Avantasia－OG10th 考点完全归纳 - ChaseDream

这个考点总结耗费我大约2/3的复习时间，基本涵盖了OG10th的考点，其中部分题目取自大全和GWD＋TS（上面有详细标注），个人建议是考前做一个系统的语法知识点的复习，便于考试时迅速发掘考点，最后一部分是做题技巧，希望对大家有帮助。

本总结前后修订数次，但应该仍有不少错误和晦涩之处，大家有什么疑问后面跟贴，我会尽量回复。

4. rate of 比率, 速率; 只能high, great等形容词修饰number, rate, size, volume等数词; rate没有快慢, 不可用fast修饰, 大全404

12. enough(+sth) to do OG47, adj.+enough 后面不能再N, 注意enough如果想成为正确答案, 必须以enough to的形式出现, enough that基本错.

20. x is expected to y, expected for it to不对 OG131A(这里的for it重复了)

28. x forbid y to do z/x = prohibits y from doing z; prohibit from + N, prohibit + that不可以

30. require (of)sb to do sth, require (of sb) that, require that X Y都是正确表达方式, 但是require of sb to do 以及 require sb that为错误表达OG109; 注意require that X be Y, OG227B

42. require/ demand / mandate / propose/ on condition+ that + 无should虚拟语气(that引导具体内容, 根据句意分析); 注意没有demand/ mandate sb to do sth.的用法; 另外有: demand sth of sb; propose+sth/ doing sth.

43. contend that (不用虚拟语气), 表示阐述内容, OG157A. / with+名词短语, 表示反对, 斗争.

46. provide前面的主句不可以有否定含义, 且provide表必要条件, if表充分条件, 不可混用.

47. sb base sth. on sth. 如one should always base one's opinions on facts. ETS倾向于base的两种用法: n +based on sth. (做定语, 切记这里只能是based on加N, 绝对不可以加从句, OG90C的Awkward原因就在于此); based on sth, sth…(主语不能是人), OG11

48. be liable（可能）to do sth. (一般为bad outcome), 不能用be liable that形式.

49. OG167: it’s better to use the sigular in referring to an anatomical feature common to an entire species; 同理, 大全896C.

50. 无论嫁还是娶, marry一般不被动; be married to中married是形容词, OG171B.

51. not x, but (rather) y 中间不能用分号(因为分号连接两个句子), rather可以去掉, OG172

52. Verb+X+as an instance of+Y 只能接简单名词, 不能接其他的复杂结构, OG74B

64. no less than 不少于 (less可做名词, lower不可, amount to less, to介词加名词 OG101).

no more … than 与…一样（多）, 含否定含义: no happier than, A和B同样不开心

65. 动词+less of/ more of+名词: less/ more修饰动词, 表示较少（较大）程度上的动作

I’ll see less of my students in the future. 我将很少(很难)再次见到我的学生们

67. likelihood that 可能(固定搭配), 可以加情态动词; likelihood to错, 大全500

68. the (或者其他限定词, 如this)+形容词最高级+of+复数名词, eg. You are the most clever (boy) of all boys, OG139A

70. devastating—adj. 注意很多这种ing的形容词, 当前面是be的时候别当成进行式

72. numbers of＋可数(一定要去分number和numbers, 一个是N, 一个是修饰作用的形容词); amounts of＋不可数

73. there be单复就近, OG89; there be表示一种客观存在, 若没有限制的话表示全部, OG168D

91. make it ... that/ to do, it为形式宾语, that/ to do是真正的宾语/ make it adj/sth for sb to do sth

1. 平行总则: 平行对像的选择非常重要, OG84中be前面既有不定式, 又有名词, 已知的不定式平行有method和way(OG4E), 如果把固定结构拆开, 则必须先补全结构, TS9-26D就是比较具有迷惑形, 但是要明白method首先要和to搭配不全结构, 其中D选项后面的and前后非常平行, 优选.

2. to do X and (to) do Y; X be done and Y (be) done, 千万注意后面没错, OG218E

4. not…but/ …but(可以not verb…+but verb…) & instead of OG264B& rather than & as…as OG168 & or 大全14 & more x than y OG133C& the same to x as to y (介词的补出以示平行) & as well as 大全508A & besides & unlike & both…and & from…between & neither…nor & either…or & the more…the more

例如. OG40. In metalwork one advantage of adhesive-bonding over spot-welding is that the contact, and hence the bonding, is effected continuously over a broad surface instead of a series of regularly spaced points with no bonding in between.

注意: 比较结构往往是含有省略的, 因此不要以为不平行, OG251A, 省略了the number was在when前面.

5. be前后平行(包括has been); be动词和实意动词不能并列; Doing sth is N错, 因为不平行, OG240AD, 注意be动词前后的时态也要平行; OG6E是结合了定语从句的be动词平行, N+that be+N.

6. 平行应该尽量的对帐, 状语从句和定语从句平行就不好, OG225ACE.

7. 主从句和宾语从句及修饰语中, 主语相同时语态大部分要平行, 但有例外, 因此不要作为开始判断依据, OG16E&OG23DE&OG170&OG133C&OG209; 主要动词相同的不平行必错, 主语相同的不平行不一定错, OG204(主语和动词都不同) & OG186(主要动词不同但是主语相同), OG193E(主语和动词都不同), OG214题干(主要动词不同); 分析OG170, 一个东西刚开始是被动, 不可能后来自己又可以主动了.

10. 特指与特指平行, 有the的名词平行对象也要有the, 但是极少数专有名词除外, OG106B, OG169AE, 大全315D. 但是注意, the + 名词1 and 名词2, 这是在名词2前省略了限定词, 而不是前面是特指, 后面是泛指; 但是泛指无须平行.

11. 过去分词和现在分词只要是adj.的作用, 可以平行, 但前提是逻辑主语必须相同.

12. OG83: Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one when it is not. When it is not明显是not后面省略了present, 这就需要前面有一个present和它构成平行, 对于这种省略的提示应该敏感.

13. 注意平行的范围,不能在and 的平行结构中间穿插一堆东西, 造成理解的困难, OG27D.

14. 平行的最高境界是内容和词义也要平行, 体会OG8D, OG169E, OG109BE.

15. AND (then, therefore, also等副词不能代替and起连词的作用. 例如, then在并列结构中的用法为:do A and then do B, and不能省略, OG71):

1当形容a sequence of action时, 用and的平行, OG71C(注意这个考点决定了A的错误, then表示一种逻辑动作的先后顺序, C的and平行结构比then+分词更好); 但是注意OG261AC说明了不用and同样可以表达chrnological order(因为A的不平行错误更大).

2and可以表示出”cause-and-effect”的逻辑因果关系, 而when不可以(when表示同时发生 OG4, 大全561BE). 另外大全808 B也充分说明了and可以表达出因果关系, 逻辑意思为王.

3and 不能用于主从句之间，应该用于两个并列句之间, 大全138B.

4and的并列结构中, 必须严格平行对称, 名词必须和名词性结构平行, OG73D; 形式上面也要相同, OG93E(注意这里D酷似更平行, 但是平行指的是大结构上面的, 和partly because那题一样, 开始的大结构平行就可以, 小心陷阱).

6and连续性比as well as好, 且表一定程度的因果, 不能A, B, as well as C, 意为as well as指的是前面提到的若干东西的补充, 从地位上面无法完美平行; 连接A and B的时候, 可用A as well as B, 表既…又, 大全74, OG197A.

7不可以把逻辑上面联系的一组并列拆分成两组, OG155CE; 也不可以把逻辑关系不同的放在一组, OG190DE.

8and连接的两边最好成分对等, 若不对等, 也不要把谓语省虑, OG81. In 1973 mortgage payments represented twenty-one percent of an average thirty-year-old male's income;and forty-four percent in 1984.
(A) income; and forty-four percent in 1984 (分号不可以用来分隔句子和短语, OG50B)
(B) income; in 1984 the figure was forty-four percent
(C) income, and in 1984 forty-four percent
(D) income, forty-four percent in 1984 was the figure
(E) income that rose to forty-four percent in 1984
To establish the clearest comparison between circumstances in 1973 and those in 1984, a separate clause is needed to describe each year. Choices A and C, in failing to use separate clauses, are too elliptical and therefore unclear.

9and表示并列关系, 乱加会破坏句子之间的紧密型和逻辑关系, OG3E, OG68C, OG154CDE; 但是这也不代表and 结构就不能改变, 答案是比出来的, 大全457.

10and的并列如果省略主语, 则默认主语相同, 这可能是错误的原因, OG234D; OG264AD对比说明能把代词省掉就省掉, 简洁.

11and前面如果没有逗号的话, 后面的分句必须省略主语, 否则Run-on, OG135AC(注意that从句不存在这问题), 即使前面有逗号, 如果平行有要求, 也不能有, OG163E(三个并列).

16. 对于词性的判断很重要, 这决定是否平行, OG221(A中的aid for中aid是名词), 但是这题其实还有一层意思是说词性不同, 平行的内容不同.

18. and also是正确的, 表连接, 与not only…but also相似, 但是不可以单独用but also, 因为那样就成了contrast的意思, OG216A解释中提到.

2主谓之间可以加短的除时间状语外的修饰成份, 如果是介宾做的后置定语, 则限定主语的范围, OG238A(这点很重要, 正确的区分主语的限制语, 并把位置放对是排除DE的好方法); OG193E说明了介宾短语放在主语后面要很慎重, 因为必须照顾后面的平行部分的语意.

3a. 时间状语的位置. 时间状语的位置: 主语前/ auxiliary verb前（偶尔）/ main verb前（注意OG32是用定语从句的方式加状语, 是可以的）/谓语后（大部分, 大部分是在句尾, 但是TS04-4D说明谓宾之间加入时间状语也可以）; 一般放在句尾或句首, OG190ABE就是这个问题的说明, 而且OG解释中明确了主谓之间加入时间状语是Awkward; 一般情况下, 时间状语在句首或者句尾, Eg. Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were still about 50 percent greater than rate of price increases for other items included in the consumer price index.

(A) Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were

(B) Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was

答案A充分说明了位置的重要性; 注意OG135B, 由于省略了主语, 所以相当于还是把时间状语放在句首.

例: OG32. Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were constructed in violation of the city's building code.

(B) Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been

(E) Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake had been

BE时间状语位置不同, 修饰的动作不同, 表示的意思就不同了: 一个说地震是去年, 一个说重建是去年, 逻辑意思第一.

b. 介宾结构的时间状语放在句尾有可能出现歧义的情况, 但是这个判断顺序在最后面, 除非题目明确了对于这个考点的考察. (OG86就不能算是歧义)

Eg. 大全182. Bringing the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War was a special governmentally sanctioned price increase during a period of wage and price controls.

