ChaseDream

标题: 龙驾马的托福备考日记 Long Gamma [打印本页]

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-6 23:35
标题: 龙驾马的托福备考日记 Long Gamma
2020新年都快过一周了，赶紧立一个flag
其实前年就准备考试了，找了各种借口，拖了两年……

虽然英语荒废数年，自学屡屡放弃，但发现了这里是个可以记录学习过程的好地方，更有机会向各位大牛学习，还接受免费监督，嗯，那就开始把。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-6 23:37
Day 1

1月6日

听说TPO30以前的题目都太旧了，就找了份TPO35来做。还只是做了阅读和听力

不出意料，被打击了。阅读来不及做完，只对了6成的题目。听力有一多半内容都听不懂，对了不到5成。

TPO 35
阅读部分

总结题全错

一方面不适应这种题型，但应该更是阅读基本功不扎实，一些关键内容没读懂。

另外，阅读习惯好像有问题，容易关注细节，不去归纳总结。

细节题（好像还分事实题指代题）错7个

其实还是对文章信息没读懂，而且一些选项也没能看懂。阅读速度有待提高。

单词题错3个

这个，要靠背单词吧，不知道错3个对新手来说算不算多。

听力部分

校园生活题

大致上能听出来在说什么，做题靠猜居然还能猜对。

学术讲座

只有一篇大概听懂了说什么，但做题也基本靠猜。速度又特别快，感觉比电影台词还快。托福最难科目果然名不虚传。

初步感觉：

想采用做一套题，分析，吃透，再做一套题目的方式。

发现做这个阅读听力花了两小时不到，核对分析就用了3倍以上的时间。

估计还是不熟悉题目，不熟悉考试。下次换套简单些的试试。

对策：

1 阅读方面，收集文章里的长难句，反复读。

2 听力方面，多做精听，没听懂的句子反复听，可以尝试跟读。

3 听力方面，加入科学美国人sss的练习

总体上，花 2-3 成时间做题， 7-8成时间复习总结，然后吃透原文，无论是阅读还是听力。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-7 18:06
学习计划（1月初制定的第一版）

宏观部分：

1月-2月完成25套TPO的阅读和听力（每天一套阅读或听力）

具体步骤：

1 刷题

2 错题分析归纳（要收集不熟悉的单词，词组，包括听力的）

3 精读 & 精听

待定：3-4月开始练习写作和口语

形式：待定

每日练习：

1墨墨背单词 200词词汇书为《词以类记》

2 泛听科学美国人

泛听至少一篇科学美国人
而且写出听力内容的大意

其他：

看OG，看CD上的学习经验贴

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-8 10:04
Day 2

1月7日

新做了TPO阅读

这次基本上能在规定时间内做完，正确率比上一次高些 21/30

总结题错2个

威尼斯那篇作对了，但花了比较多的时间去细读选项。但火星和植物进化那篇，总结题还是错了。

句子插入题。错2个

表面看是感觉不对，但实际上是对文章的逻辑理解不清晰。

单词题错2个

背词吧

细节题（事实题？）错3个

这几篇文章不是太难但在看选项时轻视了

长难句（感觉这份TPO的句子不是特别难，只是偏长）

These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which supports the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.

需要复习的词汇

evolutionary
photosynthetic
desolate
inhospital
chlorophyll
cellulose
presumably
intermediary
elict
scarcity
ejecta
debris
erosion
bulge
enormous

总结：

1 阅读题需要把握一定的节奏，不同的题目花费的时间不一样。
2 TPO30以前的题目感觉的确简单一些。至少这次没有遇到很多结构特别复杂的长难句。
3 对于总结题，细致，耐心去做，其实不用怕。
4 阅读不止考文章，选项还是要仔细看。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-8 16:39
Day 3

1月8日

TPO 25 听力

校园对话

申请毕业错1题

论文讨论错2题
这两篇相对来说比较简单，基本内容都可以听懂。但到了做题，才发现听的时候对内容的细节没有把握清楚。

另外，这种对话题材，似乎是围绕着学生遇到的问题展开的。学生的问题，老师的建议，几乎都是考点。

学术讲座

音乐史错3题

象形文字错2题

辅助迁徙错2题

动物行为错3题

音乐史和象形文字破译正好是比较熟悉的题材，听的时候比较轻松，但做题效果也一般。两篇生物题材不太熟悉，听得时候比较吃力。
有一类为什么老师提出xxx的考题，很容易错。仔细分析以后，发现还是自己想的有些多。一般选一个比较简单的，单层次的选项就容易做对。

今日总结：

1 TPO25的听力语速果然比TPO35慢2 熟悉相关背景知识还是能占些便宜的，至少不会出现因为不熟悉题材而导致的恐慌感觉。
2 开始时能不能听懂内容的主题，感觉非常重要。如果不能马上听懂，会消耗相当大的脑力去猜测本篇章在讲什么，致使后续内容也不容易听懂。单向流走的信息，是听力比阅读难的很重要原因。对策应该还是要精练。
3 简单的单词或许能听懂，但组合在一起，表示一些特定概念的时候可能会反应不过来。（比如动物行为里的 behavioral vocabulary，行为语言库）

需复习的词汇

eoversight
inveternal
pulps
pouncing
hadicapping
submissive
posture
reversal

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-8 22:54
Day4

1月9日

TPO 30 阅读

动物玩耍行为错5对9

进化速度错3对10

机械钟的发明错4题10

词汇题错4题细节题/事实题错4题总结题错2题插入题错2题

这几篇文章没有明显的难句，但在做题时，多次发生句子中关键成分的指代关系弄错，导致细节题做错。总结题的错误，还是在于对信息的归纳出现错误，自己的思考方向似乎容易出现偏差。插入题出错，也是文章逻辑没有吃透。应该是读了字面的意思，而没有建立起逻辑结构。

今日总结：

1 阅读不能只看句子字面意思，还需要把握起内容的逻辑结构。
2 句子里指代的具体内容，容易出现偏差，还是阅读基本功不扎实。有必要练习长难句。
3 词汇题错的有点多，背吧。

需复习的长句

The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil record --- one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually been ignored.

需复习的词汇

predator
synaptic
predation
innumerable
equilibrium
gradualism
interval
enlivened
rudimentary
prone
consciousness

作者: 我是大懒龙呀 时间: 2020-1-9 09:15

龙驾马发表于 2020-01-08 22:54:18

顶帖！

作者: KLYnn 时间: 2020-1-9 11:09
支持楼主！加油！

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-10 16:00
Day5

1月10日

TPO 36 听力

氦三资源错2对4

玛雅遗迹错5对9

房屋设计错3对3

动物行为错3对3

校园广播节目申请错1对5
学生改课题错1对5

房屋设计的主旨题，校园广播节目的话题，都出现了错误。分析了一下，是自己想的比较多，对信息过渡展开导致的。
但这一次关于选题的师生对话比较特别，选项里的没有出现太多直接的原文信息，需要总一定程度的归纳。但这也和推导有一定微妙的区别。

今日总结：

1 听力题目，大都不要自己想太多
2 教授的语气可以表达他的态度
3 对话题目里，学生遇到的问题，老师给的建议，几乎就是考点。
4 讲座题目了，老师的举例，师生讨论的细节，都是考点。

需复习的词汇

helium
isotope
quantityranch
suburb

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-11 17:15
Day6

1月11日

TPO 28 阅读

地下水错4对10

撒哈拉生态错2对12

鹿错3对11

词汇题错2题细节题/事实题错5题总结题错1题插入题错1题

这次的成绩比前两天有了提高，尤其是总结题只错了1题，还是比较开心的。但细节题错了有些多，主要是把时间更多给了总结题，细节题在做的时候有些赶，连蒙带猜，效果就不太好。

另外，本次阅读里出现了一些长句，但难度尚可。今天是休息日，还看了杨鹏老师的《GRE GMAT 阅读长难句》一书，对长难句的类型，以及突破的方法，有豁然开朗的感觉。没啥说的，开练吧。

今日总结：

1 总结题需要在阅读时就能注意到文章的主题，结构，和关键信息。
2 托福的长难句相比GRE来说，简单了很多。练习GRE GMAT长难句应该能有效提升句子阅读能力
3 做个的题目，还需要用更多的时间来复习。

需复习的长句

The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached.

The Sahara is a highly diverse, albeit dry, region that has undergone major climatic changes since 10,000 B.C. As recently as 6,000 B.C. the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid plains.

By this time, the Saharan people were probably using domestic crops, experimenting with such summer rainfall crops as sorghum and millet as they move out of areas where they could grow wheat, barley, and other Mediterranean crops.

However, even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as groundwater reservoirs if extensive fracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnected.

Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area

需复习的词汇

aquifer
porosity
permeability
scrape
conspicuous

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-12 15:57
Day7

1月12日

TPO 28 听力

对话

生物论文错1对4
毕业论文错0对6

讲座
镜像错1对5
基础论错3对3
植物错2对4
中亚文明错2对4

哲学这篇其实基本没听懂，但还连蒙带猜对了3题。开头如果听不懂，就不知道在讨论什么，后面的内容会收到很大影响。要一边处理新内容，一边才这个听力到底说的是啥，严重降低答题质量。

复习词汇

philosophicalmethodology
illuisions
champanzee
cognitive
jay
magpy
concentration

一周总结：

1 题目做了4套TPO，听力阅读也就16-19分水平，还需要很大努力才行。

2 阅读基本功薄弱，其中单词马马虎虎，还需背诵。句子的阅读准开始用《GRE GMAT阅读长难句》一书来练习。总结题是自己的弱项，解决方法虽然是弄清全文主体脉络，但本质是要提高阅读速度和质量。

3 听力方面，目前主要是精听，把听不懂的词汇标注出来，一些看得懂，可听到却反应不出来的词组，也要复习。

4 阅读和听力有一些是常见考点，比如校园对话里的学生遇到了神么问题，老师给了什么建议。阅读的话，弄清全文主体结构，对总结题非常有帮助。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-13 16:25
Day 8

1月13日

TPO 24

阅读

湖水流向错2对8
词汇题错1 细节题错1

古人迁徙错3对7

细节题错2 总结题错1

睡眠中的呼吸错6对4

细节题错5 总结题错1

这三篇都有大量的事件描述，比如湖水的流入流出，蒸发过程。古印第安人生活状态的演化过程，以及睡眠时器官如何工作。如果能读懂这些过程，和过程发生时的具体特征，题目就比较容易做。前两篇做的还可以，但到了睡眠呼吸这篇，可能是一些生物学词汇的不熟悉，加之描述的内容比较陌生，实现有限的情况下，只读懂了大概。做题时，各种细节一知半解，错了恨得。而且有趣的是，呼吸这篇其实没什么长难句，但就是没有读懂。

需复习的长难句：

Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater.

Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.

Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will.

Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts.

