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标题: 【揽瓜阁2.0】Day13 2020.06.27【社会科学-教育】【社会科学-科技】 [打印本页]

作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-6-26 20:29
标题: 【揽瓜阁2.0】Day13 2020.06.27【社会科学-教育】【社会科学-科技】

揽瓜阁俱乐部第二期

Day13 2020.06.27

【社会科学-教育】

Could a fifth of America’s colleges really face the chop?

（806字精读必做篇）

Martyna Malecka, a criminology student at Stonehill College, can’t wait for classes to restart in August. Her campus in Easton, Massachusetts, “feels like a village”: its elegant red-brick buildings sprawl over 384 bucolic acres. She judges time spent there less of a coronavirus risk than staying at home in Chicago.

Universities everywhere have made valiant efforts to function remotely. A few, such as California State University, say they will continue teaching only online next year. Ms Malecka doubts that distance study works. She gets top marks, but laughingly admits she has “no idea” what she has learned after being at home since March. It is too easy to ignore lecturers who appear by video, she says, and some hardly set assignments. Like other students, families and faculty, she craves in-person learning.

Whether or not universities get back quickly to that, many are likely to suffer. Stonehill is private and Catholic, with 2,500 students and a $200m endowment. It looks in good shape, but many similar liberal-arts colleges, especially in the north-east and Midwest, are not. Their problems are long-standing. Nathan Grawe of Carleton College in Minnesota, who researches demography and higher education, says the core difficulty is the slipping fertility rate. Overall enrolment has drifted down over the past few years.

This squeezes smaller colleges hardest. A study by Parthenon-ey, an education consultancy, of over 2,000 colleges suggested 800 are so small or inefficient that they may go bust. Around one-fifth run budget deficits. Others pile up debts, fail to build sufficient endowments or sustain student numbers only by agreeing to painfully big discounts on fees. Mr Grawe points out that eight colleges were already closing each year before the pandemic.

Those that fail are usually small, among the 40% of higher-education institutions with fewer than 1,000 students. In the past decade these have seen enrolments slip faster than medium-sized ones. (The biggest typically still thrive.) Of the 72 colleges Parthenon found had shut since 2007, almost every one was small. They are vulnerable because they depend most on revenue from students; others find ways to hire out campuses for conferences, raise research funds, earn bequests and the like.

Robert Zemsky of the University of Pennsylvania, who co-wrote a recent book on the growing woes of universities, expects a “collapse, lots of closures” of smaller colleges, notably in the wider Midwest. He blames both demography and teaching methods that do not suit some students, noting how, at many universities, more than a quarter of freshmen quit in their first year. Curriculums, he says, are outdated, faculty are out of touch and four-year degrees should be cut to three to save costs and force a rethink of higher education.

Among the most vulnerable colleges are those that cater mostly to non-white students. “African-Americans are more than two times as likely to attend an institution at risk, compared with whites and Hispanics,” he says. Crystal Nix-Hines, a lawyer in Los Angeles who specialises in the education sector, also expects an “enormous winnowing” of historically black colleges.

Consolidation of higher education is overdue. Students increasingly prefer bigger and more urban institutions, so some smaller, rural ones will go. How many? Just before the pandemic, Mr Zemsky and his co-authors suggested that 10% of colleges would eventually close. He now expects 20% to shut or merge with others.

The pandemic further dims their prospects in several ways. Take universities’ efforts to recruit foreign students, who typically pay full fees. For each of the past three years, enrolments of foreign undergraduates have slid. A drop in Chinese students explains much of that. Travel bans and concern that America has bungled the coronavirus will only put off more.

The economic slump means some poorer families will not send youngsters to study. Others will delay. Funding from states for public universities is certain to fall. A report by Pew Charitable Trusts published on May 18th points out that states cut funds for higher education by 29% per student between 2008 and 2012. This time the slump is likely to be worse. Already Nevada and Ohio say they have plans to cut. The University of Michigan has talked of losing out on $1bn. Federal spending will rise ($14bn in emergency help went to universities and students under the Cares Act), but is unlikely to make up all the shortfall.

Finally, many universities face possibly costly legal trouble. Ms Nix-Hines counted 134 lawsuits, mostly class-action ones, levied against the “whole gamut” of private and public colleges by late May, mostly as students sought the return of tuition fees, saying they received a substandard service online. Some colleges might now seek a “liability shield” to protect against future prosecutions before they reopen. For universities, it all adds up to “their greatest challenge in history”, she says. That may sound alarmist, but it is probably true.

Source: The Economist

【社会科学-科技】

Donut Sugar Could Help Stored Blood Last

（432字 2分56秒精听必做篇）

先做精听再核对原文哦~

[attach]251029[/attach]

Blood donations save lives. But blood can only be stored under refrigeration for up to six weeks. After that, it’s no longer usable for transfusions.

“Because of that limitation, people have to continually donate blood to meet the needs. But also, in places where refrigeration may not be available, that can also be a challenge. It’s difficult to have blood available when needed.”