(B) What brought the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War was a special price increase that the government sanctioned during a period of wage and price controls. (另外A的Doing is N也是错误标志)

时间状语 during a period of wage and price controls 修饰对象有歧义，既可以指Bring Ford back after WW2 发生于 during a period of wage and price controls也可以指A special gov. price increase 发生于 during a period of wage and price controls

c. 修饰性状语位置. 修饰性状语必须判断是修饰单个词还是整个句子: OG256E, 大全72DE, 都是修饰整个句子, 所以放在句首比较好, 但是OG133也说明, 状语前置前提是句子里面只有一个动作或者几个动作发生情况相同, 如果有两个动作发生在不同的时间, 放在前面会造成逻辑错误(OG133A, 此时状语紧跟被修饰词, 不然窜改意思), 或者状语提前确实会产生意思错误(OG32BE).

d. 时间状语也要小心夹心修饰的问题, OG262E(尽管不是以插入语的形式, 可还是不好)

4Verb+to do结构中间可以插入介宾作为定语后置起限定性修饰作用, OG247A.

5OG130ADE, GWD10-21, Verb+that结构中, 究竟那些是应该被宾语从句包括的, 逻辑上面要分清楚, OG117是一个很好的例子:

Claims from a sample that it can assess… 第一句中from…歧义, 以为是修饰claims

6N+of的结构最好不拆, 中间插入别的修饰成份Confusingly, Awkward, OG247B.

20. Resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria x 对于介宾短语尤其小心, 就像”火山在信里爆发”, 介宾短语可以修饰动词和名词, 因此要小心修饰的语意窜改, OG263A, OG32E, OG117ABD(解释提到把介宾短语放在that的后面明确修饰后面的分句, 这个考点要把握); 因此介宾短语必须跟在被修饰的成份后面, 避免歧义, 大全266 During the Great Depression, industrial output fell by nearly fifty percent from its peak in 1929 down to its nadir in 1933.
(B) During the Great Depression, industrial output fell by nearly fifty percent from its peak in 1929 to its nadir in 1933. (B)
(E) During the Great Depression, industrial output fell from its peak in 1929 to its nadir in 1933 by nearly fifty percent.

但是, 这个考点应该辩证的接受, 即当介宾结构不会带来复杂的修饰的时候, 例如OG263, 当然要放在后面, 但是如果附带的修饰结构会产生头重脚轻时, 例如OG196D, 尽管这里的over the bridge是有歧义, 但是由于这个介宾结构后面带了一个复杂的定语从句, 无法提前, 只能在后面(介宾短语修饰歧义没有定从修饰这里产生的歧义大).

注意, 介宾结构的时间状语在句尾, 不会造成修饰前面名词的歧义, OG86E.

21. Among/ Out / Between/ At/ In/ -ed(OG166)+be+subject 倒装. GMAT中倒装不是重点, 即不会考只有倒装的不同的句子, 倒装的作用: 1强调要修饰的部分, 将要突出部分提前. 2平衡句子结构, 避免头重脚轻, OG166; 在不可以倒装的情况下, 不可以把助动词和动词分开, OG20D.

23. have done中的have在and并列句中第二个可以省略, OG113D; be done中的be同理.

25. Run-on-sentence, 用and, but, yet连接两个主语不同的独立分句需要加逗号, 即主语不同的两个句子, OG114E, yet连接的句子主语相同, 因此可以不加逗号, 不要当成错误.

读句子的时候要有意识，但是例如OG207A中and连接的是两个原因状语从句(相当于省略了一个相同的Because), 因此不加逗号; 注意不可将分句改成主句, 否则会run-on, OG10.

26. 主句也不可变成从句, 否则Sentence Fragments, OG41. Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied. Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.

(D) has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so

(E) has never been applied, Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so

D的错误就是whereby把主句变成了从句, 形成了Sentence fragments, 同理OG68DE.

27. 动词加与不加差异大, 不加修饰紧跟成分, 加了修饰主语, OG114AE.

28. 分号会将主从句分开(减弱逻辑关系), 因此原句用and时慎重换分号, OG225D说明在最后选择的阶段, 一定要明确原句的希望表达的意思, A是两个从句修饰, D打乱句子的紧凑和联贯;不要用分号连接句子和分词, 因为分词结构不能单独构成一个句子, OG50C.

29. despite/ in spite of/ because of/ on account of/ as a result of后面不能跟句子, 只可接简单名词结构(这个名词结构可以很长, 甚至包括分词定后), 不可以接动名词OG48D; 当选项中同时出现because/ since和上述结构的时候, 选because/ since.

30. a collection of/ a body of/ an array of/ a group of +复数名词+单数谓语.

31. 从后不从前(由B决定): A or B; not A but B; either A or B; A nor B; not only A but also B; neither A nor B; there be

从前不从后(由A决定): A with B; A, including B, A as well as B; A, together/ along with B; A no less than B; A more than B; A besides B; A except B

32. ETS从来不用like举例, 用的话就用such as; such…as(大全299); for instance; A, such as B. such as中B肯定是和A是同一类事物, 但是like用于比较, A like B, 意思是A像B一样, 两者之间不是同一种类, 不可以混用, OG208CE; 注意不要以为出现like和such as就一定是用such as, 大全229.

33. OG205: Such dependent clauses can only occur in the predicates of full clauses. Although结构在句子中间, 前后必须是都有谓语的句子.

34. Wrong: Ezra Pound was interested but not very knowledgeable about economics.

This is wrong because the preposition that’s needed after the word interested (in) is not the same as the preposition that follows the word knowledgeable (about).

Correct: Ezra Pound was interested in but not very knowledgeable about economics.

One way to check for faulty ellipsis is to complete each component idea in the sentence. Unless each part of the sentence can stand alone, you’ve found a case of faulty ellipsis. Trying that with our wrong example, we have:

Wrong: Ezra Pound was interested about economics, but Pound was not very knowledgeable about economics.

Correct: Pound was interested in economics, but Pound was not very knowledgeable about economics.

This is wrong because the verb form that’s needed after has is not the same as the one that’s needed after will, so both must be included.

Correct: London always has been and always will be the capital of the

United Kingdom

Note that in the correct version, both parts of the sentence can stand alone. See what happens if you do that with the wrong version.

1如果是作为前置形容词: 即形容词位于句首, 单独修饰主句的主语. 该形容词的作用和分词一样, 逻辑主语必须一致, 而且可以还原为完整的句子, OG 162题干.
2如果是作为后置形容词: 既形容词位于修饰对象之后, 且两者之间有逗号隔开. 该形容词的作用作为定语就近修饰, 可以还原为定语从句. 但如果定语从句中有情态动词且不可省略, 则不可省略为简单的形容词; 而且后置形容词不可以像现在分词修饰整个句子, 在该种情况下, 必须在形容词前面加上具体名词, OG38.

36. When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Simple Future (will help), adverbs usually come between the first part and the second part (will never help, is definitely going to meet).

1the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或所有格, OG252: the more the children..., the greater their...
2后面的谓语如果是be动词的话, 可以省略, 这一点对于前后两个都适用. (特别当主谓语时it is时, 常同时省略.) eg.What size box do you want?---The bigger, the better. 就是的The bigger it is, the better it is的省略结构. 上面的252题the greater...引出的主句显然省略了is, 表语是greater.
3第二个the more后面可以使用倒装, 而第一个后面却不行 (因为只有主句才能倒装,从句绝不能倒装! 如果继续深究第二个the more后面什么时候用倒装时, 可认为如果主语长, 谓语动词短时, 为避免头重脚轻, 主谓语倒装).

4表达的出的共变关系是不可以轻易改变的, 否则信息层次变化, OG7C.

38. OG35: A comma is needed after Rhone in choices A and D to set off the modifying phrase that begins Vincent...; without the comma, the phrase appears to be part of the main clause, and it is thus unclear what noun should govern the verb sold. 说明对于插入成分, 要明确谁是主语, 并且在插入语和主要动词间隔开, 否则修饰模糊.

39. 一个具有迷惑性的平行OG62. Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth's crust, changing the measured strain across a fault zone, and varying the electrical properties of underground rocks.

(E) changes in measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and variations among

首先tilting根据后面并列的名词看出是名词, 但是紧跟的and会造成并列已经结束的假象, 这里要明白并列中间的东西也可以用and连接.

另外一个: The suspect in the burglary was advised of his right to remain silent, told he could not leave, and was interrogated in a detention room.
(A) of his right to remain silent, told he could not leave, and was
(B) of his right to remain silent, told he could not leave, and (B)
(D) that he had a right to remain silent, could not leave, and was
D的语意不对, 后面两个动作不用建议, 且主被动平行相对awkward.

40. OG89. A recent national study of public schools shows that there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were four years ago.

(A) there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were (C)

(B) there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were

(D) every thirty-two pupils now have one microcomputer, four times as many than there were

DE的four times作为一个后置成分, 修饰前面的one逻辑错误; ABC利用there be表示比率, 将这个问题避开.

41. OG103. Students in the metropolitan school district lack math skills to such a large degree as to make it difficult to absorb them into a city economy becoming ever more dependent on information-based industries.

(A) lack of math skills is so large as to be difficult to absorb them into a city's economy that becomes

(B) are so lacking in math skills that it will be difficult to absorb them into a city economy becoming (B)

lack在原句里面是动词, A将其变成了N, 造成了前面的主语成了Dangling element, 这种错误要意识到, 同理OG228CDE; 而且OG103A它也使后面的them指代错误 (因为主语变了, 对于这种变更造成的影响要注意).

42. 主谓宾结构中, 复数主语可以对应单数宾语, Eg. We’are a team.

44. 另外, OG160是用while引出了两个句子的平行, 再用and引出第三个, 比较灵活的平行和句子连接, 结构看清楚.

45. It is an oversimplified view of cattle raising to say that all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to drive them to market when the time is ripe.

(D) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and （C）

首先观察结构, D中的corral them是并列在分句下面, 而分句的主语是they, 明显是错误的, 但是C就用and去和主句并列, 解决了这个问题(注意C的and then是和leave组合并列再和drive并列). 另外, all one has to do with cattle is leave这里leave前省略了to, 同理可能还有what从句 is (to) do, 类似例句:

All I can do is watch you leave. OG244选项C: one thing they have had to do is work, 尽管这是个错误的选项但og没有指出work前要加to.

46. 不要被插入语迷惑, 大全537, that is是插入语, 后面仍然是修饰mechanisms的定语从句.

47. for后面接doing一般表示sth的用途, eg.it’s a knife for slicing bread; 表示目的, 还是不定式最好, 因此当for doing和不定式同时出现时, 选择不定式, OG112BD, OG160CE, OG239AC, OG204BE; for+名词结构表示目的也是正确的, Eg.Several million tons of stone were quarried in

France

for the building of eight cathedrals.

48. 明确修饰对像很重要, OG119DE就是没有明确, 导致significant in compunding不能作为状语修饰前面的动词is growing.

50. What is difficult to understand is A.；What are difficult to understand are A and B, OG211B.

51. 大全431, 相同的形容词要放在前面, 对比AB; 如果是形容词的话并列的话就是: both public and private employee.

52. 建立一种思想: SVO结构完整, 即”谁, 怎么样”, OG192E就是结构不完整, 话没有说完;

同理: OG71. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions, then taking turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.