需复习的单词：
seapage
discharge
exchange
seep
fluctuate
communal
dwelling
traumatic
autonomy
chore
aggregate
diverse
sensible
arable
elevation
respiratory
diaphragm
exclusive
irritation

今日总结：

1 长难句练习可以帮助自己面对复杂的句子时，提升阅读速度和质量。但一些学科的背景知识也很重要。2 当面对大量细节还没搞懂时，可以试试先看题再读文章。
3 词汇往往有两三种不太一样的解释，都需要认真对待。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-14 16:29
Day9

1月14日

TPO 24 听力

对话

地理作业错3对2
书店买书错0对5

讲座
舞蹈错1对5
鳄鱼声波错1对5
远古大象错3对3
金星火山错4对2

回顾：这次的几篇听力，比较极端。听懂的可以全对，比如书店的那个。听不懂的错的厉害，尤其是讲座里的金星，对话里的水循环。

但仔细分析了原文后，这两篇的情况又有不同，水循环那篇，其实没有什么陌生单词，用常用词汇讲了水是如何蒸发，编程积云，然后降雨这一个过程。但就是单词听懂了，句子没听懂。关键是没听懂这个水变化的物理过程。而金星那篇，有一些还不太熟悉的天文学，物理学词汇，而且也描述了比较具体的物理运动过程。就更没听懂了。看来有必要加强科学文章的听力，甚至可能是阅读训练。

复习词汇（词组）：
all of that
all term
vapor
crocodile
alligator
hatchling
reassurance
meteoric
molten
magma
clustered
tectonic
grant
reproduction

今日总结：
1 单词听懂句子没听明白，其实很容易发生，感觉是大脑对抽象的描述比较陌生，如果是熟悉的场景，比如买书就很容易处理。需要多联系科学美国人。
2 动词的时态变化，会引起发音的变化，尤其是加上连读，就可能面目全非了。还是要多听，熟悉这种变化。
3 师生对话的考点似乎比较明显。讲座的考点还不清楚，可以要找些资料研究下。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-15 14:43
Day 10

1月15日

TPO 22

阅读

植物米草错2对8
词汇题错1 推理题错1

摄影的诞生错5对5
作者观点相关错2 词汇题错2 总结题错1

Allende流星错3对7
细节题错1 词汇题错1 总结题错1

这三篇的结果比较两级分化，植物那篇可能读的比较顺，做的结果也不错。流星那篇，面对天文题材可能注意力比较集中，做的比较仔细，结果还好。但到了摄影历史那篇（其实不是太难）但感觉是自己轻视了，更有时间的因素（还是前面太慢了），做题时太赶，错了不少。

需复习的长难句：

When broken open, Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small, distinctive objects, spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix (binding material), which were once constituents of the solar nebula—the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed.

Since practically all the solar system's mass resides in the Sun, this similarity in chemistry means that chondrites have average solar system composition, except for the most volatile elements; they are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled.

The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.

The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.

As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients.

Even with a massive effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the last 100 to 200 years.

Leaving its insect predators behind, the cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily along Washington’s tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment.

Along the east coast Spartina is considered valuable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration; it is also used for coastal restoration projects and the creation of new wetland sites.

需复习的单词：
perennial
cordgrass
tidal
gravel
salinity
cobble
mudflat
estuary
meteorite
lump
volatile
compositional
chondrite
chondrule
sulfide
calotype
daguerreotype
reluctantly

今日总结：1 今天可能是阅读速度上出了问题，两篇读的慢的质量尚可，一篇赶时间的错了很多。在保证质量的前提下，还是需要提升阅读速度，而且要训练不回视。
2 单词方面，今天还是有些做错，但在阅读时发现，很多词汇的变体没有及时看出来，影响了阅读速度。这在词汇整理时要更加注意。
2 复习了一些GRE长难句后，对托福的句子读起来更顺了些。下一步需要抽时间，按照长难句书里的分类，对自己总结的句子也进行分类，然后复习

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-16 12:14
Day11

1月16日

TPO 22 听力

对报道提异议错2对3
音乐论文讨论错0对5

听力内容有些小惊喜，听到了一个从前没见过的场景，对新闻报道的异议。学生去校刊编辑室，找到顾问，对某篇报道提出了异议。然后校刊顾问和她进行了一些讨论并建议她可以找编辑发表她的不同观点。另一个对话里的确遇到了点口音的问题，老师说了extra week，但extra没听出来，她的发音更像是extry。好在做题的时候猜老师会延长dead iine，运气比较好。

古生物灭绝错5对1
国家诞生错1对5
音乐人错1对5
黯淡太阳错2对4

古生物那篇几乎就没听懂在讨论什么问题，只是听到一大堆证据啊，古代大象繁殖啊什么的，结果错的一塔糊涂，连主旨题的错了。其他三篇都基本能听懂在说什么，主旨题都能做对。但还是有些关键细节没听进去，做题的时候出错。

复习单词（词组）
statue
extra week
pebble
ammonia
predict
tribe
chiefdom
spectrum
intensify
hirerachy
fertile
inhabite
astound
fragmentation
stretch from
megafauna
refuge
presumably
conceivable

总结

1 口音，连读等特殊语音现象的确会造成一些内容听不懂，遇到了就要复习。但做题时，万一真没听懂，也可以通过对内容整体把握去猜。
2 科学题材的确是难点，多背相关的单词，多听sss。
3 很多相对冷门的学科名词，比如某种生物的名称，某种特定的科学名词，其实不用太担心，老师都要么会后面做解释（比如古生物里听到冰河时代，先用了专业名词，然后解释说是ice age），或者老师仅仅拿来举例，听到关键词（比如as），就拿它当做xx东西就行。尽量不要慌乱。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-17 14:33
Day 12
1月17日

TPO 21 阅读

自传记忆错4对6
农业起源错2对8
地热能错4对6

记忆那篇做的最糟糕，虽然生词和句子都不是很难，但题材比较陌生，里面的抽象内容读起来很吃力。农业起源和地热能两篇，长句子非常多，这几天看的GRE长难句很有帮助，句子结构清楚了，读起来就不那么吃力了。但地热能错的还是有些多，时间不够用了。还是基本功不够，要继续练。

要复习的长难句

It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity.

The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies.

Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep.

Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir.

Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep.

Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.

A final suggestion is that children must begin to develop a "theory of mind"—an awareness of the concept of mental states (feelings, desires, beliefs, and thoughts), their own and those of others—before they can talk about their own past memories.

需要复习的单词

radioactivity

geothermal

continental

structurally

domesticated

pastoralism

horticulture

amnesia

interactions

intertwined

总结

1 抽象事物的理解能力，需要阅读时耐心锻炼才能提高，着急没用。
2 长难句的关键在于区分句子结构，难点在对确实成分的把握。
3 文章有层级，句子也有结构，掌握好了对解题有帮助。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-18 13:12
Day 13

1月18日

TPO 21 听力

对话

校园问路错0对6
选课错0对5

讲座

软件开发错0对6
地心说错1对5
蛇的进化错1对5
女画家错2对4

这是目前做的最好的一次听力总共只错了4个三篇全对其实还是有好几题是猜的，但运气也比较好。有意思的是，两个对话完全听懂不说，还自己瞎猜会考什么细节，结果自己好像想的太多，一些觉得有重要的细节都没有考。看了猜题的功夫其实还比较差，尽管题目能作对。不知道这一套题目是不是ETS在搞平衡，阅读比较难，听力却很容易。女画家内篇，设计的事情比较杂，的确有不少地方没听懂，靠猜作对了两题，本来以为要错很多。

需要复习的长难句
Of course, today we know that this appearance of backward motion is caused by the fact that Earth as well as other planets all move in their own orbits around the Sun, and the relative movements of the planets with respect to each other can get quite complex.

需要复习的单词

stationary
epicycle
their own orbits
literally
mentality
exaggerat
prestigious
venomous
ancestor
insufferably

1 如果是比较简单的听力音频，遇到了也不用太兴奋，认真去听每一个环节，争取对所有的内容都有正确的印象。
2 猜题应该是个高深的技艺，目前还差得很远。
3 遇到简单的题，不能以为自己水平肯定提高，回头做些难题看看。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-19 11:29
1月19日

TPO23 阅读

城市气候错2对8
荷兰农业错4对6
澳洲古岩画错2对8

这次的三篇文章不是很难，基本上都读懂，做题时也没有出现时间够用的情况。虽然有些长句，但不是太难。其实看了GRE长难句以后，才发现，句子成分中出现省略和倒装的才比较难懂，长句子如果结构工整的话，不难读，关键是要多读以提升处理这些信息的脑容量。荷兰农业那一篇，还是选项没有细看，或者说错看了选项里的关键信息，从而选错。

Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands, and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities.

As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes.

Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent.

The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.

Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,”suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art, in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition tended to much greater regional diversity.

While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important.

skyscraper
friction
turbulence
discern
incomprehensible
figurative
geometric
creation
motif

总结
1 长句要划分结构，顺着结构去理解句子中哪些成分是主干，哪个修饰哪个，哪些部分可能被省略没出现，会对理解句子内容有较大帮助。
2 阅读不仅要给读文章留出时间和精力，题目和选项也一样
3 看清文章的结构，理解全文的关键信息，做主旨题会有帮助。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-20 18:06
Day 15

1月20日

TPO23 听力
学生发布声明错1对4
学生选课错0对5

海豚导航错1对5
屏幕舞蹈错4对2
古代机械错3对3
气候生态错1对5

两个校园对话做的还可以。四个讲座里面，3个讲座大致都能听懂，但古代机械装置那篇涉及一些具体的细节，一边听一边还要琢磨机械装置的原理，外形等，做起来比较吃力。而另一篇屏幕舞蹈，几乎都没听懂说的是什么，尽管没太多生词。直到重听了两遍，才明白讲的是在计算机上进行虚拟编舞的事情。这篇做的很差，对了的两题其实也是猜的。

需复习的长难句：

Well, the current hypothesis is that these microorganisms produce a chemical, dimetho sulfide that interacts with the oxygen in the air, creating conditions that lead to the formation of the low thick clouds we observed.

Then in the editing room, you can digitally manipulate these images, like you might put five or ten or twenty copies of that same dancer meeting himself in the middle of the screen, to make it look like he is dancing with himself.

需复习单词：
consciousness
chronologically
melon
choreography
vibrations
symbolic
eclipses

总结：
1 又是抽象事物和陌生题材，成了难点。需要补一些背景知识。
2 长句子，尤其是从句对听力来说有些挑战，但如果拿出来多听几遍，感觉会容易适应
3 试着听写了两个句子，出现好几个语法错误，语法基础要好好补一下。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-21 14:23
Day 16

1月21日

TPO 20阅读
西南亚定居点错2对8
西迁移民错2对8
化石保护错4对6

两篇历史类的文章，结构很清晰，看起来很舒服。化石那篇，其实结构还好，就是长句比较多，看得有点吃力。然后还是遇到了老问题，时间不够，只好猜了，错的有些多。

需要复习的长难句：

Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relatively unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.

Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves.

Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved.

The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.

The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.

Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy.

The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover.

Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today.

These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys.

Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley.

For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant.

They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.

The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape.

Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.

