标题: RON-CS笔记自用4-base on ,due to, including, appositive modifier [打印本页] 作者: shanshancai 时间: 2020-7-16 16:16 标题: RON-CS笔记自用4-base on ,due to, including, appositive modifier 1/*based on ---, subj+verb(based on modify subj)*subj+verb+obj based on (based on modify obj)
*noun is based on( based on modify noun)
2/due to
the rule is the same as "based on".
*i have to stay up all night due to the presentation that i must finish
two ways eo process "due to"
1)same as based on
2) due to = caused by (be able to make the substitution)
* the observation deck at the top of the tower was closed due to the construction(no noun next to due to; substituition: the deck was closed caused by construction)
*due to the traffic jam, i was two hours late
due to v.s. because of
1)due to modify a noun
*i saw a traffic jam due to an overturn trunk(due to modify traffic jam)
2)becasude of modifies an entire clause
*i was late to the meetig because of the traffic( because of the traffic modifies i was late to the meeting)
3/ including
how comma+including is used:
*it modifies the preceding noun( look like comma+ing , but comma+ing modifies the whole clause)
*it should give a list of some, but not all of that noun
e.g. the gym teacher asked us to do three body-weight exercise, including sit-ups.push-ups, and chin-ups
4/ appositive modifier( comma+noun+modifier )可同时修饰noun/ a whole clause
i went to the bar with Mr. smith, a consultant from Fresno
i went to the bar with Mr.Smith, an outing that was far more fun than staying at home
* if the appostive is concrete(sth you can touch or smell..), it must modify the precede noun.
* if the appositive is abstract, it can modify the whole idea of the preceding clause); but the preceding noun is alse an abstraction, then these can also modify the preceding noun
on sunday our company will hold its annual field day, an outing....