BC的错误在于take turns干什么? Drew什么? 将原句一个完整的过程拆开是不对的, 这个思想是很重要的, OG256C就是这个道理, 不能把原来的完整意思拆开说.

53. adj.+N and/or +N, adj管两个, 可能存在可数与否的修饰问题, OG107B.

54. 副词应该放在要修饰的形容词前面, 否则awkward and vague, 而且这种说法不如用名词结构好, OG73C.

55. 并列形式的平行(be, and, not only…but also)尽量保持时态的统一(OG246CDE, OG248C), 除非逻辑上面或者时间状语上面有明显的暗示.

58. being单独出现强调正在进行, 一般错误, 介词后面的being单说.

59. when/ while+N, 错误. 当状语从句中是系表结构的时候, 而表语这个时候有时一个名词,那么在英语的语法中是不能省略前面的主语和谓语的. 所以When he was a teacher, he lived in the school, 不能省略成when a teacher, he lived in the school. 当后面是形容词或者是介词短语的时候是可以省略的.

1. JR’s courage in the face of physical threats was not unlike that of Rose Parke for refusing to move to the back of a bus.

1It does not make clear whether it was JR or RP who showed courage in refusing to move.这里的for refusing to do不是介宾结构, 所以不会只限定到修饰前面紧跟的名词.

2say “for refusing” rather than “who refuse” make it sound as if courage move to the back of the bus. 动词作用的分词结构出现立刻要考虑该句主语, 看是否正确.

2. 逻辑分析: OG69 Although she had signed a pledge of abstinence while being an adolescent, FW was 35 years old before she choose to become a temperance activist.

不可以选 while in adolescence, 因为它一定是省略了she was, 但前面是过完, 时间逻辑不对.

3. OG70: often unable to≠cannot often 否定的不同, 逻辑意思不同, 体会.

4. has come to signify 与 has signified 逻辑意思大大的不同, 因此对于这类表示状态的动词绝对不可以随意删减; 同理, remain, become, come, go 作为一个动态的过程, 不可以随便省略或者改成be的形式, OG223E.

5. ban后面加肯定句, 因为如果再有not的话就是双重否定, 逻辑错误, OG100.

Eg. 原文: changing the measured strain, changing与前面的N不平行, 应换为changes, 而若改成: changing the measurement of the strain 将词性变化, 明显改变句意.

7. and meat rarely 1 将rare变形了, 将修饰词位置改变了, 而2中rare有scare的

and meat was rare 2 意思, 所以轻易不要变换, 因为存在一词多意, 歧义.

8. 当adj.修饰后面的两个名词都可以的时候, 小心adj.+N1+N2的结构, 容易造成修饰对像不清晰.

. sizable wolf population 相对第二句会产生歧义, 因为sizable不知道修饰谁,

9. 小心more引导的adv.+adj.+N结构(因为more本身可以是形容词或者副词), 另外对副词和形容词位置给予足够关注(例如even, 应紧贴修饰对像, even+adj.), 一变则影响逻辑.

1even more gasoline-efficient cars 第一句有歧义, 可表示a more cars that are

2cars even more gasoline-efficient efficient 或者 cars that are more efficient.

10. by sth/ sb只可以修饰前面紧跟的名词, 修饰范围有限, 不要乱动.

requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties

irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties 两句的by的修饰范围不同, 小心.

11. Unlike/ Like/ Besides/ Other than/ In additon to/ In contrast to/ In comparison with/ 分词/ 不定式结构开头, 注意逻辑主语(可以将前置状语变成句子, OG141), 但是, 句首用Except for, Aside from, According to, on the basis of, In order to等介词短语引导的名词不需要与主句主语对等.

12. equivalent to/ the equivalent of/ equal to指不光数量上的相同, 常修饰不可数.

13. 不可随便将when, while, although,though, as if后面的主谓省略, 因为这极其容易造成歧义, 一般都是错的, OG8, OG180, OG233, 大全766都是when, while doing的省略, 但是主语不同, 因此一个产生歧义(小心省略, 尤其补全后看看主语和逻辑是否正确), 切记它们省略的主语是离它们最近的那个动词的主语, 包括不定式和分词, OG178E, OG1AB; 另外这些单词放在句首, 如果是省略结构, 务必注意逻辑主语, 大全30CE.

Eg. 大全240. Despite no proof that the consumption of any particular foods reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods could help reverse blockage of coronary arteries, the blood vessels that feed the heart.
(A) Despite no proof that the consumption of any particular foods reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods could
(B) Despite no foods having been proved to reverse hardening of the arteries when consumed, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods can
(C) Although the consumption of no particular foods have been proved to reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that to refrain from eating certain foods could
(D) Although not proved that the consumption of any foods reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods can
(E) Although it has not been proved that the consumption of any particular food will reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods can

A的逗号前面是Sentence Fragment, B的having been不对, C去掉proof, 改了意思, DE区分要注意: 初看D 的分句主语可以是study, 但是看了E发现应该用It is的形式主语将主语表达, D的省略的主语不是study, 形式主语要重视!

14. 不仅介宾结构的状语, 副词同样存在限定范围的问题, 例如Only, first, often, at once, more, even, nearly, barely等副词, 必须放在要修饰对象前面, 变化的化会产生修饰的转移, OG98, OG105, 大全872CE. 其它的副词也要注意, Eg. In a period of time when women typically have had a narrow range of choices, Mary Baker Eddy became a distinguished writer and the founder, architect, and builder.

CE的typically成了修饰全句, 并包括了后面的MB的事情, 逻辑有问题.

15. 词性最好不要变, 变说不定就会出现新意思. economic经济上的, economical节约的; 同理significantly显著地 significant重要的; independently无关系的 independent独立的.

Recent extended sales slump 第一个说最近, ESS…; 第二说最近E的SS, 意思不同.

The funding for the park’s development. development在二句中变成了形容词性质, 错

第一句表示这个地方, 多少人收入低于贫困线, 二表示这个地方的收入占低于贫困线人总收入的好多, 完全意思不同.

in isolation from contact with A 第二句表示是完全的隔离, 和第一个不同, and表

20. OG201: lead to中的to是介词, +doing, 因此lowering可理解为Verb或adj., 歧义; 推广: 小心这类to+doing形式, 可能有问题.

21. Besides, As well as当修饰宾语时, 放在句首歧义, Eg. OG241. Besides him, we need you.

23. OG207A: It also makes clear who, exactly, is preparing for the coming school year. 很好的思路, 这里有主语的变化, 从主语及动作的发出人是否清晰的角度考虑对比个选项.

24. A of B and C的逻辑修饰是(A of B) and C, 要看是否和句意搭配, OG128BD.

25. “and”和”or”的逻辑关系不同, 选项中同时出现时小心判断; or在否定句中表示”既不, 也不”, 是完全的否定.

26. The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost.
(D) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the

United States

into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle can, and at a lower cost.
(E) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the

United States

into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and to cost less. (D)

D中and连接的是省略结构, 相对于逻辑, 平行就又是次要的了, 逻辑第一.

27. whose表示从属关系, 会改变逻辑关系从而造成混乱, OG33: “in D, whose incorrectly attributes rights and obligations to resources”.

28. 大全369. In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

(A) In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

(B) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in assessing the problems that they face.

(C) A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor.

(D) In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.（D）

(E) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face.

C中的that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor不知道是应该和前面的that并列还是修饰前面的problems, 所以歧义.

29. 主从句之间动词的逻辑关系不能颠倒(temporal relationship), 这是一个考点, OG178BCE.

31. has表示拥有, 和be在逻辑意思上面有区别, 注意区分, OG165CD.

1. among表示”在…中”, 其后面的N是具有不同特点的不同个体; In后面的N是暗指为相同特点的不同个体, OG62DE.

2. 倒装和it be+that的结构以及there be一般表示强调, OG153AC, 是最后用的; 不要随便把成份提到句首, 这样是强调, 改变句意重心, OG256B.

1OG171说明情态动词是可以加的, 关键还是看句意的需要; 也不一定原句的情态动词就一定保留, 例如OG237AB, seems likely已经表达出了may的含义; OG134的should从句意角度看根本就是多余的; OG215和OG152C的would都是express conditional, 所以不可以去掉; woul指promised but not certain的动作, 不能用来修饰一个已知的事实, OG260C; 如果原句没有逻辑意思的不完善, 情态动词不可以随便的取舍

4. computer work like an expert 两个都对, 但like可以表示”figurative illustration”,

6. supplies for the battle 第一句用for, 表达出供给和战争的关系, 由此可见介词的

同理. sediments from the Baltic Sea比Baltic Sea sediment 好, from强调来源, 更清晰.

同理. timber wolf density要改为timber wolf population’s density, 是否比density of timber wolf好不一定, GWD10-8.

7. not…but 仅表示自己做了什么, 而没做什么, 对比较对象没有暗示, 而rather than强调比较对象, OG264DE.

8. instead和rather than的区别: "instead of" is usually followed by simple noun or noun phrase, but" rather than "can be followed by a greater range, such as infinitive, participle, and noun phrase etc, 优选rather than.

9. in which不同于where, where有表示地点的含意, 是精确表达的需要, OG137; in which是一个容易考到的地方, 注意表示地点的时候用where, 但是phenmenone就是in which, 另外有的时候题目会有让加in的提示, 比如GWD4-2.

10. OG242AB前面已经有了necessary, 且句首even…most…已经形成了必要条件的关系, 不用再加nothing other than或者no less than, 而not unlike那题只有这个词组表达了强调的意为, 且没有形成重复, 因此不能省略.

12. twice是副词, 不能by twice, 也不可以by two times, two times表示两次而非两倍, OG72A

13. yet, altough, despite表示contrast, 当选项出现尤其关注, 上升到句意层面, OG158E.

14. A time when=a time at which(不是 in which); A period when=a period during which(不是 in which); An age in which.

15. OG52. The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions has created a growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost.

答案C是上升的成本, A是成本的上升, A更多是强调rising, 而C的rising cost是作为一个整体出现, 更符合句意需要.

同理: 大全199. Car owners who inflate their tires properly can substantially boost their vehicles’ fuel efficiency, since the increase in car-road friction can waste up to five percent of car fuel by underinflation.

(B) Because the underinflation of tires can waste up to five percent of a car’s fuel by increasing car-road friction, car owners can substantially boost their vehicles’ fuel efficiency by properly inflating the tires.

正确答案B中的increasing car-road friction作为整体比increase in car-road friction好.

16. 大全304. For many people, household labor remains demanding even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle.
(A) even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle
(B) despite being able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle
(C) even if they can afford household appliances their grandparents would have found miraculous
(D) although they could afford household appliances their grandparents would find miraculous (C)
(E) even if they are able to afford household appliances which would have been a miracle to their grandparents

首先Despite不可以接复杂结构, can afford是惯用法, 不能用be able to, D的would find表示appliances似乎还没造出来(区分虚拟语态和单纯的加would), 错误, E的appliances和后面的a miracle单复不对应, 容易产生awkward的感觉, C中用了虚拟, 正确.