需要复习的单词：

adoption

drought

vicinity

excavation

elaborate

gazelle

sizable

intercommunity

forage

turnpike

thereafter

deprivation

总结：

1 GRE长难句里，开头就提到不要回视，目前阅读速度的瓶颈和我经常回看有关，需要戒掉。

2 有些单词稍稍变了样子就认不出来了，或者背诵过的不同意思回想不起来（forage觅食的意思就忘记了），单词还是需要反复复习，尤其是不同的意思都要看

3 单项练习还要加强，比如语法，特别是从句的句子结构。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-22 14:40
Day 17

1月22日

TPO 20听力
校园对话

图书馆还书 2错3对
研究项目的经费 1错4对

学术讲座

语言学错3对3
兔子过冬错2对4
民间传说错2对4
温室效应错3对3

图书馆这篇的主旨题居然错了，一方面是对听力材料的理解还有些模糊，另一方面更是对选项没有仔细分析。这次错的还是两个细节题，但错的原因和主旨题有些像，都是对一些细节的理解不准确，包括原文和选项两个方面。其实词汇方面没有什么问题，基本上都能听懂，或许应该把核心内容仔细翻译一下。

这次听力的学术讲座成绩不理想。感觉长句子是一个困扰，另外对于话题也不熟悉，尤其是一些具体讨论的问题，都没太听明白。比如语言学那篇，有几个长句没及时理解，还是抽象话题听起来又费劲，结果一边猜前面的内容，一边漏了当前的内容，最好听懂的大约只有5-6成。

需要复习的长难句：

But according to the maxim, my response should be relevant to your statement, meaning, we should assume some connection between the statement and the response.

So next time you see an advertisement saying some product could be up to 20% more effective, think of these maxims of quantity and relevance, and ask yourself what inferences you are being led to draw.

Anyone who may see an advantage in implying certain things that are untrue without explicitly saying something untrue.

As the days get shorter, that is, as the Sun is up for a shorter and shorter time each day, the snowshoe hare starts growing white fur and shedding its brown fur.

And this is a huge advantage for the snowshoe hare since by contrast, the feet of its predators usually sink right down into the snow.

The primary difference is that a rabbit's young are born blind and without fur, while a hare's babies are born with a full coat and able to see.

We'll say more later about these, but for now, just be aware of the category and that they can contain supernatural aspects, but they are usually more playful and amusing overall than supernatural stories.

Methane forms in large concentration above wetlands, and as it turns out, the cultivation of certain grains creates vast areas of artificial wetlands, and probably drastically increases the amount of methane getting into the atmosphere, over and above what would be there.

But then industrialization, of course, has drastically increased the amount of carbon dioxide that humans are putting into the atmosphere, the burning of fossil fuels tends to put a lot of CO2 into the atmosphere.

Um, so we are entering into uncharted territory now, in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, the concentrations of carbon dioxide that are now being put into the atmosphere as a result of industrialization and the use of fossil fuels.

If you cut down the forests when you burn the trees for fuel and don't replace them with other trees, or when you just leave them to rot and don't allow other trees to grow, you end up with a lot more carbon in the forms of carbon dioxide getting into atmosphere

单词或词组：

linguistics
violate
relevant
philosopher
satisfactory
distinctly
academic attention
heroine
methane
carbon dioxide
wetlands
fortuitous
beneficiary
interglacial
periodic

总结：
1 简单的内容，自己如果不集中注意力去看题，也容易做错
2 听力材料是不可回听的，必须要尽早处理（听懂）前面的信息，词汇是基础，陌生题材和抽象事物是难点
3 听力长句也是难点，甚至比阅读更麻烦。需要反复多听。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-23 05:48
1月23日
TPO19 阅读

罗马军团征英错2对8
生态系统演化错3对7
冰河时代错3对7

这三篇做的还行。长句比较多，但没有太怪异的长句，或者说难句其实不多。稳扎稳打还是可以做完的。错题还是集中在一些文章细节，以及主旨题，还是不够细致。

需要复习的长难句：
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.

The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.

The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment.

By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period.

Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor.

An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances.

Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism.

Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.

With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.

Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants.

Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Louis Agassiz, one of the first scientists to study glaciers, immigrated to the United States from Switzerland and became a professor at Harvard University, where he continued his studies in geology and other sciences.

For his research, Agassiz visited many places in the northern parts of Europe and North America, from the mountains of Scandinavia and New England to the rolling hills of the American Midwest.

Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates.

It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment.

Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice.

From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

需要复习的单词：
requisition
regiment
reverse
hereditary
station（v.）
frontier
circulation
accumulation
climax
biome
legitimately
radiometric
glaciation
interval
interglacial
correspond
oceanographer
evaporation
marine

总结：

1 很多词汇看似认识，但稍不留神就会出现其他的意思或者词性，不能马虎。遇到了也要记录下来
2 阅读速度和质量是两个有冲突的方向，要又快又好不容易。
3 选项！选项！选项！文章即使能读懂，选项也不能放松。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-24 15:17
Day 19

1月24日
TPO19 听力

校园对话
食堂健康食品错1对5
课题讨论错0对6

学术讲座
天文观测错2对4
艺术史错3对3
语言学错1对5
盐水植物错2对4

两篇对话还是挺有意思的尤其是讨论学校餐厅健康食物的那篇。但还是败在了长句上，对老师说的那个长句里的信息没有能及时听懂，考题还是错了。

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline
interlock

总结：
1. 和阅读类似在有了一定的词汇基础以后长句就是难点重点
2.考点似乎有规律比如师生讨论的重点比如老师说的一些提示词
3.跟读也许是好办法但基础太差只能放慢速度读

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-25 19:45
Day 20

1月25日

TPO18 阅读
北欧工业化错2对8
打哈欠错4对6
雷电错2对8

其实觉得比较难的是北欧工业化这篇长句多，内容复杂，但可能是第一的缘故，加上最近长难句有一定的训练，其实结果还好。反倒是打哈欠那篇，自以为看懂，其实里面的一些主要概念有误解，没能仔细去看而是自以为是地脑补，错比较多。

要复习的长难句：

According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.

When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity.

But, while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults.

Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing.

Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write.

The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil).

The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited.

要复习的单词：

athletes
anecdotal
congenital
conductance
industrialize
incongruous
skeptical
congenital
kindergarten
tiredness
empirical
prosperity
grandiose
mercantile
总结：
1. 不要自己脑补各种概念要以文章为准
2.选项一定要看完整也是千万不能脑补或替换选项里的关键细节
3.结构完整的长句其实不难，关键是要适应英文的语序

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-26 23:41
Day 21

1月26日

TPO 18 听力

校园对话

找工作错0对6
报名项目错2对3

学术讲座

太阳黑子错2对4
语言发展错1对5
雕像复制错4对2
美洲树蛙错1对5

两个对话都不难，但还是自己在做题的时候想的太复杂。其实只要按照题目老老实实选答案就行，自己给选项加戏太多。
三篇学术文章基本听懂，但做的一般。而雕像那篇就没怎么听懂，考猜的结果就不理想。长句的后半句经常听不下去，严重阻碍对关键信息的理解（尤其是考点信息似乎就喜欢放在长句里）。需要对长句多多练习。

需要复习的长句：

She needs people to watch various new TV programs that haven't been broadcast yet, then indicate on a survey whether they liked it, why, if they'd watch another episode.

Over the next couple hundreds years, a lot of hypotheses were tossed around, the spots were mountains or holes in the solar atmosphere through which the dark surface of the Sun could be seen.

Anyway, Wolf went through all records from various observatories in Europe, and put together a history of sunspot observations going back about 100 years.

That's because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

That first of all starts drawing water away from the center of its body, so the middle part of the frog, its internal organs, its heart, lungs, livers, these start getting drier and drier while the water that's being pulled away is forming a puddle around the organs just underneath the skin.

But wherever they live, once the weather starts to turn cold and the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as soon as the frog even touches an ice crystal or a bit of frozen ground, well, it begins to freeze.

After months without heartbeat, spring time comes around again, the earth starts to warm up, and suddenly one day, ping, a pulse, followed by another one, then another until maybe ten, twelve hours later, the animal is fully recovered.

We've already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and we've looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls.

Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort.

Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

The mother language, is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughter languages, which branch into daughter languages of their own, and languages that have the same source, the same mother, are called sisters.

需要复习的单词（词组）：

redid
taken aback
magnetic
lopsided
pulse
bust
contemporary
idealization
imperial
inhabitants
syntax
semantics
correspond

总结：
1 长句的何时结束是一个难点。
2 一词可能多义，背单词只是基础，还要把单词记在句子里，场景里。
3 校园对话和讲座的考点提示词是两个不同的体系，讲座里可能只是一两个不起眼的词汇（well，now），但考点可能就在里面。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-27 08:59
Day 22

1月27日
TPO17 阅读

古代海洋贸易错2对8
雨林生态错1对9
生物共生错4对6

这三篇难度居中，能按时做完。但自己做题时节奏出现一些问题，前两篇用时较多，其实是出现过几次重读原文。最后第三篇时间不够了。

要复习的长难句：

Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible.

But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.

In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.

A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct.

In the varied and constantly changing light environment of the forest, an animal must be able to send visual signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators.

Certain butterflies move into spots of sunlight that have penetrated to the forest floor and display by opening and closing their beautifully patterned wings in the bright spotlights.

In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.

During courtship and aggressive displays, the turkey enlarges its colored neck collar by inflating sacs in the neck region and then flings about a pendulous part of the colored signaling apparatus as it utters calls designed to attract or repel.

In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it.

When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.
要复习的单词：

parasite
derive
intestine
fungal
commensalism
mutualism

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-28 18:05
Day 22

1月28日
TPO17 听力

食堂找工作错0对6
改歌剧论文错1对4

埃及历法错2对4
气候变化错1对5
章鱼变色错1对5
古代岩画错3对3

校园对话这次还行，四篇学术讲座做的一般般。其实古代历法和气候生态两篇还行，章鱼那篇有些靠猜，但还能猜对。古代岩画那篇是自己轻视了，以为简单讲讲考古，结果讲了很多地质学的东西，内容一下子跳出了自己的预设，做得有些慌，结果不理想。

要复习的长句
It makes winters cooler and summers warmer, or, what some might say is doing now, it makes summers less hot, and more importantly, the winters less cold, which just like what I mentioned before, can also stop, prevent glaciers from forming, or cause them to melt.

From what I read, that production like, it influenced every other production of the play that came after it, so I just assumed it'd been filmed or videotaped.

What's important for you to understand is that these three movements, well they are cyclical and they work together to form, to produce complex but regular variations in Earth's climate and lead to the growth or decline the glaciers.

In fact, they ended up using two different calendars, one to keep track of the natural world, or their agriculture concerns, and another one, that was used to keep track of the business functions of the Kingdom.

But we need to be careful with the idea that artistic development occurs in a staight line, from simple to complex representations.

And afterwards during the season of subsidence, the water would subside, or recede, revealing a new layer of fertile black silt and allowing for the planting of various crops.

You know, one of the challenges for people who study theater is to find ways of talking about something that's really so transient, about something that, in a sense, doesn't exist.

要复习的单词：
transient
demonstrate
sculpture
charcoal
religious
heliacal
stratification
audition (v.)
obligation
bureaucratic

总结：1 老老实实听，不要自己做过多的预判，尤其是场景和主要讨论内容
2 多义词！多义词！耐心积累吧
3 听写的话好花时间啊，但也真能发现自己很多漏洞

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-29 08:59

Day 24

1月29日
TPO16 阅读

古代中东贸易错0对10
元素周期表错3对7
太阳系行星错2对8

这三篇难度不是很高，终于有一篇全对了。但还是有一些不足的地方，尤其是一些细节的理解会不到位，做题时选项看得不够仔细，被迷惑项干扰。

要复习的长难句：
Records show merchant caravans and trading posts set up by the Sumerians in the surrounding mountains and deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and gems.

