferation of this behavior to the spread of a virus. “Just by spending time with each other, [dolphins] are more likely to transmit those behaviors,” she says. The researchers estimate that 57 percent of the dolphins that shell learned the skill via social transmission, rather than on their own.

But the researchers may be premature in dismissing environmental and maternal factors, says Janet Mann, a biologist at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., who also studies dolphin behavior at Shark Bay. The environment affects where shelling can occur. “Those shells are found in particular habitats, and animals who overlap in those habitats would have access to those shells, but also bump into each other more often,” she says. A dolphin's shelling behavior could also have been influenced during the tens of thousands of hours the animal spent as a youngster watching its mother.

“Dolphins are smart: They watch each other and see what others do,” she says.

Source: Science News

【自然科学-宇宙】

NASA-SpaceX, Next Chapter in U.S. Space Exploration

（375字 2分39秒精听必做篇）

先做精听再核对原文哦~

[attach]251561[/attach]

The first crewed orbital launch from the United States in nearly nine years took place on May 30, 2020. The SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft with two NASA astronauts on board, Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley, successfully docked on the International Space Station 19 hours after lift-off.

Speaking after the historic launch, President Donald Trump hailed the “groundbreaking partnership between NASA and SpaceX.” This public-private partnership he said, has “given our nation a gift of an unmatched power: a state-of-the-art spaceship to put our astronauts into orbit at a fraction of the cost of the Space Shuttle.”

This launch marks an exciting turning point for American space exploration. NASA, said President Trump, “will now . . . embark on the most difficult, most daring most audacious missions of humankind:”

“Through NASA’s Artemis program, the United States is preparing for a crewed mission to Mars . . . .The Orion capsules being worked on in this building as part of the Artemis Moon-to-Mars program, those capsules will soon return Americans to lunar orbit for the first time in over 50 years.By 2024, our astronauts will return to the lunar surface to establish a permanent presence and the launching pad to Mars.”

Space travel is not a feat of engineering alone, stressed President Trump. “It’s also a moral endeavor -- a measure of a nation’s vision, its willpower, its place in the world:”

“Exploration is a test of our values and of our faith. America is a nation defined by its commitment to discovery -- to solve mysteries, to chart the unknown, to press the limits, to achieve the fullest expression of life’s potential, and to ensure that America is the nation that always leads the way, especially in space.”

The United States is venturing out to explore the new, magnificent frontier called space, declared President Trump. “As our brave American astronauts shake the Earth and blaze a trail of fire and steel into the heavens, we proclaim for all to hear that we have not yet tested the full strength of the American character, and the world has not yet seen the full glory of the American spirit. For our country, for our children, and for humanity’s march into the stars, the best is yet to come.”

Source: VOA

【笔记格式要求】

精读笔记格式要求：

1.总结文章中心大意

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

4.总结文章中的生词

5.记录阅读时间、总结时间、总时间

精听笔记格式要求：

1.逐句听写整篇文章

2.对照原文修改听写稿，标记出错原因

3.总结文章中心大意

4.总结精听过程中的生词

5.记录听写时间、总结时间、总时间

这里也给大家两点学习小建议哦~

精读：如遇到读不懂的复杂句，建议找出句子主干，分析句子成分，也可以尝试翻译句子来帮助理解~

精听：建议每句不要反复纠结听，如果听 5 遍都没听出来，那就跳过，等完成后再回听总结原因，时间宝贵，不要过于执着哦~

作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-7-21 22:23

揽瓜阁俱乐部，自「language」一词谐音而来，是一个为帮助大家提升英语语言能力而建立的学习小团队。在这里，我们将定时发布涵盖各类话题的外刊语料，供大家练习听、读。同时还设置了严格的打卡机制，督促大家克服懒惰坚持学习。