18. “To express cause, ‘determined by’ is idiomatic”, by表达施动者和原因最简洁, OG257D.

19. 不能把形容词后的名词在前面没有相同名词的情况下省掉, 否则错误, OG260C.

20. 使用单数概念把逻辑精确, OG195DE, OG252; 单对一是一个正确选项的标志, 因为逻辑更清晰, OG176DE.

21. 当发现两个选项是差在一个”实意”动词上面的时候, 倾向选择有实意动词的, 表达更清晰, OG214E的解释, 大全692BC(同时注意and前后hiring和promotion的平行); 但是这个动词应该是和名词搭配的方式出现, 不可以造成语意的重复, OG13.

22. OG83BD的when前面宾语的省略造成了when逻辑意思的改变, 注意这种错误.

18. 在已经有词表现出至少的含义时 (如only), at least as much as没有more than简洁, OG59.

22. Although的新型省略: 连词保留, 主语取消, 主语动词改为分词, OG158, OG95题干.

eg.although US citizens account for only 5…变为although accounting for…,

citizen…

23. So X that Y已经表达出cause-and-effect的关系, 无须别的, so+adj….+so that x 复杂.

24. X is why…不对, 应说X is the reason why…但这样wordy, 不好; 同样the reason because也是罗嗦, 都不如直接说the reason is简洁.

26. I’m a student and he a teacher. Be在并列句中第二个可以省略, 实意动词由do/did替代.

29. what/ who+be+adj/ N.结构, 是wordy的, 但是what+Verb/复杂的结构不是, 对比OG240, OG30, OG14CE, OG211B; 如果有情态动词的话, 也不可以简写, OG73D.

30. Dental caries and gingivitis can be exacerbated not only by the foods patients eat but also by when the patients eat them.
(C) not only by the foods patients eat but also by time when the foods are eaten
(E) not only by what patients eat but also by when they eat it

C相对E不简洁, 被动不如主动, 且the foods和time在the上面不平行; E中when在这里是名词性, 注意后面的it指代what patients eat, 体会平行+简洁.

31. 能用名词, 不用动名词, OG241CD, OG178DE(in doing相对直接用动词或者分词绝对是wordy的), OG263BD(OG对于B的解释明确了其对于分词的厌恶), 但是这个不能作为一个必错的考点, ETS有时会来黑的, GWD4-34(平行在其判断之上); 能用动词不用名词, 因为动词(包含动词性质的分词)可以更清晰的主谓关系, 表达出施动者, 另外如果存在完成时或者进行时, 用动词也更清晰, OG13, OG53C, OG77ACD, 但是, 如果前面的限定词性决定只能用名词的时候, 就不可以用分词, TS04-16BC; 能用Verb, 不用be+a/an+N表示, 因为动词可以清晰的表示出主谓关系, OG119AB, OG249A, OG179AC(再推一步就是能用动词, 不用系表结构, TS-4-22DE); 能直接用动词或不定式, 就不用Verb+介宾结构/N, 不能清晰逻辑关系且罗嗦, OG125CD, OG216BC, OG236ADE; 能用动词(尤其是被动的强调), 不用形容词, 无法表达强调, OG157AC; 能用adv+Verb说明的不要变成Be+adj+in doing, OG221BC; 宾语从句表达更清晰, 因为是主谓宾的结构, OG130A, OG242明确说明了”名词+介词”相比之下是awkward&wordy; 一个动词+一个名词可以说清楚的, 换成两个动词性质的就是redundent, OG256DE.

32. 介宾短语没有直接的动词性质的现在分词简洁, OG11CE, OG78CD, OG264, 同时注意OG11C是独立主格结构, 可见也没有直接用分词简洁; 介宾短语也没有被动语态表达意思准确和简洁, OG224CD.

33. there be+N, 没有直接用N同形的Verb简洁有效, 这个是不用there be的原因, OG16DE.

34. 介词引导的分词结构是一个可以修饰前面的名词或者动词, 也可以修饰主句的主语的结构, JR’s courage in the face of physical threats was not unlike that of Rose Parke for refusing to move to the back of a bus和OG178D中的in their performing of specific jobs.都是可以理解成两种修饰方式, 所以都是vague.

35. 能用so+形容词直接表达, 不用such+名词, 形容词和名词, 信息层次不同, 但是小心so的结构本身是错误的, 大全528AC.

1. 被动的的核心是一种强调, 如果后面有By的话就是强调施动者, 或者一种被动的状态(例如OG63, 里面的Contraction不是施动者, 更谈不上被强调); 如果没有By, 就是强调一种状态, OG96. Assure the door are closed (强调关门这个状态, 如果加了By反而不对), 但是乱用会造成没有施动者而产生句子不清晰. OG23E: “the passive verb forms were raised in inappropriate because there is no identifiable agent responsible for the raising.”

例如: Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.
D: isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were (D)
E: in isolation and without contact with Eurpoeans longer than

D和E区别在于这题用被动表示一种状态, in isloation不能体现这种感觉, 另外动词比名词表义更清晰.

2. 将主动变成被动的代价就是: 被动形式没有说明动作的发出者OG61E&OG255DE, 结合上一条可以发现, 当主动语态的选项是主谓宾齐全的结构时, 被动语态的选项就是把宾语变成被动, 但是没有+by+主语, 所以都是没有Identifiable agent的, 但是像OG224&OG23这种只有主语和谓语的, 就相机而动了; OG21A, OG96A虽然用了分词, 但是逻辑主语都不正确(这个判断在被动之前), 所以相较之下用被动相对更好; 如果被动语态选项主谓宾齐全, 完全可以正确, OG234A; 但是像OG56中, 被动形式和主动形式都是主谓宾齐全, 尽管A是被动, 但仍然主动优于被动; OG134CD中C是主动, D主谓宾齐全, 最后根据后面未划线部分的提示选择了被动的.

5. 被动语态如有by引出的动作发出者, 要分析从逻辑上说这个主语这是不是真正的动作发出者OG204D, 同理OG63D, 小心陷阱.

6. OG57. In astronomy the term "red shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.

如果选了主动则这个by就没有任何意义了, 充分说明对后面要重视.

7. 不及物动词是不可以被动的, 因此不及物动词的过去分词表示动作的已经完成.

9. OG138B说明了被动会改变主语, 会造成后面成份因为主语改变而逻辑错误.

10. 从句意上面不可能主动的结构如果是省略了Be, 只能说是缺乏主要动词, 而不是应用主动语态, OG68BD.

1. rise has protein higher in quality than1wheat2, 可以在1补出that in, 或者而除补出does, 歧义, 这种包含介词的比较因此应该注意.

6. 出现比较级必须有明确或者已知的比较对像, 和被动一样, 不可以随便用, OG207CDE.

8. 所谓的单复平行就有讲究的, OG137C中并没有暗示单数, 所以必须复数平行; OG80中后面的两个地点暗示了复数, 所以civilazation可以一单一复, GWD11-1中道理相同, 后面的几个国家的名字暗示要复数, 只要有暗示, 可以不平行; 比较结构中两个比较主语的单复应该尽量一致(尤其Unlike引导), OG16C.

但是在非平行结构的句子里面, 名词的单复要根据逻辑判断, Eg. require their customers to fund from a deposited check.逻辑上那个面肯定不能只一个check, 错; 大全575同理.

9. The same…as或者As…as前后的对象要具有可比性(OG5如果同级比较的话, as…as前后的年代和祖先明显不具备可比性), the same可以单独用, 表示相同, 不具有比较意思. Eg. A letter written in the same year as the A was published.

10. 一般情况下, 比较中重复出现前面的名词而不用代词that/ thoes是为了更清晰, OG231D.

12. than when比较时间状语, 不用补出they were, 相当于than before, than usual, than ever, OG251A.

13. I have more apples than you have. More than比较具体事物, greater than比较数字概念

The number of apples in the basket is greater than that in the box. 例子: OG251AB

16. Rule 1: “Compare to” compares unlike things, “compare with” compares like things.

Rule 2: “Compare to” is used to stress the resemblance. “Compare with” can be used to show either similarity or difference but is usually used to stress the difference.

17. than做连词用来连接比较的时候, 就是把前后相连的句子相同部分省略, 不同部分补出, 有时加助动词避免歧义, OG180. They appear to us as they did (to us) 500 years ago. 若变to B, 则要补出did to B.

18. a. 比较宾语可以直接写, 不必补出, Eg. The German archaeologist Schliemann cut through Troy and uncovered (a civilization) a thousand years more ancient than the city known to Homer’s heroes. 同理OG253AB, OG266CE.

b. 当比较的动作超过一个的时候, 且时态相同, 不能通过简单的补出一个动词指代两个动作, Eg. A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement. 前面有两个动词, 不能简单补出一个do, 这里不补最好, 同理OG91. Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.

c. “你累了, 就像我不累”, 严重的对比逻辑错误. 大全504就是因为这个原因才不补出的, OG91也包含类似原因, OG91B同时说明补出的助动词必须要对应才可以.

d. 当时态发生变化的时候, 要补出主语和助动词以示时态转变: 大全10. A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than it was five years ago. (比较两个时间的状态), 同理OG265B.

e. 当谓语（内容）一致的时候, 比较两个主语时, 在比较词（than/ as等)后, 要尽量补出谓语动词(是尽量不是总是需要补出, 在逻辑清晰的情况下不用补出, OG46E, 所以说补出与否不要当作判断的开始标准!), 其原则为:

(1) 当比较词之前的谓语动词为一般现在时或一般过去时, 比较词后应该相应的用do/does/did/is/was/were/are来替代(主语对比, 有时候动词可以省略 eg. He did better than Tom, 但是像He gains more weight than Tom就不能省略Tom后的did, 否则由于有两个名词比较结构, 还可以理解为He gain more weight than gains Tom, 不好. OG149就是一个省略的经典例子, 注意as much as中间可以分开, OG156B.

(2) 当比较词之前的谓语动词由助动词（情态动词）+主要动词组成, 则在比较词之后保留此助动词（情态动词）即可; 注意区分have的是实意动词还是助动词; 也可以用do/did/does来代替情态动词.

(3) 比较前后的时态不一致: 两个比较对象动作是相同的,但是其发生的时间却不一致.

a.比较前是过去时或过去完成时, 其后的时间状语暗示了将来的动作, 补出助动词will.

(4) 补出的动词必须要在前面有与之对应, OG60CD的补出都无法和前面的be对应.

f. 主语 + be + adj比较级/ 复杂比较结构 + than, 后面应当省略be动词, 大全637E.

g. 大全441. It is as difficult to prevent crimes against property as those that are against a person.