In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships.

The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route.

Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.

Thus when the series of elements was written so as to begin a new horizontal row with each alkali metal, elements of the same groups were automatically assembled in vertical columns in a periodic table of the elements.

When the elements known at the time were ordered by increasing atomic mass, it was found that successive elements belonged to different chemical groups and that the order of the groups in this sequence was fixed and repeated itself at regular intervals.

The largest terrestrial planet, Earth has a diameter only one quarter as great as the diameter of the smallest Jovian planet, Neptune, and its mass is only one seventeenth as great.

Also, because of their relative locations, the four Jovian planets are known as the outer planets, while the terrestrial planets are known as the inner planets.

Also, because the molecular motion of a gas depends on temperature, at the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the lightest gases are unlikely to acquire the speed needed to escape.

The explanation may be that the terrestrial planets were once much larger and richer in these materials but eventually lost them because of these bodies' relative closeness to the Sun, which meant that their temperatures were relatively high.

需要复习的单词：

gravitational
comparatively
infinitesimally
condensed
terrestrial
monumental
illustrate
correspondence
classification
postulate
spectrum
monetary
cement
circumvent
barren (n.)
confederacy
individualistic

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-30 17:56
Day 25

1月30日

TPO16 听力
校园对话

申请更改考试错2对3
协商排练场地错1对5

钢琴历史错3对2
动物决策错2对3
岩洞物质错3对2
中世纪玻璃错2对3

这次的听力做的不好。校园对话方面，其实不算难，但申请考试改期那个对话，开头的场景是老师给学生颁奖，然后聊着聊着就马上切换到了学生难以按原计划参加考试，协商更改。做这篇的时候，一时没反应过来主题不是颁奖而是对如何考试来进行讨论，结果听的并不理想，错两题还算运气好的。

学术讲座方面，遇到两篇比较难的话题。一篇是钢琴诞生，其实它的背景知识自己并不陌生，但老师讲了很多机械运作原理，而且还打比方，最要命的是，这些内容都是长句子。岩洞那篇也做的很差，一旦遇到关于各种物质生成过程的长难句，就歇菜了。玻璃和生物两篇难度相对低些，但也在长句子和抽象原理上听得很吃力。

需复习的长句

Should they go out during the daytime, when it’s hotter outside and they have to expend more energy, or at night, when the weather’s cooler but predators are more active?

They’re willing to make more trips to haul back less wood, which carries a greater risk of being exposed to predators.

So it looks as though beavers are less interested in minimizing their exposure to predators and more interested in saving energy when foraging for wood.

The answer that some give is that their behavior has evolved over time: it’s been shaped by constraints over vast stretches of time, all of which comes down to the fact that the best foraging strategy for beavers isn’t the one that yields the most food or wood: it’s the one that results in the most descendants, the most offspring.

In the early 1100s, a church-building method was developed that reduced the stress on the walls, so more space could be used for window openings--allowing for large and, and quite elaborate window designs.

And, and it's different because with painted glass the idea of light coming through to create the magic effect wasn't the focus anymore... the paint work was.

Now, uh, in the window itself, the pieces of glass would be held together by strips of lead, so in the drawing, the uh artist would also indicate the location of the lead strips.

Well, lead is strong and, and flexible so it is ideal for joining pieces of glass cut in different shapes and sizes.

Uh but luckily there was a revival of the early techniques in the mid-1800s, and, and artists went back to creating colored glass and using the lead strips in their designs.

These of course took advantage of the new innovation of electric lighting e-electric lightbulbs don't give quite the same effect as sunlight streaming through stained glass, but it's close.

Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque early Classical periods, we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genre within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes.

Now, as we know, keyboard instruments existed long before the piano—the organ, which dates back to the Middle Ages, as do other keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord, which is still popular today with some musicians.

Previously, it was uh, quite rare for a woman to perform on anything but maybe a harp, or, or maybe she sang, but suddenly, in the nineteenth century, it became quite acceptable—even, to some extent, almost expected—for a middle-class European woman to be able to play the piano… partly because, among upper-middle-class women, it was a sign of refinement, but it was also an excellent way for some women to earn money—by giving piano lessons.

Well, the percussive effect of those little hammers means that the pianist, unlike the harpsichordist, can control the dynamics of the sound—how softly or loudly each note is struck—hence the name pianoforte—“soft and loud.”

But, pressing the keys of a piano causes tiny felt-covered hammers to strike the strings inside the instrument, like drumsticks striking the head of a drum.

You see, the harpsichord is actually classified as a string instrument, since pressing a key of a harpsichord causes a tiny quill that’s connected to the key to pluck the strings that are inside the instrument, much the same as a guitar pick plucks the strings of a guitar.

This brand-new instrument, capable of producing loud and soft tones, greatly expanded the possibilities for conveying emotion.

Now, there are some pretty interesting caves in parts of the western United States, especially in national parks; there’s one park that has over a hundred caves, including some of the largest ones in the world.

Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration, but it’s safe to say that it’s sulfuric acid, and not moving water, that formed Lechuguilla Cave, and those few other ones like it

It’s not really forming anymore… but there’s other ones like it, for example in Mexico, that are forming, and when cave researchers go to explore them, they see—and smell—the sulfuric acid and gases at work.

This is part of what led us to the realization that Lechuguilla is in that small group of waterless caves.

需复习的单词

choir

bulldozer

rehearsal

ensemble

nominate

speculate

challenging

haul back

consciously

weigh

pros and cons

elaborate

scarce

ingredient

lead

copper

revival

principal

reassemble

transverse

harpsichord

pluck

drumstick

percussion

soft tone

turning point

limestone

sulfuric

residue

rotten

gypsum

soluble

dissolve

总结：

1 GRE GMAT长难句一书里有关于抽象词的专门章节，说的是那些难易名状的抽象词汇需要专门花时间去理解，记忆，领悟。觉得其实阅读和听力里面，也有抽象内容这个概念。尤其是那种描述物理变化过程，或哲理性思辨的内容。尤其是听力里面，一旦出现长句形式表达的抽象内容，理解起来特别吃力。根据书里说的对抽象单词的处理建议来看，，似乎也没有很好的速成办法去处理这些抽象内容。只能把这些内容逐步拆解，仔细理解。希望积累以后，处理这种内容的能力可以提高。

2 抽象内容的基础，其实还是单词。比如 soluble dissolve 这两个，应该一起记忆。

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-1-31 09:00
Day 26

1月31日

TPO15 阅读

温血海龟错1对9
物种灭绝错1对9
冰川形成错4对6

这三篇其实难度不是很大。冰川那篇，主要问题应该是开头轻视了，读的比较快，后来发现题目有些难，然后再去重读，反而时间不够了。阅读节奏还是需要把握好。
In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn.

When the ice is thick enough, usually over 30 meters, the weight of the snow and firn will cause the ice crystals toward the bottom to become plastic and to flow outward or downward from the area of snow accumulation.

For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes.

Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.

Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans.

Some of the proposed mechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different times on different continents.

American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

A search of sedimentary deposits that span the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary.

To date, several such secondary craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat-shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.

flipper
coil
countercurrent
disintegrat
iridium
extinction
starvation
subsequently
debris
landform
engulf
hypothetical
granule

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-1 09:49
Day 27

2月1日

TPO15 听力

校园对话

求职做记者错1对4
学习要劳逸结合错2对3
对话这次做的还是不理想。其中第二篇也出现了开头和正文内容不一致的情况。虽然在脑中较快进行了主题切换，但后面出现的相对专业的讨论，以及比喻，还是听的不理想。

学术讲座

海底生物错2对4
古代书籍错1对5
沉积物错3对2
大脑专注错2对4

讲座这次做的也不太好。长句子多，要命的是长句子里的内容，很多都非常抽象，甚至连续出现了若干不同的意群，若干不同的子内容。目前还难以在听力里面连续处理这些陌生的信息。

要复习的句子：

I was so impressed with the way you handle the microscope and the samples of onion cells, and with how carefully you observed and diagrammed and interpreted each stage of cell division.

You know that studying six consecutive hours is not equivalent to studying one hour a day for six days

Your brain's ability to absorb information starts to decline after about the first hour.

So if you are dealing with a lot of new concepts and vocabulary, anyway, if you just reviewed your notes, even 20 minutes a day, it'd be much better than waiting until the night before an exam to try and absorb all those details.

If you didn't practice regularly with your track team, and then tried to squeeze in three weeks' worth of running practice just the day before a track meet, how well do you think you'd perform in your races?

For decades, psychologists have been looking at our ability to perform tasks while other things are going on, how we are able to keep from being distracted and what the conditions for good concentration are.

So it's no surprise that someone attempted to design an objective way to measure distraction

The second hypothesis is that, yes, we do perceive everything, but the brain categorizes the information, and whatever is not relevant to what we are concentrating on gets treated as low priority.

This time the distraction was a moving star field in the background, you know, where it looks like you are moving through space, passing stars.

Now that maybe the correct conclusion for visual distractions, but more research is needed to tell us how the brain deals with, say, the distractions of solving a math problem when we are hungry or when someone is singing in the next room.

We've been talking till now about the two basic needs of a biological community - an energy source to produce organic materials, you know ah, food for the organism, and the waste recycling or breakdown of materials back into inorganic molecules, and about how all this requires photosynthesis when green plants or microbes convert sunlight into energy and also requires microorganisms, bacteria, to secrete chemicals that break down or recycle the organic material to complete the cycle.

As we said, these hydro thermal vents are releasing into the ocean depth this intensely hot water and here is the thing, this hot water contains a chemical called hydrogen sulfide, and also a gas, carbon dioxide.

Now these bacteria actually combine the hydrogen sulfide with the carbon dioxide and this chemical reaction is what produces organic material which is the food for larger organisms.

Then in the 10th century, a scribe made a copy on parchment of some of his texts and diagrams including, as it turns out, The Method.

It wasn't until 1906 that a scholar came across the prayer book in a library and realized it was a palimpsest, and that the underlying layer of texts could only have come from Archimedes.

To avoid further damage to the manual script, the research team at the art museum has had to be extremely selective in their techniques they used to see the original writing.

He realized that the iron in the ancient ink would display if exposed to a certain X-ray imaging method, and except for small portions of the text that couldn't be deciphered, this technique's been very helpful in seeing Archimedes' texts and drawings through the medieval over writing.

Ah sediment as you know is material like sand, gravel, fossil fragments that is transported by natural processes like wind, water flow or the movement of glaciers.

During this epic, sediment was made by the kind of erosion and we atheling that happens when the climate is colder, and part of those sediments are fossils of plants and animals that lived at that time.

Now there is growing evidence that the presence of humans has altered the earth so much that a new epic of geologic history has begun-the Anthropocene epic, a new human-influenced epic.

The idea that around the year 1800 CE the human population became large enough, around a billion people, that its activities started altering the environment.

Also, things like the damming of rivers, has caused increased sediment production, not to mention the addition of more carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere.