University of Louisville bioengineer Jonathan Kopechek. He says disruptions to regular blood donations due to COVID-19 have put stress on the blood supply, and the pandemic underscores the need for more reliable long-term storage methods. Blood can be frozen for extended periods of time ...

“But it’s pretty rare because of all the challenges and complexities with that process.”

Instead Kopechek’s team has developed a method of preserving blood so it can be stored in a dehydrated state at room temperature. To do so, they turned to an unusual preservative: a sugar called trehalose, which is a common ingredient in donuts ...

“To help make them look fresh even when they might be months old, and you wouldn’t know the difference.”

The researchers chose trehalose because, in nature, it’s made by hardy animals like tardigrades and sea monkeys—aka brine shrimp—famous for their ability to survive dehydration.

“So these animals can dry out completely for a long period of time and then be rehydrated and resume normal function. So we wanted to use the trehalose that’s produced by these organisms and apply that to preserving blood cells in a dried state, just like those organisms are.”

But first, the researchers had to get trehalose into blood cells. They used ultrasound to drill temporary holes in the cell membranes—which let some trehalose get in.

“And they need to have sufficient levels of trehalose on both the inside and the outside of the cell in order to survive the dehydration and rehydration process.”

At that point, the blood could be dried and made into a powder.

“And then we can rehydrate the blood and have it return back to normal.”

The team is still trying to improve yields but thinks the dried blood could be stored at room temperature for years. The study is in the journal Biomicrofluidics.

Kopechek says the technique could be ready for clinical trials in three to five years. If successful, it could be used to create stores of dried blood in case of future pandemics or natural disasters—and for humanitarian aid work, military operations or even missions to Mars. Maybe first aid kits on the Red Planet will include dried red blood cells.

Source: Scientific American

【笔记格式要求】

精读笔记格式要求：

1.总结文章中心大意

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

4.总结文章中的生词

5.记录阅读时间、总结时间、总时间

精听笔记格式要求：

1.逐句听写整篇文章

2.对照原文修改听写稿，标记出错原因

3.总结文章中心大意

4.总结精听过程中的生词

5.记录听写时间、总结时间、总时间

这里也给大家两点学习小建议哦~

精读：如遇到读不懂的复杂句，建议找出句子主干，分析句子成分，也可以尝试翻译句子来帮助理解~

精听：建议每句不要反复纠结听，如果听 5 遍都没听出来，那就跳过，等完成后再回听总结原因，时间宝贵，不要过于执着哦~

作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-6-26 20:29

揽瓜阁俱乐部，自「language」一词谐音而来，是一个为帮助大家提升英语语言能力而建立的学习小团队。在这里，我们将定时发布涵盖各类话题的外刊语料，供大家练习精听、精读。同时还设置了严格的打卡机制，督促大家克服懒惰坚持学习。

同时我们也招募volunteer协助维护团队，确保学习活动顺利开展~大家一起营造积极向上的学习氛围~

想要提升英语能力的小伙伴，快快添加微信（theTOEFL）报名加入吧，让妥妥带你观尽天下新鲜事，览遍四海热议瓜～

如果你想加入，可以直接在本帖下完成你的学习笔记！如果想进入学习群聊，请直接联系妥妥。

作者: MJ-MJ 时间: 2020-6-26 23:45
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作者: Garfieldsu 时间: 2020-6-27 01:12
day 13 打卡

作者: SereneG76 时间: 2020-6-27 11:50
阅读 40min
听力快一个小时了
听力拼错词 dehydration continually usable pandemic

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Day13

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Day13打卡

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Day 13

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DAY 13

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DAY 13

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DAY 13

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-6-27 20:31
阅读笔记

文章大意：近年来，随着美国生育率的下降，很多大学，尤其是小型大学正在面临招生困境和财务压力。而最近发生的疫情，更是加重了这方面的困境。

第一段：马萨诸塞的大学生MM期待尽快复课，她认为疫情期间，地处乡间的校园里其实比在芝加哥家里更安全。

第二段：各地的大学都致力于开展远程运作。但即使获得了高分的学生，也在怀疑远程教学的有效性。

第三段：很多大学的入学工作，目前都被疫情所困扰。但大学的整体入学率下降，却另有原因，那就是生育率的下降。

第四段：收到生育率下降影响最大的，是小型大学。预计有800所大学可能会破产。

第五段：哪些困境中的学校规模都很小，在过去的十年中，他们的入学率下降速度比中型学校快得多，因为它们的收入主要来自学生，一旦入学率下降，其财政就面临巨大困境。

第六段：很多脆弱的大学，往往是招收非白人学生的大学，尤其是招收非洲裔学生为主的大学。

第七段：学生也喜欢规划更大的教育机构，小型学校一直在失去它们的市场。

第八段：疫情加剧了小型学校的财政困境。大学试图招收更多的外国学生来缓解预算压力，但最暂存的旅行禁令使得招收留学生变得异常困难。

第九段：经济不景气，也会迫使很多贫困家庭不再送孩子上学读书。同时，政府对公立大学的投入也在下降。

第十段：许多大学目前还面临着法律上的麻烦。很多学生开展了集体诉讼，要求退还学费。现在，各所大学正在面临着可能是有史以来最大的挑战。

句子摘抄：

Whether or not universities get back quickly to that, many are likely to suffer.