This sentence compares two actions, preventing crimes against property and preventing crimes against a person, in terms of difficulty. 所以很明显只有E对, 其中IT是形式主语, 不需要有特定的指代对像, 逻辑主语只能指代不定式或that从句，不能指代实义名词这题是比较的经典, 要掌握; 同理OG60E, 当前面出现一个完整句子, 后面出现比较时, 后面的比较部分必须在主语和谓语上都对应; 同理大全81E, 一个完整的比较句子和前面的主句比较(注意插入语不用看), 注意区分A的similar to没有明确的比较对像; OG81B也说明用一个分句引出比较是优选的答案.

h. than可以引导两个句子比较, OG133E; 但是如果逻辑清晰, 也可以在比较的第二项省略的只剩介词短语, wisely, OG198E; 推广: 比较结构比较的如果不是主谓结构, 而且比较对象主谓一致时, 主谓结构可以省略, 但保留介词结构, GWD12-30A.

i. OG200A中没有补出thoes, 因为两个in soil相当平行, 不会歧义, 同理大全198E, 由于than前面就是比较对像supplies, 所以可以不补出比较对像也不会有歧义, 但是OG112A, OG明确就明确说明了需要补出, 因此不要把比较的省略和补出做为评判的唯一标准.

练习1. In its most recent approach, the comet Crommelin passed the Earth at about the same distance and in about the same position, some 25 degrees above the horizon, that Halley’s comet will pass the next time it appears.
(A) that Halley’s comet will pass
(B) that Halley’s comet is to be passing
(C) as Halley’s comet
(D) as will Halley’s comet
(E) as Halley’s comet will do
the key: D 比较里面最核心的思想首先是有两个以上名词结构, 必须补出, 其次比较的前后要一致, 这里用as引导比较两个状语, 而且补出助动词就可以了, 不要画蛇添足. A中的that看似做pass宾语, 但是pass的逻辑宾语应该是earth, 而不是position, 因此错; 对比OG174C的that, OG174C的that不做任何成份, “时间名词+that+句子”, 这也是一种定语从句, 很特殊的一种, 记住.

练习2. Of all the wild animals in their area, none was more useful to the Delaware tribes than the Virginia white tailed deer: it was a source of meat, and its hide was used for clothing, its antlers and bones for tools, and its sinews and gut for bindings and glue.

这里如果than后面写成to the VWTD是一种, 如果写成原文这样, 绝对没有歧义.

19. 再次明确have(do)和be是两个系统, 不可以互相指代(OG60CD明确说明了), 因此OG129 BD中have后面补出的都是sold, E的存在说明了补出是针对不定式的; 同理大全428 Inflation has made many Americans reevaluate their assumptions about the future; they still expect to live better than their parents have, but not so well as they once thought they could.

20. 省略也存在比较特殊的无法归类的情况: OG250D, them to要省略掉, 习惯用法, 记!

21. 可参考一下4种倍数句法:
.. times as ... as ...
结构: 倍数词＋as＋形容词／副词＋as…
说明: 此句型意为“是…的几倍”.“两倍”是 twice, 而三倍以上的“倍”, 通常用 times.
An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet.
平常的地下火车接近车站时, 发出的声音可能是最大声的喷射机的两倍.
more than ... as ... as
结构: more than＋倍数词＋as＋形容词／副词＋as
说明: 此句型意为”是…的几倍还不止”. ”两倍”是 twice, 而三倍以上的”倍”, 通常用 times.
He is more than three times as rich as I. (=He is three times richer than I.)
他的财富是我的三倍还不止.
... times ...er than ...
结构: 倍数词＋形容词或副词比较级＋than…
说明: 此句型意为”比…大几倍”. ”两倍”是 twice, 而三倍以上的”倍”, 通常用 times.
We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter than light waves.
我们现在知道Ｘ光波比光波短二千到一万倍.
... times the/ my N ...
结构: …倍数词＋the（或所有格）＋名词
说明: 此句型意为”是…的几倍”. <倍数词>与<名词>之间一定有 the 或<所有格>. 有时可改为”<倍数词>＋as＋<形容词>”. 三倍以上的”倍”, 通常用”times”. 而“more than＋<倍数词>＋the（或<所有格>）＋<名词>”译为“是…的几倍还不止”.
It was over twice the distance of the earth from the sun.
那是地球到太阳的距离的两倍多.

22. Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors.
(C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(E) and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart

区分CE, C的do只能指代到powers上面, 逻辑意思错误, E中的unlike本来修饰Nuclear fusion, 这里后置.

23. 比较的两边如果已经概念对等的话, 不用补出those of, 多余, OG223ACD.

25. 比较对像必须完整, 大全551C, 如果是指代light的话必须变成than that that can be...!!!

26. 大全777, E中是than he was的简写, 因此不可以用him, 这里是状态的比较, 同大全10.

2. 有before+过去时间不一定就加过去完成时, 应该从逻辑上面判断时态.

3. 具体时间状语出现(尤其是封闭的时间段), 基本上只可用一般过去时, OG203: has occurred between 1982 and 1987 x “since the period of time covered began and ended in the past, the verb should in一般过去时.

4. 把两个时态换成一个, 会造成逻辑顺序的不清晰(把”过去完成时+过去时”换成”过去时”), OG32AB.

5. 现在完成时包含对现在影响的含义, 不可轻易换成过去式; 现在完成时强调的过去一直到现在, 但不表示对将来有任何暗示, 不同于一般现在时, OG88BC(同时应该注意未划线部分的提示), 同理OG77DE, OG213D.

6. 现在完成时和一般过去时应该都可以连用in the last year, 不过现在完成时表示和现在有联系, 一般过去时表示和现在无联系; whithin/ during/ over/ in+the past/ last/ recent+时间短语, 这样的形式通通用完成时, 主要看那个the在不在, "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now; 但是这不意味着有了the就一定用完成时, 大全968.

7. 现在完成时的谓语, 前面不能是现在完成时或者过去时的主语, OG30AB.

8. 主句的谓语动词如果是过去时态, 而间接引语是客观事实或说话人认为是事实时, 或者统计数据和科研成果, 或者政府决策的时候, 间接引语谓语动词应用一般现在时, 例如:

OG147. At a recent session, the French government decided that (Paris needs a second, larger opera house to complement the famous Paris Opera).

大全99. Although the manager agreed to a more flexible work schedule, he said that (it must be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone) is assigned to do.

但是除了上述情况外, 一般都是动词是过去时, 则宾语从句要是过去时.

9. We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with time expressions such as "yesterday," "one year ago," "last week," "when I was a chlid," "when I lived in Japan," "at that moment," "that day" or "one day." We CAN use the Present Perfect with expressions like "ever," "never," "once," "many times," "several times," "before," "so far," "already" and "yet."; Sometimes we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. Expressions such as "in the last week," "in the last year," "this week," "this month," "so far" and "up to now" can be used to narrow the time we are looking in for an experience; Unlike the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

10. 从句不可用将来时: No Future in Time Clauses: Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with "when", "while", "before", "after", "by the time," "as soon as," "if" and "unless."

2在真实条件句中不用would用should, OG73B的解释中说明这是因为避免和虚拟语气重复.

3unless引导的也是条件从句, 不可以在从句中出现将来时, OG146B.

4would用法: 情态动词, 主要针对would和should, 用法分为情态动词的用法和非情态动词用法, 例如: If I were you, I would choose that one, 这里的would没有任何含意, 只是表达一种不确定的可能性, 是一种虚拟语气, 即非真实性条件句, 但是OG73中的 would就是一种情态动词的意义, refer to a promised but uncertain future event.

12. 在没有十分的把握的情况下(除非逻辑意思需要或者有明显的主从关系), 小心使用过去完成时, OG80, 完成时的问题相当复杂, 句中一定要有时间提示或者动词关系提示, 否则不能选.

13. 大全497. Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern

Ethiopia

are dotted with hundreds of monasteries.
(D) The mountainous regions of northern

Ethiopia

are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of which are chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.
(E) The mountainous regions of northern

Ethiopia

are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago

D的时态不对, 后面有明显的时间状语提示, 独立结构可以绕过这个缺点.

15. 出现ago, 由于表示过去具体时间, 最好不搭配完成时, 大全110AE.

16. 当选项中有些涉及时态, 有些不涉及的时候, 小心时态有问题, OG198.

17. 大全267. During the nineteenth century Emily Eden and Fanny Parks journeyed throughout

India

, sketching and keeping journals forming the basis of news reports about the princely states where they had visited.

(D) which had formed the basis of news reports about the princely states where they had（E）

不要迷信原句的完成时, 体会不用完成时had visted, 这里的动词是journeyed, visted不能在它前面, 这两个动作都发生在过去, 没有明显的逻辑和时间先后. 另外体会这里不用不定式, 信息层次改变.

18. since出现在主句中, 必须用完成时, 但是如果出现在分词的伴随结构中, 如OG259, 大全127, 用分词直接可以表示完成的意思(OG53CE, 这里也是用分词而不用名词的一个重要原因); 绝对不可以用having done的后置修饰结构, 因为分词已经表达了完成时的意思

19. and也可以表达一种先后顺序, 不过更多的表示在一个特定时间内的动作, 不像过去完成时强调不同时间的先后顺序, OG120AC和大全267AE的对比说明了过去完成时不可以随便使用.

20. 不是说有了过去时就可以用过去完成时, 关键看有没有逻辑顺序和时间关系在里面, OG17AE.

1. 分词在句首想: 1主被动是否正确. 2主语是否正确. 3Ving是否可以更换; 注意, 分词在句首即使前面有一个介词, 还是要考虑逻辑主句.

2. a. 现在分词在句尾逗号后可以做伴随状语或结果状语修饰前面的动词或者句; 分词在句中的时候(前面有逗号)做定语修饰前面的名词, OG178BC; 如果前面没有逗号, 则做定语修饰前面的名词, OG234B, 所以小心N+Ving结构, 因为这样会造成修饰前面名词的歧义, OG121C; 但是, 在句尾(分句尾也可以)的分词其实前面没有逗号, 也可能作为状语修饰整句(逻辑上面不可以有歧义), OG264D.

b. 过去分词位于句首，修饰主语; 位于句中或句尾, 优先作定语修饰前面的名词; 过去分词位于句尾, 如果紧接着谓语, 则也可作状语(大全535题干的based on, 但是based on是不可以修饰人的).

3. 分词无论是表示伴随主句动作还是伴随结果, 都必须有同时进行的含意, OG259A, 因此: He comes into the room, sitting in the chair是错误的.

分词一定要有明确的施动者, 看到分词想有没有施动者, OG62: Moreover, these verb tense are used incorrectly because the sentence mentions no subject that is performing these action.

5. 分词应该以主语中心语为施动者, Eg. OG62: The warning signs for a major earthquake是主语, 所以只能以其中心语sign作为施动者; 结尾悬挂式分词修饰前面分句的主语(如果是伴随动作的话, 且注意只能是自己分句的主语), 不像定从修饰前面紧跟的名词, 区分OG120AE(连by引导的名词都不可以被修饰).

6. 现在分词+N, 表示ongoing, 不可以在原句没有指示的情况下用, OG106B, OG13C是把这种思想反向应用到时态的判断中.