同时我们也招募volunteer协助维护团队，确保学习活动顺利开展~大家一起营造积极向上的学习氛围~

想要提升英语能力的小伙伴，快快添加微信（theTOEFL）报名加入吧，大家一起观尽天下新鲜事，览遍四海热议瓜～

作者: Garfieldsu 时间: 2020-7-21 23:44
day 3 打卡

作者: shuzijun 时间: 2020-7-22 06:26
DAY 3 打卡，听力真给我搞傻了

作者: Dannibiubiubiu 时间: 2020-7-22 09:01
day3

作者: lucin 时间: 2020-7-22 10:29
Day3

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-7-22 11:50
阅读笔记

中心大意

海豚能利用策略和工具进行捕食。而科研人员最近的研究表明，海豚们不仅从母亲那里学习捕食技巧，还能通过其社交网络，从同伴那里习得这些捕食策略与工具使用的技巧。

总论点与分论点

开头-总论点（第1-3段）科研人员发现，海豚可以从同伴那里学到捕食策略与捕食工具使用技巧。
第一部分-分论点1（第4-5段）介绍了海豚本来就是以使用策略来捕食和利用工具来捕食而闻名
第二部分-分论点2（第7-9段）通过对海豚的细致观察，对详细的数据进行统计分析后，科研人员发现，海豚能通过其社交网络，从同伴那里习得这些捕食策略与工具使用的技巧。

句子摘录

But when it comes to at least one foraging trick, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Western Australia's Shark Bay pick up the behavior from their peers, researchers argue in a report published online June 25 in Current Biology.

At Shark Bay, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) use sea sponges to protect their beaks while rooting for food on the seafloor, a strategy the animals learn from their mothers.

The dolphins' network of social interactions explained shelling's spread better than other factors, including genetic relatedness and the amount of environmental overlap between dolphins.

生词摘抄

forage v.觅食
beak n.喙
proliferation n.扩散，增殖
maternal a.母体的，母系的

作业用时
阅读用时 6分钟总结用时20分钟总计 26分钟
听力笔记
[attach]251766[/attach][attach]251767[/attach][attach]251768[/attach]

文章大意

今年5月，NASA与民营机构合作，发射了载入航天飞船。在接下来的计划中，NASA将继续与民营机构合作，向火星发射飞船，并在准备向月球运送航天员，以建立永久基地。

生词摘抄

fraction n.小部分
capsules n.胶囊;太空舱
endeavor n.努力
chart v.绘制，标注，记录
magnificent a.高尚的，宏伟的
frontier n.边疆，前沿
proclaim v.宣告，赞扬

作业用时
听写用时 21分钟总结用时23分钟总计 44分钟

作者: LostSanta 时间: 2020-7-22 13:07
Language Club Day 3

作者: ppxstar 时间: 2020-7-22 14:40
Day3打卡

作者: Carlisler 时间: 2020-7-22 18:29
Day 3 打卡
[attach]251781[/attach][attach]251784[/attach][attach]251783[/attach][attach]251782[/attach]

作者: xxnmm 时间: 2020-7-22 19:11
DAY3

作者: YLEmily 时间: 2020-7-22 19:15
DAY 3

作者: Dovis 时间: 2020-7-22 20:23

揽瓜阁 Day2

Dovis 2020 7 22

精读 Dolphins can learn from peers how to use shells as tools

一文章大意

海豚能够使用策略和工具进行捕猎。有项研究发现，海豚的捕猎技巧不仅仅受环境和母体因素影响，也可以通过社交关系的小伙伴中习得。

二段落总结

根据一项研究发现，部分海豚的捕猎方式习得于它们的同伴。
该项研究首次量化了社交关系对于它们捕猎重要性的影响程度。
鲸类-鲸鱼和海豚-本就以巧妙的策略围捕猎物而闻名。
鲨鱼湾海豚还使用一种基于工具的脱壳觅食方法。
脱壳的这种觅食行为在生物中是罕见的。
研究人员研究估计，海豚中有57％是通过社交传播而不是靠自身传播来习得脱壳技能的。
海豚的脱壳行为也不排除是受环境和母体因素影响。

三生词摘录

Forage 觅(食); (尤指用手)搜寻(东西）

Cetacean 鲸目动物的; 鲸类的

gulf 海湾; 波斯湾; 分歧; 鸿沟; 隔

mind-blowing 非常令人兴奋的; 给人印象极深的; 非常令人吃惊的

proliferation 激增; 涌现; 增殖; 大量的事物

四句子摘抄

A dolphin will trap underwater prey in a large sea snail shell, poke its beak into the shell's opening, lift the shell above the water's surface and shake the contents into its mouth.