Geologists in the far future will be able to examine the sediment being laid down today, whereas right now we can say that yes, human impact on the Earth is clear: It'll be future researchers who have a better perspective and will be able to really draw a line between the Holocene and the Anthropocene epics.

要复习的单词或词组：

soccer season

ring off the hook

fresh in sb's mind

consecutive

decline

squeeze

subjective questionnaire

perceive

cortex

distraction

up to a point

hydrogen

sulfide

bacteria

turn out

decipher

parchment

palimpsest

predominant

monastery

perspective

characterize

erosion

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-2 10:17
Day 28

2月2日

TPO14 阅读

儿童广告错1对9
玛雅水源错3对7
古欧农牧错2对8

这次其实文章还好，玛雅那篇题目（选项）没有仔细看，导致错误偏多。

需复习的长难句：

When broken open, Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small, distinctive objects, spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix (binding material), which were once constituents of the solar nebula—the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed.

Since practically all the solar system's mass resides in the Sun, this similarity in chemistry means that chondrites have average solar system composition, except for the most volatile elements; they are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled.

The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.

The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.

As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients.

Even with a massive effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the last 100 to 200 years.

Leaving its insect predators behind, the cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily along Washington’s tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment.

Along the east coast Spartina is considered valuable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration; it is also used for coastal restoration projects and the creation of new wetland sites.

需复习的单词：
perennial
cordgrass
tidal
gravel
salinity
cobble
mudflat
estuary
meteorite
lump
volatile
compositional
chondrite
chondrule
sulfide
calotype
daguerreotype
reluctantly

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-3 10:11
Day 29

2月3日

TPO14 听力

图书馆找书错1对4
校刊报道错0对5

这两篇对话有些意思，都有各自的讨论点，分别是找书和报道的内容，可聊着聊着又有切换，变成了找工作和学习规划。还好题目比较简单，没有出现太大问题。

心理认识错3对3
生物体温调节错1对5
天文导航错3对3
古代建筑错0对6

这次比较极端，两篇做的不错，两篇错的厉害。差的两篇，还是相关知识不熟悉，内容没听懂，包括里面的举例，比方，听的很差。还是要多复习这类题材。

需要复习的长句：

She needs people to watch various new TV programs that haven't been broadcast yet, then indicate on a survey whether they liked it, why, if they'd watch another episode.

Over the next couple hundreds years, a lot of hypotheses were tossed around, the spots were mountains or holes in the solar atmosphere through which the dark surface of the Sun could be seen.

Anyway, Wolf went through all records from various observatories in Europe, and put together a history of sunspot observations going back about 100 years.

That's because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

That first of all starts drawing water away from the center of its body, so the middle part of the frog, its internal organs, its heart, lungs, livers, these start getting drier and drier while the water that's being pulled away is forming a puddle around the organs just underneath the skin.

But wherever they live, once the weather starts to turn cold and the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as soon as the frog even touches an ice crystal or a bit of frozen ground, well, it begins to freeze.

After months without heartbeat, spring time comes around again, the earth starts to warm up, and suddenly one day, ping, a pulse, followed by another one, then another until maybe ten, twelve hours later, the animal is fully recovered.

We've already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and we've looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls.

Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort.

Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

The mother language, is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughter languages, which branch into daughter languages of their own, and languages that have the same source, the same mother, are called sisters.

需要复习的单词：

redid
taken aback
magnetic
lopsided
pulse
bust
contemporary
idealization
imperial
inhabitants
syntax
semantics
correspond

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-4 10:06
Day 30

2月4日

TPO13 阅读

婴儿认知错2对14
生物钟错3对11
社会群组错6对8

这次的三篇文章单词都还好，长难句还是有一些的。话题方面，都比较抽象，做起来有些吃力。尤其是社会群组哪一篇，都是很抽象的概念和说理，都买来得及看完，做的效果很差。

需要复习的长难句：

Similarly, changes in the infant's general level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.

Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

With these sophisticated observational assessment and electro-physiological measures, we know that the neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected.

The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged.

Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.

For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle.

Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

需要复习的单词：

verbalize
habituation
olfactory
eliciting
neonate
electro
chronobiology
continuation
synchronize
hatch
humanness
endow
predominate
gripe
ostracize
conform

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-5 09:53
Day 31
2月5日
TPO13 听力

校园对话
讨论论文错0对5
实验室使用错1对4

讲座
城市规划错1对5
欧洲生态错1对5
中世纪诗歌错2对4
太阳系陨石错3对3
这次错误率几乎和文章难度，或者说听懂程度完全成正比。两篇对话最容易，规划那篇和生态那篇仔细听其实还好，基本能听懂。这几篇做题时选项就觉得不太难了，大部分可以快速搞定，少数就是排除掉两个不靠谱的答案后，二选一即可。但古代诗歌和陨石两篇，本身内容就有些陌生，听的时候就是连蒙带猜，昨题就比较差了。看来题材方面，艺术天文还是需要重点关注的。

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline
interlock

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-6 09:40
Day 32
2月6日
TPO12 阅读

电影有声化错2对12
古人用哪只手错3对11
沙漠水资源错2对12
这次的题目相对简单些，生词少了，结构复杂的长句子也不多。但有些抽象内容还是读起来费力些。错误主要还是来自对细节的理解出现偏差。

需要复习的长难句：

Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania.

Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.

Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left.

Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right.

The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago.

Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.

In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.

In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.

The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques.

This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidities, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with some crops.

In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films).

Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering.

The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwaters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped.

需要复习的单词：

stencil
predominant
depict
fracture
spiral
tress
periodization
paradox
aesthetic
retard
inadequacy
triumph
sustaining
extraction
aquifers
saline

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-7 09:56
Day 33
2月7日
TPO 12听力

讨论论文修改错2对3
询问工资发放错0对5

这次对话的场景其实很常见，但论文那篇做的不好。感觉还是讨论的内容，用的话语比较专业，比如“任何与自然意象的使用无关的内容都不要在论文中出现（anything unrelated to the use of nature imagery has no place in the paper）” 。听的时候就不是很懂，做题效果也不好。

细胞分裂错3对3
商业调查错1对5
歌剧演变错2对4
清洁能源错1对5

讲座方面，细胞那篇做的不好。信息量密集，内容专业，还有比喻，听起来比较吃力。歌剧那篇也是，有一些稍专业的词汇影响了对内容的理解，但好在那篇的整体结构比较容易把握，做题效果比预期的好些。其他两篇感觉中规中矩，做题也是正常发挥。

需要复习的句子：
I would just stick to the topic, anything unrelated to the use of nature imagery has no place in the paper.

All that tangential material just distract from the main argument.

Well, better a short, well-structured paper than a long paper that's poorly-structured and wanders off topic.

It may not help you tie your shoe but that little plastic tip keeps the rest of the shoelace, the shoe string from unraveling into weak and useless threads.

Well, the telomeres at the ends of Chromosomes seem to do about the same thing —protect the genes, the genetically functional parts of the Chromosome from being damaged.

And in the future we may have virtually immortal nerve cells and immortal skin cells of whatever, because this chemical, telomerase, can keep the telomeres on the ends of Chromosomes from getting any shorter.

Basically, um, the idea is that business owners or business managers just go out and actually talk to their customers, and learn more about how well the business is serving their needs, and try to see what the customer experiences.

With active systems, on the other hand, you collect the solar energy at one location, and then you use pumps and fans to move heat from the collectors through a plumbing system to a tank, where it can be used to heat a home or to just provide hot water.

It came to America late and was considered too elitist for the general public, but Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while.

And so the music was secondary, if you will, to the dramatic cadence of language, to the way the rhythm of language was used to express feeling and used to add drama, and of course as a result, instead of arias, or solos which would come to dominate Italian opera, the French relied on what the Italians called “recitativo” or “recitative” in English, the lyrics were spoken... frequently to the accompaniment of a harpsichord

And the themes again, the themes changed, and opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire, and about expressing the ideas of society or government without committing yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution or what have you.

需要复习的单词：
imagery
swamped
tangential
payroll
definitely
shoelace
enzyme
telomerase
aspect
quote
harpsichord
melodious
imprisonment
persecution
aristocrat
migrate
cadence

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-8 11:03
Day 34
2月8日
TPO 11 阅读

埃及雕塑错2对12
候鸟定位错3对11
生物预警错5对9

这次总体来说不难，内容还算容易理解，有一些长句，但大都不难理解。冷僻的单词也不多。只是这次做的有点慢，最后一篇赶时间，做的不太理想。

需要复习的句子

In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?

He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky.

In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that "noisy"nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.

These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.

The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators.

Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.

Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population.

Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

需要复习的单词：

static
pillar
compactness
architectural
decorative
imagination
stationary
predator
propagate
planetarium
preposterous
compensate

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-9 09:42
Day 35
2月9日
TPO 11 听力

对话

入馆证错0对5

参与学术研讨错1对4

讲座

鸟类哺育错4对2

建筑设计错1对5

农业与气候错2对4

商业广告错0对6

两篇对话都不难错误还是发生在对题目的理解有偏差。4篇讲座，3篇都能大致听懂，做题结果也不错。但鸟类那篇比较难懂，其中专业领域的讨论，信息量密度很高，只有有两个以上的概念没听懂，后面的就更来不及去理解，更听不懂了。后来做题也是靠猜，做的不理想。

需要复习的句子

And as a part of this interview process we have to meet with the committee of the professors and students in our department.

That's why I feel necessary to point out that even though these applicants' research interests are similar to yours, we want you to tell us what you think about the teaching of all these applicants.

What they do is they save their best performances, their most conspicuous and most risky displays for the time just before the baby birds become able to take care of themselves.

Now what the purple sandpiper does is when a predator approaches, it drags its wings, but not to give it the impression that its wing is broken, but to create the illusion that it has a second pair of legs.

Most of the time, when birds are engaging in distraction displays, they are going to be pretending either that they have an injury, or that they are ill, or that they are exhausted.

The wind was one reason, nothing sticking out that might blow away in the harsh weather, but there was probably another reason, not related to the climate, more, more reflection of a rural New England society back then.

So, so all these help to create an attitude of conformity in the community, and you can see why a modest, a very plain style would become so widely imitated through out rural New England.

Now you have some birds that are quite mature, are quite capable, almost as soon as they hatch, and in that case, the parent will put on the most conspicuous distraction displays just before the babies' hatch.

Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for a large part of the year.

If temperatures overnight are already very close to the freezing point, then this drop of just a few degrees can take the temperature below freezing.

And what I, another think is that the loss of the wetlands has created the situation where the local temperatures in the area are now slightly different, slightly colder than they were 100 years ago, before the wetlands were drained.

Now, in theory, that would seem a great time to advertise, but maybe research shows you're wrong, that the customers who buy sports equipment tend not to give it as a holiday gift, but want to use it themselves.

需要复习的单词

convince

distract

imitated

mild

susceptible

make some up

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-10 09:33
Day 36
2月10日
TPO 10 阅读

中国陶器错2对12
中世纪欧洲人口错3对11
气候变化错5对9

这三篇难度感觉适中。长句还是比较多，难度还行。感觉还是阅读速度偏慢，导致最后一篇囫囵吞枣。具体原因还是阅读时候还无法做到又快又准，读的太快了，做题时还有反复看。读的慢了，做题来不及。还是基础不够吧。

需要复习的句子：

The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made.