7. 现在分词(充当谓语)+宾语, 不可以用在过去时中, OG102AB, OG240D, 在句尾表示结果的状语除外, OG253B, 大全178B; 但是这个结构可以和完成时连用(如since和in the last year), 因为分词本身就有表示完成的意思, OG259A.

8. 由于现在分词已表达出了ongoing situation, 不用再罗嗦being, OG24; 但是不是说加了being的就一定要变成Ving的, 根据实际情况, 也许变成-ed, OG42.

9. 分词没有定从指代清晰有效, 尤其当出现强制指代的时候, 更是避免歧义的优选方案, OG109.

10. 分词引导句子已经表示原因, 前面不用再加because; 分词位于句首可以表示让步和对比, 这时不需要while, OG31D.

11. 由于很多过去分词和现在分词都有verb和adj两种意思, 因此很可能作为定后的时候产生vague, 可变成 the + Ving + of. OG99: spliting continents变成the splitting of continents.

12. 分词作为插入结构在句中, 切记注意夹心修饰, OG179. newcomers, having knowledge, NW help…; 同理: 大全898. Unlike that of human beings, who waste away when they go without food for long periods, hibernating bears exist for months on only their excess fat.

13. A of B+修饰词/ 定语从句, 分词或者定语从句优先修饰A, OG210; 但是绝对不排除修饰B的可能, OG1就是一个例子.

14. A and B that/who 的结构中定从修饰AB 大全914, 如果想修饰其中一个的话必须要用A+that/ who+B, OG27, 否则这种形式只能修饰两个, OG205C.

15. 过去分词表示发生在过去(必须首先判断不是被动下面的过去分词), 现在分词表示在现在, 注意使用区别, OG210AC.

16. Ving有名词性质, 因此可以和名词并列或者动词并列, 关键看他本身的词性.

We imply (wrongly, in this case) that

Senegal

is now a French colony. To make it clear that

Senegal

used to be a French colony and that that’s why its citizens speak French, we say:

In other words, we can make the information in the participial phrase refer to an earlier time than does the verb by changing the regular participle to what’s called a perfect participle. The name isn’t important as long as you remember that the way to do it is to use having + the past participle.

18. 分词在句尾表示伴随结果的时候, 分词主语是前面整个句子, 而which引导的定语从句是没有这种功能的, OG259. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds raised since transplants from

Norway

began in 1975.

(A) bringing (A) 如果选D的话, 则and省略了主语, 但是Five fledgling sea eagles

19. 现在分词在句首做状语, 基本上表示动作先于谓语动词发生, 因此应该小心窜改句意, OG44C选项相当于说现实Detecting, 然后才用的Doppler, 窜改了句意, 改变顺序; 大全877是一样的道理, 动词一定要注意先后的顺序.

20. 过去分词放句首表示被动, 如果动词和主语主动关系, 就不能把过去分词放前面, 大全162D.

21. 将句子变成分词的时候, 可能会使分词成为dangling modifier, 从而形成sentence fragment, OG170C中原句的Although要求必须有两个分句, 而变成分词就不对了.

22. 现在分词表示结果: OG154AD在ETS的解释中说的很清楚: ‘This sentence requires that the participial phrase setting free... connect to the gerund construction by filing a deed...; it was the filing of a deed that made possible the setting free .... ‘

24. 分词表示结果相对于定语从句, 可以避免which指代的歧义, 因为当现在分词表伴随的时候, 主语是主句主语, 可以跳过中间的名词, OG253AB.

25. 大全297C说明”_, compared to”这个过去分词结构是修饰主语的, Eg. JJ: In 1981 children in the

United States

spent an average of slightly less than two and a half hours a week doing household chores; by 1997 they had spent nearly six hours a week.

D中的compared with后面的figure不可以和前面的children相比, 错误; B迷惑性大, 注意前面是分号, 而且有”By”.

26. 除了在句首, 分词应该放在被修饰名词的后面, 这样才能明确主语, OG44D放在被修饰名词的前面造成分词逻辑主语不清晰.

1. 定语从句的先行词与后面从句中的名词应该上升到词于词的层面去考虑.

Eg. Have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance, acting as a sentinel sounding…

但是注意, 主谓宾间无固定的单复, eg. We’re a team.; 但是名词的对应相对复杂, 不要作为判断的依据.

2. 限定性定语从句是部分指代, 形容词或介词短语后置也是做部分的限定, 作用相同, 因此从句如果把that/ who+be去掉后改用adj+N或者OG2C那样N+后置介宾, 那用从句就是wordy, 同理OG238B; 但是如果后面的形容词修饰成份很长, 尤其是掺杂了比较, 则用从句可以更清晰, GWD4-3就是这样的例子, 把后置的形容词放在前面歧义, 放在后面则可以变从句, 同理OG253B; 如果是进行式或者是含有被动语态的定语从句, 可以不变, 例如OG6A, 解释没有指出是wordy, 但是OG237D, OG明确说明了可以直接定后简化, 作为最后判断的依据, OG154A中也是没有变换, 这里是被动语态, 尤其是当加入强制指代的时候, OG109A; 如果含有情态动词的话就只能用定从的形式，因为无法在不改变原意的前提下简化, OG8. visible equipment, that must be tured on and off; 另外As引导的带有进行时的从句后置可以化成前置分词, 简洁, OG150D.

3. 做定语从句宾语先行词的that可以省略, 但不是一定的, 关键还是看是否会产生歧义OG243中those human是会产生歧义的, 但是OG9的one that they就肯定是多余了.

4. 定语从句起解释限定的作用, 表从属关系, 与陈述句语意重心不同, 这种重心的感觉不可以迷信A, 根据句子的强调意思来, “outnumbering”那题则表达”超过”.

1of different functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted.

2that different function are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted.

对比可发现, 一句没有表达完全二句的意思, 将一句的that部分挡住不看, 无原意.

二句将一的意思改变, 去掉定从, 相当于impacts形成了continents, cause的多意也是ETS黑手之一.

OG234E, 是a sth+that的结构, 表示一种不完全性, 但是the sth+that是完全性指代, 而且这种组合去掉了the的定指含意和限定性定语从句的不完全指代性, OG237C, OG258AB.

6. OG15. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis.

(A) mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

(B) mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis ,

(C) between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis

(D) between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

(E) genuine manic-depressive psychosis and mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease

本题可以发现, 用定从指向性更强, 如果用perhaps violent, 则可能被误认为是插入语, 本句简化后是Dr. F disutinguishes between MS, perhaps violent, and genuine MDP, 这里perhaps violent悬在句中, 可以看成which are perhaps violent作定语修饰MS, 也可以看成插入语，或变成说Dr. F disutinguishes between MS这件事violent，也可能误会成说Dr. F is violent. 总之在GMAT SC中非限定性定语从句, 省略关系代词要异常谨慎, 象这种系表结构的非限定性定从, 最好写全以示清晰.

7. 两个定从或者分词后置修饰同一个先行词, 中间一定要有连词, 否则不对, Eg. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit the distance planet. Now known是that are now known的简写, 但是如果写全就是awkward, 所以这两个之间一定要有and, 变成now know and that orbit the distance planet; 同理, OG225B(如果where前面不加连词的话where会去修饰polulation), OG246B.

8. 非限定性定语从句不可以用that引导, OG249A中的that只能理解为修饰插入语前面的artists, 而不可以修饰应该修饰的musicians.

9. 人作为定语从句先行词的时候, 只能用who引导, 不可以用that, OG188.

10. 定语从句具有更强的指代性, 体现在可以更完美的表达出主谓关系(当结合动词使用好时), 对比OG119BC可以发现with结构不能清晰的说出主谓关系.

a. that引导限定性定语从句由于可以去后置(定语太长把后面部分提前), 所以that可以跳越修饰, 但是前提是被跳越的部分不存在被that修饰的可能, 如GWD11-10C, OG248C, 大全940C; 但是OG196C中that跳越修饰修饰的东西同样可以被这个定语修饰而产生新的意思, 所以错误.

b. 非限定性定语从句(, which/ who)的跳越只能局限在A+介词+B的简单结构中, OG119.

1. 限定性作用的同位语起修饰作用, 同位语的使用可能会改变句子的语意重心OG18, 若把同位语盖住, 都没有说出”He’s wives were all strong” 的意思, 逻辑第一.

2. 判断同位语是否正确的依据是: 改成主系结构, 看通不通, Eg. As litigation grows more complex, the need that experts explain technical issues becomes more apparent.

A用了同位语从句, The need is that experts explain technical issues, 不通, 所以错.

3. 同位结构(包括用破折号连接的), 也要注意谓语的单复搭配, OG18.

5. 主谓之间的关系不能因为有插入语或者同位语而改变, ETS经常会以插入语或者同位语干扰主谓之间的逻辑, Eg. The painting, which sold for 20 million/ sold for 20 million, was the highest price. x 这里相当于说painting是highest price, 逻辑错误.

6. 同位结构应补出介词结构缺少的相应的概括性词语, 这样可以使逻辑清晰 (OG2, OG6), 否则由于同位结构不能指代前面的整个句子, 就会修饰前面的名词, 造成逻辑错误, eg. Since 1981, when the farm depression began, the number of acres overseen by professional farm-management companies has grown from 48 million to nearly 59 million, an area about the size of Colorado 如果不补出an area的话, about the size of Colorado就修饰the number of acres, 逻辑错误.

同位结构可以由重复性名词(OG189C, 大全651B), 解释性名词, 抽象名词(如information), 概括性名词(如findings), 代词(如one, OG9)或What 来引导.

进一步推广: 悬挂是同位结构在前面的句子是SVO结构的时候, 同位结构修饰前面的宾语, 如OG132题干中的about修饰前面的people, 如果想修饰的名词后面还有名词, 则必须补出以示清晰, OG208E; 如果结尾的宾语存在N1+介词+Noun2的, 同位结构两个都可以修饰, 因此必须补出以示清晰, 大全651B的wings的补出也是在避免修饰前面airplanes的歧义, GWD3-4B, 同时还要注意单复指代等问题, 如OG194D(判断A的错误要用到这点), 但是如果说N1或者N2之中出现了专有名词, 由于不会产生歧义, 可以不补出N1, 如OG263D; OG对于OG89DE的解释说明了在SVO结构中, 除非结尾的名词逻辑上面一定不可以被修饰, 也可以修饰句子主语, 但极为少见, 考试不用考虑.

8. 主语和同位语尽量主谓一致, OG39; 实在不行再不去对应, 但是必须逻辑讲的通, OG213题干.

9. 同位语要和主语对应, 否则就会产生两个主语的情况了, 大全20A.

10. 同位语是起修饰作用, 一般用于修饰名词或名词短语, 对其修饰对象有解释力, OG220D: During a hundred years, a period beginning in 1788, 意思是a hundred years= a period beginning in 1788, 明显逻辑错误.

同理大全338, 如果同位语不具备解释力度, 就造成了动词前面两个意思没有联系的主语, 错误.