Students increasingly prefer bigger and more urban institutions, so some smaller, rural ones will go.

The economic slump means some poorer families will not send youngsters to study.

单词摘抄：

consolidation n.合并；巩固

valiant a.英勇的, 勇敢的

endowment n.捐赠

阅读时间 10分钟总结时间 30分钟共计 40分钟

听力笔记

[attach]251155[/attach][attach]251156[/attach][attach]251157[/attach][attach]251158[/attach]

文章大意：

收到疫情影响，无偿献血的保存收到很大的影响。科研人员正在顺着“脱水”的思路，来开发新的血液保存方法，一旦成功，将为血液保存带来巨大的变革。

生词摘抄：

transfusions n.倾注，灌输

ingredient n.成分；原料

trehalose n.海藻糖

rehydration n.再水合

rehydrate v.再水化

听写时间 29分钟总结时间30分钟共计 59分钟

作者: N0ire 时间: 2020-6-27 21:00
D13

作者: KLYnn 时间: 2020-6-27 21:23
打卡～

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干掉他没商量
day 13

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打卡

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D13
精读来不及了，明天补上

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6.27

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DAY13

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DAY 13

作者: Dovis 时间: 2020-6-27 21:52
听力部分

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Day13

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Day13

作者: はな 时间: 2020-6-27 21:56
打卡DAY13

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llzzzzzy 打卡day13

作者: wanglu1994143 时间: 2020-6-27 21:58
打卡

作者: ppxstar 时间: 2020-6-27 22:30
打卡～

作者: Dovis 时间: 2020-6-27 22:33

揽瓜阁 Day 13

Dovis 2020 6 27

精读

一文章大意

由于美国生育率的下降，很多大学面临招生压力和财务赤字，其中以小型大学为甚。由于新冠病毒的影响，该问题进一步恶化。

二段落总结

某高校学生盼望尽快复课，认为疫情期间偏远的校园比芝加哥更安全。
各校都努力设置网课进行在校教学，但学生认为学习效果有限。
高校的入学和授课都受到了疫情的巨大冲击，但大学整体入学率下降还因为生育率的降低。
小型大学受到的影响最大，很多大学规模很小或效率低下以至于可能破产。
陷入困境的通常是生源很小的高等教育机构，他们的收入主要依赖于学生。
宾大教授指出，这些机构的困境主要是课程过时，教师脱节，教学方法不适合学生，因此生源减少以致倒闭。
其中最脆弱的大学是那些主要迎合非白人学生的大学。
学生越来越喜欢规模更大更城市化的高校，因此小型机构就更加没有市场。
疫情使得这些学校的前景更加暗淡，之前采取招录外国留学生来缓解财务压力，如今病毒的扩散使得留学生减少，情况恶化。
经济不景气意味着一些贫穷的家庭不会派年轻人去读书，国家对公立大学的资助减少，公立大学的财政缺口上升。
许多大学还面临着法律诉讼，一些学生要求退还学费，称他们在网上获得了不合格的服务。以上种种因素加起来，可能是大学在他们历史上最大的挑战了。

三生词摘录

criminology 犯罪学

bucolic 乡村的; 乡村生活的; 田园的

sprawl 伸开四肢坐(或躺); 蔓延; 杂乱无序地拓展

valiant 英勇的; 勇敢的; 果敢的; 坚定的

endowment 捐款; 捐赠; 资助; 天赋; 天资; 才能

bequests 遗产; 遗赠

winnow 簸，扬，风选(以去掉谷壳) 筛选

bungle 笨拙地做; 失败

slump (价格、价值、数量等) 骤降，猛跌，锐减;

gamut 全部; 全范围

Levy 征收; 征(税)

prosecutions (被) 起诉，检举; 诉讼; 原告，控方(包括原告和原告律师等); 实施; 从事; 进行

四句子摘抄

Travel bans and concern that America has bungled the coronavirus will only put off more.

五用时记录

通读5min 总结25.8min 共计33min

听力

文章大意

由于COVID-19造成的定期献血中断，给血液供应造成了压力，强调了对更可靠的长期储存方法的需求。科研团队开发了一种保存血液的方法，以便可以在室温下以脱水状态保存血液，一旦成功，将对多个领域做出重要贡献。

生词摘录

underscore 在…下面划线; 强调; 着重说明

dehydration 脱水

rehydration 再水化; 复水; 水化; 水合作用; 补液

trehalose 海藻醣; 海藻糖萃取精华

用时记录

听写22min 总结11min 共计35min

作者: ANDREWORTH 时间: 2020-6-28 01:11
d13打卡

作者: Carlisler 时间: 2020-7-5 19:29
Day 13
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