The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.

In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.

So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.

Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain.

Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.

Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data.

While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.

Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.

需要复习的单词

remuneration
equivalent
porcelain
instigate
ceramics
utilitarian
burial
chaotic
volcano

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-11 10:32
Day 37
2月11日
TPO 10 听力

对话
摄影创造讨论错1对4
书店退书错1对4

讲座
鲸鱼进化错3对3
美洲作物错1对5
磷的循环错2对4
童年记忆错2对4

今天做的比较平均，每篇都错了一些题。其中生物题比较差，因为开头几个关键信息就没听懂，后面一路没跟上。其他几篇难度还好，总体来说还是有些听力内容没把握到，做题时候还是要靠猜

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-12 10:57
Day 38
2月12日
TPO 9 阅读

美洲移民错3对11
教学反思错5对9
夏威夷植物错2对12

三篇文章，难词不多，长句比较多，但难句子主要在教育那篇。还是老情况，太抽象的内容，比较难。无论是文章，句子，出现较多抽象概念的话，理解起来就吃力。

需要复习的句子

The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers.

But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.

Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago.

This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice.

The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago.

This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.

Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.

The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.

Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability.

It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient.

Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften.

需要复习的单词

marine
mammal
corridor
unglaciated
systematic
abstraction
paucity
perceivable
inconsistency
vulnerability
propagate
angiosperm
prolong
immersion

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-13 09:59
Day 39
2月13日
TPO 9 听力
对话
论文选题错1对4
归还书籍错0对5

讲座
苔原灌木错4对2
沙漠湖泊错2对4
舞台设计错4对2
动物交流错1对5

这次的对话，论文那篇其实有点难度，有些细节没听出来，靠猜测做的还行。但学生讲座的听力做的很不好。有两篇的确比较难，句子里的内容，信息量很大，而且如果不熟悉场景的话，不容易在脑中想象出具体的画面。像舞台布景那篇里就有很多这样的句子，比如 create realistic moving scenes that change before the audiences' eyes. 还是要加强练习，特别是对信息量大的句子。

需要复习的句子：

Well, it may be biological processes that occur in the soil in the winter, that cause increased shrub growth in the summer, and here's how: there are "microbes", microscopic organisms that live in the soil.

And the snow, which blankets the ground in the winter, actually has an insulating effect on the soil beneath it.

And because of this loop, which is promoted by warmer temperatures in winter and spring, well, it looks like the tundra may be turning into shrub land.

Once is established, shrub land thrives, particularly in the Arctic, because Arctic shrubs are good at taking advantage of increased nutrients in the soil, better than other Arctic plants.

Now, the older lakes, about half of the formations, the ones started forming 37000 years ago, the limestone formation we see, they're up to a kilometer long, but only a few meters wide, and they're scattered along the desert floor, in valleys between the dunes.

Another difference, very important today for distinguishing between older lake beds and newer ones, is the location of the limestone formations.

So, during the second rainy period, the dunes were kind of chopped up at the top, full of hollows and ridges, and these hollows would've captured the rain right there on the top.

Now, in the grassland of Lake Ecosystem, we'd expect to find fossils from a variety of animals, and numerous fossils have been found at least at these particular sites.

But there're several features peculiar to human language that have, for the most part, never been found in the communication system of any other species.

I mean I mention this cause like in my biology class last year, I kind of remember talking about a study on prairie dogs, where, I think the researchers claimed that the warning cries of prairie dogs constitute language, because they have this, different parts of speech.

Human language is productive and open-ended communication system, whereas no other communication system has this property.

At the time, people were wild for travel and for experiencing new places; but not everyone could afford it.

"Eidophusikon" means something like representation of nature, and that's exactly what he intended to do: create realistic moving scenes that change before the audiences' eyes.

Loutherbourg's influence on the theater though, he was incredibly influential: the way he brought together design and lighting and sound as a unified feature of the stage, can easily be seen in English theater's subsequent emphasis on lighting and motion.

He used a great number of lights, and he was able to change colors of light by using variously colored pieces of glass, to create effects like passing clouds that suddenly change in color.

And some people went outside, and they claimed Loutherbourg's thunder was actually better than the real thunder.

需要复习的单词：

primitive
hippopotamus
scene
thunder
privilege
opaque

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-14 10:16
Day 40

TPO 8 阅读

古美洲城市错2对12
恐龙灭绝错3对11
古火星水流错4对10

三篇文章都中规中矩，没有明显难的文章，内容，句子，单词难度感觉都偏中等。错的题目也都比较平均，没有明显错的多的题型。感觉可能到了平台期，努力吧。

需要复习的句子：
Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.

It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.

With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.

The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.

Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.

Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.

Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters.

Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?

By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay.

Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.

They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys

Run off channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.

But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.

Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny.

Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers—layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen—that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.

需要复习的单词：

unproven
permafrost
controversial
eradicate
irrigation
shrine

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-15 09:55
Day 41
2月15日
TPO 8 听力

对话
毕业文件错1对4

请教问题错1对4

讲座

动物栖息错3对3

吸引顾客错1对5

巴黎女艺术家错2对4

元素周期表错2对4

两份听力对话，其实内容不太典型，但基本上听懂了，做的还好。动物那篇比较难，听的很差。其他几篇马马虎虎吧。动物那篇还需重点复习下。

需要复习的长句：

She needs people to watch various new TV programs that haven't been broadcast yet, then indicate on a survey whether they liked it, why, if they'd watch another episode.

Over the next couple hundreds years, a lot of hypotheses were tossed around, the spots were mountains or holes in the solar atmosphere through which the dark surface of the Sun could be seen.

Anyway, Wolf went through all records from various observatories in Europe, and put together a history of sunspot observations going back about 100 years.

That's because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

That first of all starts drawing water away from the center of its body, so the middle part of the frog, its internal organs, its heart, lungs, livers, these start getting drier and drier while the water that's being pulled away is forming a puddle around the organs just underneath the skin.

But wherever they live, once the weather starts to turn cold and the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as soon as the frog even touches an ice crystal or a bit of frozen ground, well, it begins to freeze.

After months without heartbeat, spring time comes around again, the earth starts to warm up, and suddenly one day, ping, a pulse, followed by another one, then another until maybe ten, twelve hours later, the animal is fully recovered.

We've already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and we've looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls.

Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort.

Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

The mother language, is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughter languages, which branch into daughter languages of their own, and languages that have the same source, the same mother, are called sisters.

需要复习的单词：

redid
taken aback
magnetic
lopsided
pulse
bust
contemporary
idealization
imperial
inhabitants
syntax
semantics
correspond

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-16 10:00
Day 42
2月16日
TPO 7 阅读

古罗马与希腊错2对12
地中海地质错3对11
古班图人错5对9

三篇文章好像一篇比一篇难，最后一篇时间紧，没做完，猜了几道题。感觉还是复杂的，不熟悉的事物读起来比较吃力。

需要复习的句子：

As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger.

Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls.

Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater.

Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.

Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will.

Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts.

需复习的单词：
seapage
discharge
exchange
seep
fluctuate
communal
dwelling
traumatic
autonomy
chore
aggregate
diverse
sensible

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-17 10:11
Day 43
2月17日
TPO 7 听力

对话
志愿者错1对4
图书馆错0对5
讲座
蝙蝠超声波错1对5
易洛魁人错1对5
剧院历史错3对3
冰川运动错2对4

这次的两个对话都是很高频的内容，没啥大问题。四个课程里，剧院那篇有些专业内容不懂，背景不熟悉。冰川那篇又讲了一堆抽象的内容，听起来也比较费劲。还是有具体的故事情节的东西比较好懂。

需复习的长句

The answer that some give is that their behavior has evolved over time: it’s been shaped by constraints over vast stretches of time, all of which comes down to the fact that the best foraging strategy for beavers isn’t the one that yields the most food or wood: it’s the one that results in the most descendants, the most offspring.

In the early 1100s, a church-building method was developed that reduced the stress on the walls, so more space could be used for window openings--allowing for large and, and quite elaborate window designs.

And, and it's different because with painted glass the idea of light coming through to create the magic effect wasn't the focus anymore... the paint work was.

Now, uh, in the window itself, the pieces of glass would be held together by strips of lead, so in the drawing, the uh artist would also indicate the location of the lead strips.

Well, lead is strong and, and flexible so it is ideal for joining pieces of glass cut in different shapes and sizes.

Uh but luckily there was a revival of the early techniques in the mid-1800s, and, and artists went back to creating colored glass and using the lead strips in their designs.

These of course took advantage of the new innovation of electric lighting e-electric lightbulbs don't give quite the same effect as sunlight streaming through stained glass, but it's close.

Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque early Classical periods, we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genre within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes.

Now, as we know, keyboard instruments existed long before the piano—the organ, which dates back to the Middle Ages, as do other keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord, which is still popular today with some musicians.

Previously, it was uh, quite rare for a woman to perform on anything but maybe a harp, or, or maybe she sang, but suddenly, in the nineteenth century, it became quite acceptable—even, to some extent, almost expected—for a middle-class European woman to be able to play the piano… partly because, among upper-middle-class women, it was a sign of refinement, but it was also an excellent way for some women to earn money—by giving piano lessons.

Well, the percussive effect of those little hammers means that the pianist, unlike the harpsichordist, can control the dynamics of the sound—how softly or loudly each note is struck—hence the name pianoforte—“soft and loud.”

Now, there are some pretty interesting caves in parts of the western United States, especially in national parks; there’s one park that has over a hundred caves, including some of the largest ones in the world.

Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration, but it’s safe to say that it’s sulfuric acid, and not moving water, that formed Lechuguilla Cave, and those few other ones like it

It’s not really forming anymore… but there’s other ones like it, for example in Mexico, that are forming, and when cave researchers go to explore them, they see—and smell—the sulfuric acid and gases at work.

This is part of what led us to the realization that Lechuguilla is in that small group of waterless caves.

需复习的单词

ensemble
nominate
speculate
challenging
haul back
consciously
weigh
pros and cons
elaborate
scarce
ingredient
lead
copper
revival
principal
reassemble
transverse
harpsichord
pluck
drumstick
percussion

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-18 10:40
Day 44
2月18日
TPO 6 阅读

地质学之父错3对11
工业革命错1对13
婴儿记忆错6对8

地质学和婴儿两篇做的不理想。但其实做工业革命那篇，花的时间太多了，有好几题都是反复回看原文，然后才确定答案。导致婴儿那篇做起来非常敢。其实回看的话，婴儿那篇难度还好，还是自己阅读时间分配有问题。

需要复习的句子

The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.

But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.

Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent.

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.

The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.

Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets.

Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse.

Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later.

Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later.

General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.

Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events.