注意同位语不可以改做主语, OG56E, 这里存在一个逻辑错误, 可以说他是狗, 不可以说狗是他, 同理GWD6-41BE.

a. 一般放在句首或句尾作状语, 表示伴随原因、条件、状态等:

一般独立主格(n.＋n./-ed/-ing/介词短语/adj短语/名词)与主句形成松散的逻辑关系.

 with型独立主格(with n.+ -ed/-ing/adj/介词短语/名词/不定式)与主句形成紧密逻辑关系.

 each型独立主格(复数名词结尾, each+介词短语/adj短语/-ed/-ing)强调句尾名词.

b. 除with型独立主格外, 其它两个也可以作为同位结构放在句尾修饰前面的名词, 大全498E, OG122A.

1. ,+with引导的独立主格结构, 在句末修饰前面的句子或动作 OG113D(E中的whose起不到伴随的作用, 所以错误), 注意这个with结构的主语不一定就是主句主语, 是要伴随的那个的主语; with的独立主格表示伴随, 在逻辑上面也许会关系错误, 小心.

2. with (without)引导的介词短语, 这时和其他介词短语一样, 在主谓宾句子中如果想作状语或修饰主语的定语, 就要把介词短语提至谓语动词之前以避免产生歧义; 但是即使是放在主谓宾后面(OG56)也可以, with优先伴随主语动作(这时with结构的主语是要伴随的那个动作的主语, 因此OG212E中的with会产生主语是主句主语的情况), 但是同时还是要看一下如果前面的N也有被修饰的可能的话(OG212, 这种policy是一个可以限定性修饰的词), 则歧义; 如果发现伴随不对(大全207, 很明显修饰house), 则也可以限定性修饰前面的名词; 如果是跟在修饰词的后面, 大全981, 则基本修饰前面的名词(lion), 如果逻辑上面是要伴随的, 则歧义; 体会OG50AD变化; ”, with”的在句尾的非限定性修饰结构, 比较容易有歧义.

3. with, that紧跟修饰语时表示限定性修饰, who表示非限定性修饰, 选择with的时候要慎重, OG141.

4. OG192D里面的with后面的成份有宾语, 因此整个with结构是副词, 不可以用来修饰前面的名词, 更确切的说是独立结构, 只能做状语, 同理OG102B, OG113DE对比可以发现, with可以相对避免定语从句修饰前面名词的歧义;

大全374: Eg. In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminal charges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than $16 million in civil damages for cars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.

分析: 首先观察出AD中的with是独立主格做状语, 不可以修饰前面的cars, 而且that be是复杂表达; 再看D, 前面补出分词having, 刚好对应with, 而且意思正确, BCE中with前面是一个修饰成份, with优先修饰cars, 所以变成了修饰成份的并列, 简化的说就是为了车赔钱, 逻辑意思变化, 错; 但是注意OG104E, 这里用with的独立结构作为一个句子的状语, 符合逻辑意思, 不存在没有修饰对像的问题.

6. with引导介词短语放在句中也会产生夹心修饰的歧义, Eg. Unlike the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity, 这个with在中间是不知道该修饰前面的还是后面的成份.

13. In good years, the patchwork of green fields that surround the laceName w:st="on">San JoaquinlaceName> laceType w:st="on">ValleylaceType> town bustles with farm workers, many of them in the area just for the season.

(A) surround the laceName w:st="on">San JoaquinlaceName> laceType w:st="on">ValleylaceType> town bustles with farm workers, many of them

(B) surrounds the laceName w:st="on">San JoaquinlaceName> Valley town bustles with farm workers, many of whom are

首先应该根据逻辑意思判断A of B哪个被定语从句修饰, 其次many of them是同位语, 比many of whom are简洁.

5. 在句中无论直接插入新名词还是以插入语的形式, 都有可能造成以前的代词指代不清晰, OG184D, OG227CE, 这题的they肯定不可以指代句子主语identities, OG的意思是此时就近指代, 所以中间出入新的名词是有歧义的.

16. Unlike/ like在句中作为插入语, 小心夹心修饰, Eg. Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.

4. 插入语可以修饰前面的名词, OG147CE; 也可以修饰主语中心语(当在谓语前面的时候), 大全733B; 当like结构放在句尾的时候不再是插入语, 而是主语插入语的后置, 还是修饰主语, like结构修饰只要不产生歧义, 可以跳越, 选择最好的, OG189C; 注意OG147, 这里插入语没有造成夹心修饰, 因为后面不存在另一个比较对像.

18. OG222对于E的解释相当不负责任，这里E是一个同位语从句应该是没有争议的，问题就在这里，同位语从句是表示一种和前面的先行词等同的意思，比如：the fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen，这里的fact和 the money has gone是完全意义上的等同；可是本题中that they can withhold public disclosure of the identities of its sources of intelligence information和其先行词power明显不具有语意等同的特点, 故E错

19. 不是所有的名词都可以接同位语从句, OG63E的danger接同位语从句是不符合规范的, ETS几乎没有这样的同位结构出现, 都是定从, 同位语从句多在解释原理时应用.

20. 破折号引出的同位结构如果作为修饰名词性质的, 同样也可以跳越(在无歧义情况下), 大全859说明在A of B结构中可以跳越, GWD6-27E说明可以补出一个概括性名词以清晰指代, GWD9-1说明了连后置的分词都可以跳过去, 说明在结尾出现复杂的名词结构的时候, 优先修饰中心词.

1. OG9. In the context of this sentence, the infinitive to be is more appropriate than the limited present-tense is in referring to an event that occurred long ago but has been discovered only recently.

2. to do表目的, 前面应该有被修饰的Verb, OG39, to protect应该改为used to protect, 变成分词做状语; SVO, to do这个结构在大全中的验证是只有当Verb,…,+to do, 且这个Verb+to do本身可以表示目的的时候(尤其是结合了平行, 大全126&869&836)或者本身就是固定搭配的时候才可以(大全7&618), 大全5的to him表示对于他, 因此是正确的; 但是像OG185ACD, OG39E, 一个前面是Be, 一个是clogged, 加了to do逻辑上面有问题, 所以错.

4. 名词前有序数词或形容词最高级作定语时, 名词后的定语必须使用不定式.

6. 两个动词不定式并列有时相对Awkward, Eg. use as A to borrow against to get through. x OG140BD, OG6C.

7. 不定式的平行中, 后面的to常可以省略, 大全535B, OG186E(这里的rather than从逻辑上面限定了be的平行对像(这点要尤其注意)); 但是不定式也不是可以随便省略的, 会造成平行的歧义, GWD11-33E; 不定式的平行省略只可以用and连接, 不可以用逗号, OG47AE.

8. 不定式的否定, 一般是Verb+not+to do, Eg. It’s hard not to do, TS3-14DE.

1. ’s和of都是所用格, 不可以同时使用, 造成双重所有格的错误.

3. A of B 与A’B 不同, 前者的中A仍可成为主格代词先行词, 插入语和主格代词的指代对象, 而A’B中的A不行, OG90, OG164D, GWD13-1A, OG181E(注意such是代词); 注意A’B中的A’可以成为所有格代词的指代对像, 大全644D.

4. OG238. According to a recent study by laceName w:st="on">RutgerslaceName> laceType w:st="on">UniversitylaceType>, the number of women in state legislatures has grown in every election since 1968.

答案是A, the number是中心语, 但是D中a growing number of就是a number of不再是N, 因此中心语成了women, 严重改变句意.

7. 当两个of都表示所有格的时候, A of B of C 的表达可能会相对awkward, 因为会产生of的修饰不清, OG52A; 因此前面是数字的(a thousand of等)不算; 同理, A in B in C也可能相对awkward, OG238E.

8. ’s后面的宾语应该是一个名词, 不能用动名词; 但是存在his/ her+doing的情况.

9. 当两个名词连在一起时(甚至跨越非划线部分), 明白在两个之间也许需要加of, OG63D; 有的是并列的时候少了of, 应该看出来, OG53A.

10. The distribution of mass within the core of the Earth, like the mantle that surrounds the core, has been deduced from the orbital behavior of the Earth and the motions of satellites controlled by the gravity of the Earth.
(B) that within the mantle surrounding the core
(C) that of the mantle surrounding the core

(E) the distribution of mass within the mantle that surrounds the core
这题基于平行的角度B最好, C错的原因是这个that, 指代补不清The distribution or The distribution of mass, 特别小心对于A of B结构的指代; 另外这个E中不符合能省就省的原则, 而且这个定从修饰的没有分词感觉好, 定从表示一次性的事情.

12. 变成’s的代价是可能会使后面的代词缺乏指代对像, 大全401AB.

Eg. OG38. Scientists have observed large concentrations ofheavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.

(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings

(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area

(E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

这里面ACE中的there无法被清晰指代, AB中的where修饰前面的sediments, 但是不和逻辑, 同理OG237AD.

2. 指上一句提到的东西用them而非these, OG79; 有such+N, 不用these+N举例, OG116C.

3. 代词可以出现在主语前或者后, 只要单复正确, 指代清晰, OG108A; 但是如果这个代词没有在后面立刻明确的话就是错了, OG11B, Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C. 这里的It和要指代的名词之间还有名词, 而且距离太远. ‘Choice B is awkward and imprecise in that the referent for the pronoun it is not immediately clear’; 结合GWD13-1可以发现, 当句首的分词或者从句用了代词, 则必须立刻在主句开始明确代词, 否则就是错误.

4. 划线部分的名词要照顾到未划线部分的代词, 反之亦然, 尤其是划线部分后面的, 要看全, OG96, OG153 A: the best choice , correctly focuses upon the straightforward subject of the sentence and the logical referent of the pronoun “it” in the last line.

5. it具有很强的指代性, 就指刚刚出现的东西, OG199A中的it说明两个earthquake相同, 是一个, 不符合逻辑; 但是that, thoes没有那么强的指代作用, 例如OG51中that.

6. OG83D: Further, its presence in D leaves the it in when it is not without a logical referent: it must refer to condition, not presence. 正确答案和D相比用的是形容词present, 这样就避免了后面的it指代在condition和presence之间的指代混淆, 答案是比出来的.

7. 相同的代词在同一分句中指代应该相同, 否则歧义, OG244; 不同的所有格的相同代词在同一句中可以指代不同; 所有代词只能指代中心词, 不能指代修饰成分; 代词不能用来指代整个句子, 只能指代特定的名词或短语.

8. 代词的指代也许会没有具体名词清晰(辩证的看), OG248BC; 句中出现such, these+N, 通常是正确的, 因为可以使句子更清晰.

9. 能不用代词就不用, 若指代清晰肯定不用, 否则wordy(Each of her wives VS Her wives); 同理大全939BD, they’are可以省略, 不会歧义, 有了they反而罗嗦且不明确; 两个选项最后相较时, 省略代词的和使用具体名词的都是优选的.

10. 从句在前, 主句在后, 则主从句均可使用代词; 主句在前, 从句在后, 只有从句能使用代词, 主句必须声明完整意义的名词性成分.

11. 从句在前时出现的代词指代主句的主语, OG12B; 从句在后时, 从句代词可以指代主句的主语或者宾语, 所以当都是可以被逻辑指代的对像的时候, 错误, OG12E.