五用时记录

通读 4min 总结 20min 共计 25min

作者: Amaranth- 时间: 2020-7-22 20:38
Day3

作者: chealsea 时间: 2020-7-22 20:48
Day 3打卡

作者: KLYnn 时间: 2020-7-22 21:05
day3 打卡

作者: N0ire 时间: 2020-7-22 21:26
Day 3打卡

作者: 殺G成功 时间: 2020-7-22 21:28
DAY3打卡

作者: micahlan 时间: 2020-7-22 21:56
Day3打卡

[attach]251802[/attach]

作者: 啊哒 时间: 2020-7-22 22:02
打卡

作者: Lingli_Here 时间: 2020-7-22 22:02
DAY 2:

精读笔记格式要求：

1. The dolphins learn the behavior from social interaction

2.
2-1. Researchers find that IP dolphins learn the behavior from the peers
2-2. Cetaceans are known for using clever strategies to round up meals
2-3. The SB dolphins impressed people by shelling which is also a rare behavior
2-4. The researcher find out the reasons behind the shelling's spread is their network.

3&4:
pick up the behavior 学会这个行为
quantify the importance of social networks over other factors 量化这个社交活动比其他因素的重要性
Cetaceans 琼类动物
porpoises。鼠豚
sponges 海绵
foraging method 饲料方式
A dolphin will trap underwater prey in a large sea snail shell, poke its beak into the shell's opening, lift the shell above the water's surface and shake the contents into its mouth.
mind-blowing 印象深刻
genetic relatedness 基因相关
Wild likens（比作） the proliferation （激增）of this behavior to the spread of a virus
via social transmission 通过社交传达
premature in dismissing environmental and maternal factors 过早的不考虑环境以及母亲的因素

5:
8:00/ 20min/ 28min

精听笔记格式要求：

2&4
Docked on 搭靠上
lift-off 发射
hailed 为。。。欢呼
groundbreaking partnership破土的合作
put our astronauts into orbit at a fraction of the cost of the Space Shuttle 太空舱
embark 发起 on the most difficult, most daring most audacious 大胆的 missions of humankind
lunar orbit 月球旋转
our astronauts will return to the lunar surface to establish a permanent presence and the launching pad to Mars
moral endeavor 道德追求
Exploration is a test of our values and of our faith. America is a nation defined by its commitment to discovery -- to solve mysteries, to chart 图解 the unknown, to press the limits, to achieve the fullest充满的 expression of life’s potential, and to ensure that America is the nation that always leads the way, especially in space.

3. The partner between the NASA and Space X has send out 2 astronauts. By 2024, they will return to the lunar surface. Trump gave a exciting speech to show American's confidence and greatness.

5.
3min/ 20min/ 23min

作者: ChloeSolo 时间: 2020-7-22 22:06
Day 3

作者: wanglu1994143 时间: 2020-7-22 22:25
打卡

作者: ling0602 时间: 2020-7-22 22:54
day 3

作者: rebeccaaaaaa 时间: 2020-7-22 22:54
DAY3

作者: cgvmc 时间: 2020-7-22 22:57
DAY3

作者: はな 时间: 2020-7-22 23:39
day3

作者: cynwis 时间: 2020-7-22 23:42
Day 3

作者: ste蔡 时间: 2020-7-22 23:43

妥妥发表于 2020-7-21 22:23
揽瓜阁俱乐部，自「language」一词谐音而来，是一个为帮助大家提升英语语言能力而建立的学习小团队。在这里 ...

day3

作者: davidylxu 时间: 2020-7-23 01:07
先上传阅读，day3 thx

作者: 木辛青 时间: 2020-7-23 09:54
打卡

作者: 猫小痕77 时间: 2020-7-23 23:05
day3

欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/)