需要复习的单词：

rudimentary
locomotive
geological
meticulously
accumulation
rival
turnpike
verbalizable
amnesia
retrieval
verbally
conversely

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-19 10:01
Day 45
2月19日
TPO 6 听力

对话
招聘会错0对5
研究选题错2对3

讲座
郁金香泡沫错2对4
夜冠橡树错3对3
创意写作错2对4
气候变化错4对2

这次的听力应该是做到现在最难，成绩最差的一次了。特点是，生词多，抽象内容多，同一段时间长度里，给出的信息量特别大。很多长句虽然结构不难，但里面给出了非常多的概念和信息，要命的是很多单词和背景知识都是不熟悉的。哎，赶紧再复习这几篇吧。

需要复习的句子：

Now, in your case, even though you wouldn't be looking for employment right now, it still wouldn't hurt for you to prepare much like you would if you were looking for a job.

Well, there is the job itself, and salary of course, and working conditions, I mean, would I have an office, or would I work in a big room with a zillion other employees, and, and maybe about opportunities for advancement.

We've certainly seen times when local economies expanded rapidly for a while and then went back to a normal pace of growth

You know, the idea that people tend to adapt their speaking to make it closer to the speech of whomever they're talking to, and I'm thinking, yeah, I do that when I talk with my roommates, and without even thinking about it or anything, you know.

It had the right kind of sandy soil for one thing, but also, it was a wealthy nation with a growing economy, willing to spend lots of money on new exotic things.

Soon tulips were beginning to show up in different colors as growers tried to breed them specifically for colors which would make them even more valuable.

But it was all pure speculation because as I said, there was no way to know if the bulb was really going to produce the variety, the color that was promised.

So, here we've got all the conditions for an irrational boom: a prospering economy, so more people had more disposable income - money to spend on luxuries, but they weren't experienced at investing their new wealth.

Panic spread like wild fire and the tulip market collapsed totally.

It's not a remnant of some huge population that is dwindled in last few hundred years for some reason.

It appears that the shell has to crack open or break down somewhat to allow the seed to soak up water.

As you create fictional characters, you'll almost always combine characteristics from several different people on your list to form the identity and personality of just one character.

Keeping this kind of character sketch can help you solidify your character's personality, so that it remains consistent throughout your story.

And then your round, your main character who loves success and loves to show off, comes and boasts about succeeding and jokes about the flat character's defeat in front of others, humiliates the other guy.

Anyway, it's this fossilized pollen along with the aquifers and the rock paintings, these three things are all evidence that the Sahara was once much greener than it is today, that there were hippos and probably elephants and giraffes and so on.

So then you have less moisture to help clouds form, nothing to evaporate for cloud formation.

And then the cycle continues, less rain, drier soil, less vegetation, fewer clouds, less rain etc. etc..

So it's only logical to hypothesize that a lot of these people migrated to the Nile valley when they realized that this was more than a temporary drought.

And that's okay, that's science and they hypothesize that this migration actually provided an important impetus in the development of ancient Egypt.

需要复习的单词：

career fair
senior
familiarize
dialect
accommodation
streak
petal
mortgage
collapse
tulip mania
cluster
resemblance
germinate
remnant
retreat
characteristic
formulate
solidify
pitfall
cliche
ragged
dweller
hippo
aquifer
monsoon

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-20 10:09
Day 46
2月20日
TPO 5 阅读

植物矿物质错3对11
岛民起源错4对10
寒武纪大爆发错2对12

植物和寒武纪这两篇看上去单词多，但其实大多为学科名词，本身不是太难。倒是太平洋岛民这篇，单词还好，但内容比较复杂。细节题很多选项其实都有陷阱，没看仔细，错的比较多。文章还是需要耐心细看。

需要复习的句子

Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.

Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation.

Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised.

Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

These fossil beds provide evidence of about 32 modern animal groups, plus about 20 other animal body forms that are so different from any modern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups.

需要复习的单词

notoriously
deficient
nitrogen
hydroponically
saline
pathogen
alpine
pennycress
cadmium
archaeological
implicitly
deprecate
maroon
decomposition
detritus

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-21 10:04
Day 47
2月21日
TPO 5 听力

校园对话
适应校园错1对5
课程选课错1对5

学术讲座
月球研究错2对4
生物模因错2对4
童话民谣错1对5
光谱研究错2对4

两篇对话都说学生遇到了问题，请求帮助，做起来比较容易。四篇讲座都比较有难度尤其是生物那篇，讲的有些绕，很多细节没听明白，但依靠运气答案还能猜对一些。

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline
interlock

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-22 10:12
Day 48
2月22日
TPO 4 阅读

鹿群生态错3对11
岩洞艺术错5对9
石油资源错2对12

这次的阅读，岩洞这篇比较头痛。里面的大量描述读起来比较吃力，和背景知识有关，但也和长句的处理能力有关。其他两篇也有长句子，但相对简单些。岩洞这篇信息量太大，句子里信息比较浓缩，需要更耐心去看。
需要复习的句子：

Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque early Classical periods, we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genre within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes.

Now, as we know, keyboard instruments existed long before the piano—the organ, which dates back to the Middle Ages, as do other keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord, which is still popular today with some musicians.

Previously, it was uh, quite rare for a woman to perform on anything but maybe a harp, or, or maybe she sang, but suddenly, in the nineteenth century, it became quite acceptable—even, to some extent, almost expected—for a middle-class European woman to be able to play the piano… partly because, among upper-middle-class women, it was a sign of refinement, but it was also an excellent way for some women to earn money—by giving piano lessons.

Well, the percussive effect of those little hammers means that the pianist, unlike the harpsichordist, can control the dynamics of the sound—how softly or loudly each note is struck—hence the name pianoforte—“soft and loud.”

But, pressing the keys of a piano causes tiny felt-covered hammers to strike the strings inside the instrument, like drumsticks striking the head of a drum.

You see, the harpsichord is actually classified as a string instrument, since pressing a key of a harpsichord causes a tiny quill that’s connected to the key to pluck the strings that are inside the instrument, much the same as a guitar pick plucks the strings of a guitar.

This brand-new instrument, capable of producing loud and soft tones, greatly expanded the possibilities for conveying emotion.

Now, there are some pretty interesting caves in parts of the western United States, especially in national parks; there’s one park that has over a hundred caves, including some of the largest ones in the world.

Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration, but it’s safe to say that it’s sulfuric acid, and not moving water, that formed Lechuguilla Cave, and those few other ones like it

It’s not really forming anymore… but there’s other ones like it, for example in Mexico, that are forming, and when cave researchers go to explore them, they see—and smell—the sulfuric acid and gases at work.

This is part of what led us to the realization that Lechuguilla is in that small group of waterless caves.

需复习的单词
choir
bulldozer
rehearsal
ensemble
nominate
speculate
challenging
haul back
consciously
weigh
pros and cons
elaborate
scarce
ingredient
lead
copper
revival
principal
reassemble

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-23 10:09
Day 49
2月23日
TPO 4 听力
对话
图书馆借书错2对3
讨论课题错1对4
讲座
动物行为错3对3
石头移动错2对4
艺术支持错1对5
艾默生错2对4

对话里的图书馆借书一篇，本来以为会比较简单，但讨论的内容不是图书馆的还书规章之类的，而是偏学术讨论的如何选书，自己对这篇轻视了，做的不好。讲座里面，类似的有艾默生，开头挺着比较简单，但里面有涉及很多文学创作讨论，然后越听越听不懂，积累到后面就没有太多脑容量去记住关键信息了，做的也不好。动物行为这篇倒是从头到后都偏难，错一半在预料之中。

需要复习的句子：

Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right.

The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago.

Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.

In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.

In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.

The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques.

This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidities, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with some crops.

In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films).

Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering.

The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwaters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped.

需要复习的单词：

stencil
predominant
depict
fracture
spiral
tress
periodization
paradox
aesthetic
retard
inadequacy
triumph

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-24 09:59
Day 50
2月24日
TPO 3 阅读

建筑学对2错12
水资源对3错11
生态稳定对2错12

这几篇难度不是很大。看上去信息量很多，但结构非常工整，难句也不算多，句子长但可以读懂。

需要复习的句子：

If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky.

In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that "noisy"nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.

These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.

The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators.

Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.

Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population.

Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

需要复习的单词：

static
pillar
compactness
architectural
decorative
imagination
stationary
predator
propagate
planetarium
preposterous

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-25 10:01
Day 51
2月25日
TPO 2 阅读

沙漠形成错3对11
鲸鱼起源错2对12
早期影院错2对12

这三篇难度还好，其中沙漠这篇讲的内容比较多，句子不长，但需要仔细分析。影院这篇长句子很多，但内容还好，耐心仔细阅读的话，做起来不会太吃力。

需要复习的句子

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time.

With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.

What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.

Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.

These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.

Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time.

需要复习的单词

desertification
cetacean
spectator

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-26 10:04
2月26日
TPO 1 阅读

地下水错3对11
戏剧起源错2对12
植被生态错2对12

地下水这篇其实难度还行，但阅读文章的时候速度偏快，轻视了，做的不如预期。反倒是戏剧和植被两篇做的比较仔细，结果要比预期好一些。这几篇长句一般，难度也还好，难点可能还是在背景知识吧

需要复习的长难句：

Similarly, changes in the infant's general level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.

Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

With these sophisticated observational assessment and electro-physiological measures, we know that the neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected.

The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged.

Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.

For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle.

Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

需要复习的单词：

verbalize
habituation
olfactory
eliciting
neonate
electro
chronobiology
continuation
synchronize
hatch
humanness
endow
predominate
gripe

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-27 10:10
2月27日
TPO 3 听力

对话
社团活动错2对3
课题讨论错0对5

讲座
岛屿气候错3对3
光谱原理错1对5
蜂鸟研究错2对4
洞穴壁画错1对5

对话方面，两篇都还好，不算太麻烦，就是有些光顾听情节，自己开脑洞想原因，反倒做错了题。
讲座方面，壁画那篇信息量密集，内容专业，还有比喻，听起来比较吃力。歌剧那篇也是，有一些稍专业的词汇影响了对内容的理解，但好在那篇的整体结构比较容易把握，做题效果比预期的好些。其他两篇感觉中规中矩，做题也是正常发挥。

需要复习的句子：
I would just stick to the topic, anything unrelated to the use of nature imagery has no place in the paper.

All that tangential material just distract from the main argument.

Well, better a short, well-structured paper than a long paper that's poorly-structured and wanders off topic.

It may not help you tie your shoe but that little plastic tip keeps the rest of the shoelace, the shoe string from unraveling into weak and useless threads.

Well, the telomeres at the ends of Chromosomes seem to do about the same thing —protect the genes, the genetically functional parts of the Chromosome from being damaged.

And in the future we may have virtually immortal nerve cells and immortal skin cells of whatever, because this chemical, telomerase, can keep the telomeres on the ends of Chromosomes from getting any shorter.

Basically, um, the idea is that business owners or business managers just go out and actually talk to their customers, and learn more about how well the business is serving their needs, and try to see what the customer experiences.

With active systems, on the other hand, you collect the solar energy at one location, and then you use pumps and fans to move heat from the collectors through a plumbing system to a tank, where it can be used to heat a home or to just provide hot water.

It came to America late and was considered too elitist for the general public, but Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while.

And so the music was secondary, if you will, to the dramatic cadence of language, to the way the rhythm of language was used to express feeling and used to add drama, and of course as a result, instead of arias, or solos which would come to dominate Italian opera, the French relied on what the Italians called “recitativo” or “recitative” in English, the lyrics were spoken... frequently to the accompaniment of a harpsichord

And the themes again, the themes changed, and opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire, and about expressing the ideas of society or government without committing yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution or what have you.

需要复习的单词：
imagery
swamped
tangential
payroll
definitely
shoelace
enzyme
telomerase
aspect
quote
harpsichord
melodious
imprisonment
persecution
aristocrat
migrate

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-28 10:08
Day 54
2月28日
TPO2 听力

校园对话
讨论报告错1对5
活动安排错0对6

学术讲座
行星位置错1对5
亚里士多德 2对4
行为主义错3对3
植物纤维错2对4

两篇对话里报告那篇还是比较难的，有学术讲座的感觉，主义是讨论的内容比较深。四篇讲座，行为主义那个非常抽象，做的不太理想。亚里士多德那篇其实不算难，但做题的时候想的太多，反而错了不该错的。

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline
interlock

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-2-29 10:18

Day 55
2月29日
TPO1 听力

校园对话
图书馆找文献错1对5
讨论毕业论文错1对5

学术讲座
艺术课活动错1对5
地质年代检测 2对4
古代建筑错1对5
土拨鼠错3对3

需要复习的句子：

What they do is they save their best performances, their most conspicuous and most risky displays for the time just before the baby birds become able to take care of themselves.

Now what the purple sandpiper does is when a predator approaches, it drags its wings, but not to give it the impression that its wing is broken, but to create the illusion that it has a second pair of legs.

Most of the time, when birds are engaging in distraction displays, they are going to be pretending either that they have an injury, or that they are ill, or that they are exhausted.

The wind was one reason, nothing sticking out that might blow away in the harsh weather, but there was probably another reason, not related to the climate, more, more reflection of a rural New England society back then.

So, so all these help to create an attitude of conformity in the community, and you can see why a modest, a very plain style would become so widely imitated through out rural New England.

Now you have some birds that are quite mature, are quite capable, almost as soon as they hatch, and in that case, the parent will put on the most conspicuous distraction displays just before the babies' hatch.

Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for a large part of the year.

If temperatures overnight are already very close to the freezing point, then this drop of just a few degrees can take the temperature below freezing.

And what I, another think is that the loss of the wetlands has created the situation where the local temperatures in the area are now slightly different, slightly colder than they were 100 years ago, before the wetlands were drained.

Now, in theory, that would seem a great time to advertise, but maybe research shows you're wrong, that the customers who buy sports equipment tend not to give it as a holiday gift, but want to use it themselves.

需要复习的单词

convince
distract
imitated
mild
susceptible
porcelain
instigate
ceramics
utilitarian

作者: 妥妥 时间: 2020-2-29 12:42
龙哥厉害了

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-2 09:57
Day 56

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-2 10:00
Day 57

TPO 31 阅读

生态环境错5对9
学前教育错3对11
草原形成错2对12

这篇生态的文章有点复杂，不止讲生物，还将地理环境，里面的理论读起来有些吃力。做的一般，后面两篇还可以，正常发挥把。

需要复习的长难句：

The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.

The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment.

By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period.

Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor.

An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances.

Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism.

Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.

With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.

Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants.

Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Louis Agassiz, one of the first scientists to study glaciers, immigrated to the United States from Switzerland and became a professor at Harvard University, where he continued his studies in geology and other sciences.

For his research, Agassiz visited many places in the northern parts of Europe and North America, from the mountains of Scandinavia and New England to the rolling hills of the American Midwest.

Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates.

It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment.

Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice.

From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

需要复习的单词：
requisition
regiment
reverse
hereditary
station
frontier
circulation
accumulation
climax
biome
legitimately
radiometric
glaciation
interval
interglacial
correspond
oceanographer

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-3 09:48
Day 58

TPO 31 听力

对话
讨论历史课题错2对4
系统注册问题错1对5

讲座
古希腊音乐错1对5
地质板块错2对4
古人驯马错2对4
海洋生物错3对3

这次的对话，内容还有些深，讨论历史上的殖民地问题，感觉难度接近讲座了。反倒是讲座，原来觉得会难的音乐学到时不太难，其实地质学也不难（但题目没仔细看，错了不该错的）。

需要复习的句子：

That's because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

That first of all starts drawing water away from the center of its body, so the middle part of the frog, its internal organs, its heart, lungs, livers, these start getting drier and drier while the water that's being pulled away is forming a puddle around the organs just underneath the skin.

But wherever they live, once the weather starts to turn cold and the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as soon as the frog even touches an ice crystal or a bit of frozen ground, well, it begins to freeze.

After months without heartbeat, spring time comes around again, the earth starts to warm up, and suddenly one day, ping, a pulse, followed by another one, then another until maybe ten, twelve hours later, the animal is fully recovered.

We've already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and we've looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls.

Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort.

Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

The mother language, is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughter languages, which branch into daughter languages of their own, and languages that have the same source, the same mother, are called sisters.

需要复习的单词：

redid
taken aback
magnetic
lopsided
pulse
bust
contemporary
idealization

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-4 10:14
Day 59

TPO 32 阅读

植物定居  错1对13
古代泰国  错2对12
蜂群分布  错4对10

植物和泰国两篇相对容易，结构清晰，句子也不太难。蜂群这篇句子感觉难些，读起来有些吃力，最后时间比较紧，做起来比较仓促。

复习的句子

With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn.

When the ice is thick enough, usually over 30 meters, the weight of the snow and firn will cause the ice crystals toward the bottom to become plastic and to flow outward or downward from the area of snow accumulation.

For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes.

Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.

Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans.

Some of the proposed mechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different times on different continents.

American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

A search of sedimentary deposits that span the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary.

To date, several such secondary craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat-shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.

复习的单词：

flipper
coil
countercurrent
disintegrat
iridium
extinction
starvation
subsequently
debris
landform
engulf

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-5 10:02
Day 60

TPO33 阅读

古代文明  错1对13
美国铁路  错3对11
生物灭绝  错4对10

都是和历史，考古等相关的文章。古代早期文明这篇比较容易，美国铁路和生物灭绝两篇内容相对复杂，难度较大，做的一般。

需要复习的句子：
Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves.

Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved.

The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.

The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.

Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy.

The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover.

Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today.

These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys.

Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley.

For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant.

They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.

The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape.

Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.

需要复习的单词：
adoption
drought
vicinity
excavation
elaborate
gazelle
sizable
intercommunity
forage
turnpike

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-6 10:11
Day 61
阅读 TPO 34

伊斯兰书错2对12
蒸汽动力错2对12
昆虫与植物错5对9

伊斯兰文化这篇看上去有些难，但其实做下来感觉还好，题目比较容易。蒸汽动力这篇中规中矩。昆虫与植物那篇讲了两者的关系，内容有些绕，做的不太理想。

需要复习的句子：

Since practically all the solar system's mass resides in the Sun, this similarity in chemistry means that chondrites have average solar system composition, except for the most volatile elements; they are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled.

The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.

The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.

As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients.

Even with a massive effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the last 100 to 200 years.

Leaving its insect predators behind, the cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily along Washington’s tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment.

Along the east coast Spartina is considered valuable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration; it is also used for coastal restoration projects and the creation of new wetland sites.

需复习的单词：
perennial
cordgrass
tidal
gravel
salinity
cobble
mudflat
estuary
meteorite
lump
volatile
compositional
chondrite
chondrule
sulfide
calotype

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-7 10:20
Day 62
听力 TPO 32

论文讨论错0对6
图书回购错2对4

铜矿盆地错2对4
物种生态错1对5
近代建筑错2对4
香蕉考古错1对5

这次的听力总体还好。其中铜矿那篇做的比较吃力，大量的地质，化学词汇不熟悉，有3成内容听得稀里糊涂，错2题还算是运气比较好的。其他几篇难度一般，建筑那篇词汇不难，但信息量很密集。

复习的句子

Under those circumstances, its population would increase exponentially, meaning it would increase at an ever-accelerating pace.

But we do occasionally see exponential growth in nonnative species when they are transplanted into a new environment.

That's because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

That first of all starts drawing water away from the center of its body, so the middle part of the frog, its internal organs, its heart, lungs, livers, these start getting drier and drier while the water that's being pulled away is forming a puddle around the organs just underneath the skin.

But wherever they live, once the weather starts to turn cold and the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as soon as the frog even touches an ice crystal or a bit of frozen ground, well, it begins to freeze.

After months without heartbeat, spring time comes around again, the earth starts to warm up, and suddenly one day, ping, a pulse, followed by another one, then another until maybe ten, twelve hours later, the animal is fully recovered.

We've already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and we've looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls.

Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort.

Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

The mother language, is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughter languages, which branch into daughter languages of their own, and languages that have the same source, the same mother, are called sisters.

需要复习的单词：

redid
taken aback
magnetic
lopsided
pulse
bust
contemporary
idealization
imperial
inhabitants

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-8 10:31
Day 63
阅读 TPO 36

土壤形成错3对11
深海生物错2对12
工业与生态错1对13

这几篇里，以为会难的工业与生态其实长句还好，内容也不复杂。到时土壤形成这篇，读起来有些吃力。

复习的句子
The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.

The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.

Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy.

The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover.

Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today.

These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys.

Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley.

For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant.

They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.

The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape.

Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.

需要复习的单词：
adoption
drought
vicinity
excavation
elaborate
gazelle
sizable
intercommunity
forage
turnpike

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-9 23:56
Day 64

TPO 36 听力

学业计划错0对6
校广播站错1对5

氦3资源错3对3
玛雅遗迹错1对5
房屋设计错1对5
排斥原理错2对4

对话比较常规，学校广播站不太见到，内容还是有些意思的。几篇讲座里，氦3是比较难的，设计物理，地质甚至天文。其他几篇比较容易些，做的还行。

需要复习的句子：

Professors have to tell us what books they'll definitely need again next semester, and the deadline for them to let us know isn't for a couple of days.

Basically, a nuclear plant powered by nuclear fission derives its energy from the splitting of atoms, while a plant based on nuclear fusion utilizes the energy produced when atoms are fused together.

But given the lure of the possibilities and the pressing nature of our energy difficulties, it's possible that helium-3 could be a significant driver of future exploration of the Moon.

Using infrared imaging, the satellite-based remote-sensing instruments revealed what turned out to be traces of water-storage systems and canals... canals that the Mayans built to irrigate their parched soil, which helps explain how the Mayans could feed such a large population.

So he figures, hey, maybe some of those other yellow spots are worth investigating... Well, long story short, he checks out three different spots where the photo shows a discoloration and finds an ancient Mayan site, overgrown with vegetation, at every single one

Each house was built the same way and with the same materials-all parts were standardized-so houses could be built economically.

需要复习的单词：
perspective
helium
infrared

作者: 龙驾马 时间: 2020-3-10 23:05
Day 65

TPO37 阅读

希腊先哲错3对11
物种迁移错2对12
现代建筑错2对12

这三篇其实难度都不算小，但最近好像有了些感觉，能从文章里看到大致结构，以及一些重要信息。出题点开始有些感觉了，做题时候的效率明显提高，放在以前应该又是做不完。这几篇文章长难句还是有些的，词汇感觉还好，可能是最近积累多了，一些以前觉得比较生僻的词汇，现在都能认出来了。

需要复习的句子：