12. without their being…x 介词和后面的分词之间不可以插入代词, 但是这样有可能造成being的主语不清晰(大全315C再次验证), 可以换成介词+代词+名词, 或者直接换成加代词的主谓结构, 大全291CE, OG48CD.

13. S+be done/Verb to+Vt+Proun若S不是Vt的发出者而是Vt的宾语, 就一定要加一个S的代词, 否则逻辑上会产生S是Vt动作发出者的歧义, OG183B, OG61CE; GWD中很多有名词前插入代词的, 比如GWD4-Q41E , 这里没有在ability前面补出its, 说明这种补出是可以没有的, 不影响清晰; GWD里面还有介宾短语中间补出代词的, 如GWD4-Q3-C, 正确答案没有补出代词, 说明这种补出也是可以没有的.

14. all和all of都可以用在带限定词的名词前, 比如: All of the students are coming to the party, All the students are coming to the party; 在不带限定词的名词前只能用all, 比如: All students hates exams; 人称代词前只能用all of, 比如: I'd like all of you to come; 人称代词后可以用all, 比如: They all like parties, All of the/ both of the, the不可省率, 但是all the students可以变成all students.

1.并无就近指代的规则. 如果看到代词就将其等同于前面最靠近它的、在数上与其一致的名词,肯定是错误的.

2.从句中的做主语的代词优先指代主句主语, 这是ETS认可的规则, 但注意是“优先”,不是“永远”, 但是, OG12A是结合了代词的唯一指代性, 所以必错; 另外, 当代词不指代主句的主语的时候, 一般是因为前面是一个人一个物或者不产生逻辑歧义的两个东西.

3.逻辑判定是无比重要的. 如果“优先指代”使得句子不通, 则需要通过逻辑来判定其指代的对象. 当然, 这也适合于没有“优先指代”规则可用的情况, The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month, they在这里不太可能指代Olympic Games, 因此虽然不是很好, 但逻辑也还算清晰, 另外A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present but think that they will be or could, 这里they作为journalists动作的宾语的一部分, 不可能再指它; 但是像OG31C中的they, 由于前面的两个名词都可以和后面搭配, 所以不清晰; 同理OG159C中的their也指代不清(属于有效性错误, 因为解释用的是might confusing).

16. each作为代词时候指代主语的时候要注意看主语是否是单数, OG1E; each本身也不可以搭配错误, 例如OG18B, each of them H’s wives.

17. that可以做关联词, 还可以做普通代词, OG8正确答案D中的that先是关联代词, 然后作普通指示代词, 读的时候区分, 因此可知that在一句话中是可以指代不同的.

18. 一句话中两种代词不要出现指代交集, OG83A, it由于指代one, 会造成其没有指代对像.

19. OG131. The Commerce Department announced that the economy grew during the second quarter at a 7.5 percent annual rate, while inflation eased when it might have been expected for it to rise.

while引导的从句要求一个平行结构, 这个要体会, its指代inflation’s, A中的it和前面的inflation对应, awkward, 这题反应出来, 能平行就尽量平行.

21. 不要被表面的有指代迷惑, 逻辑意思第一, OG33C, its逻辑上面只能只resources, 但是单复不对, 所以没有指代, 同理OG61A的they; 也不是说有指代就一定正确, 逻辑上面还要讲的通, 不能non-sensical, OG220A的its指代England就没有意义.

23. OG194中的one of them who is缺少一个动词, 使得one没有动词可用, 这个结构要注意.

1. are a force for≠are forces for/are forcing for (考虑到究竟是有几个force).

同理, 大全254. Dr. Sayre’s lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support.
(B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates
(C) relations between nations that illustrate
当在BC中最好选择的时候, 只有B不会产生潜在的歧义, 而且也只有B里面的that不会产生指代歧义, 一定要注意指代问题.

3.“The” 可比表示全部: the 500 to 1000 different genes in a cell, 表示一共就这么多gene.

4.the+noun the + noun表特指和类指, 可以指代某一类人、动物等, the lion is the king of beasts. 狮子是万兽之王, OG163D.

3. the不可乱加, 因为加了the表示是一个前文提过的东西, 定指, OG106B; 但是这种”提过”是比较灵活的, 熟练应用可以帮助解题, OG6CE.

4. In developing new facilities for the incineration of solid wastes, we must avoid the danger of shifting environmental problems from landfills polluting the water to polluting the air with incinerators.

比较CD发现C中的the是和前面的incineration对应的, water和air前面加定冠词is unwarranted, 加了表示说特指的water和air, 意思不对.

5. OG53. There is no consensus on what role, if any, is played by acid rain in slowing the growth or damaging forests in the eastern

United States

这里第一个和第二个的区别在于第二个有一个the, 这样也就使得两个分词是动词性质, damaging和slowing+the growth of并列修饰后面的forests, 但是第一个没有, 这就使得前面的两个过分作为形容词性质修饰growth, 错误.

6. OG54. Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land.

OG: D and E use the definite article the where the indefinite article a is needed to refer to an unspecified person. 说明a表不定指, the是定指, 在没有特殊需要的时候不能乱用.

7. “a”可以表示一种不定指, 即平均上一个, 而one则是定指, OG134C.

1. as在gmat比较结构中多做连词代出一个主谓结构, 只指引出一个名词不符合语法习惯. OG126A (小心判断as引出的结构).

2. as…as 肯定和否定句都可以用, so…as 只能用于否定句, as…as除了可以表示像…一样外, 还可以用于concessive clause, 相当于though, 让步, 主从有对比意思, 且主从主语要相同, Eg. As ill-prepared as they are, they nevertheless find good jobs.

3. As表示一段时间, 尤其是指一个渐进的过程OG84 (as aging)--as: two situations which develop or change together. As I get older, I get more optimistic, 而when是”at that time”, OG1E, when: refer to ages and periods of time. when I was a child, we in in london; while表示two actions happen at the same time. while you are reading the information, I am working.

5. 表示动作的程度用so...that(that引出具体的explanation, OG136A), so+adj...as to(so和adj之间不能有别的东西, OG136C; OG103D的so much…as to错误; OG88A是正确的样子)只用于简单的系表结构当中, 因为要求动作发起人和句子主语相同; so as to不能加情态动词, 不能含有时态, 很多时候需要改成so…that.

6. so as to前后主语要相同, 如果不行的话就换成so that, 其中that可以去掉, 不去更好, 而且关键是so that可以接情态动词; OG88B, OG39C, 使用so that的时候一定要注意主语的, 如果有模糊的嫌疑就可以选择更换分词伴随句子, 大全362.

7. 经典分析: OG171, so as to做目的状语, 而so as to前面有两个限定动词sought和have, 造成修饰上面的歧义, 不知道是sought…so as to, 还是have…allulled so as to.

8. such functions to mean "of a kind" rather than to intensify abundant, such用来举例, so用来强调, 表达的语意重心不同, OG20, 这个是重要考点.

9. OG36. Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.

(A) are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control

(B) are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control

(D) had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling

(E) had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling

Both as attempts in B and E and as an attempt in D are wrong because the attempt consists not of the toads themselves, but of their introduction into the environment. As表示toad就是attemptation, 不符合逻辑, 因此当as翻译为作为的时候, As两端的概念一定要平行, 包括单复, OG97E; 同理: OG39. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

to protect BD中的As修饰items, 应该是use of items是method, as在句中时, 多和动词连用, 单个用的错的几率很大.

10. such as后面不可以接不定式, OG74D; as表示列举的时候也不可以加不定式.

11. As不一定就是表示像…(和like作用相同的那个), 可以表示作为, 大全226, as后面的比较接单一比较对像(因为省略了相同的Verb), 别当成错误.

大全677. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electro-magnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.
(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on
(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun
(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at
(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at
(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface, which have never been sighted on

读A的时候可以发现完成时有点怪, 好心的ETS并没有给出时态提示, B结构关系错, C看起不错, 而且可以发现原来on the surface位置会变, 估计要考虑逻辑意思了, 质疑C或者A, C时态没问题, D的on位置有问题, E结构不对, on有问题, 所以综合判断是C.

12. as…as前后的比较对像要对等, 大全517. Most nations regard their airspace as extending upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.
(A) as extending
(B) as the extent
这里as后面是fly, 需要前面有一个动词与其匹配, 另外B的the加的没有道理.

13. as many/ much as的结构是as many/ much+N as的省略N的结构, 如果中间的N是省略的, 则as后面的代词也要省略, OG132E; 如果没有省略, 且as后面要接的代词就是这个N的代词, 则要省略掉代词, OG187A; 如果中间的N和后面的代词不是一个东西, 则必须补出代词, OG92D, OG265B, 大全874B.

as+adj+as这个结构是否需要补出代词没有定论, 不可作为判断依据, GWD7-32, GWD5-14; 但是如果没有补出代词, 可以补出be动词, OG266CDE.

the same as这个结构和相关的变体都不需要在as后面进行多余的代词和动词补出, OG12D, OG54B, OG80AD对比更强调了这点(A用名词比D用those也更好).

14. than在作连词的时候的省略方式类似, 当主语相同的时候可以省略掉相同的主语, Eg. The new sports car is heavier than is usual for a performance automobile.

15. As作为连词的时候表示”像”, 作为副词的时候表示”正如”, 作为介词表示”作为”, 后面只能接名词结构, GWD4-41.

做连词比较两个状语: With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase.

做副词举例: As with any drug taken in excess, your body can build up a tolerance to it.

练习: 大全143. As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are, New York’s were built for an age of propellers, before jet planes weighing 800,000 pounds needed over two miles of runway.

这里A中as虽然是引出了一个svo结构, 但是are的时态不对, B中as with中的as应该是想表达”像”的意思, 但后面的with成了比较状语模式, 错误, 只有C .

1. 读一句句子的时候，慢一点读。[速度]
2. 句子一定要读完。未划线部分一定要看，很有可能有暗示。[完整][代词，时态，平行等]
3. 一边读的时候一边已经把主谓宾找出来。[基本结构]
4. 句意：句子的主要目的是想表述什么，区分主要信息、从属信息、并列信息以及各种想表达的关系。特别复杂的题目可以做笔记。
[Purpose of Expression句意，Hierarchy of information信息的层次]
5. 大部份情况下把那些简单的语法规则一代进去，就可以发现句子哪里不对了，找不出就接着在选项中比较差异。由差异中发现标准。标准一定要非常确定，属于“绝对错”。不能确定的先回避。[排除标准的确立]
6. 一般可以用排除法至剩下两个选项，然后再比较一下这两个从里面选出一个。先从最简单的原则入手：
1. 主谓一致 [Verbs must agree with their subjects]

2. 修饰[Introductory modifier][A modifier should be as close as possible to the word or clause that it modifies]
3. 时态 [Verb tenses must reflect the sequence of events]
4. 平行结构 [Similar elements in a sentence must be parallel to each other]

5. 比较 [Compare like things only]
6. 代词指代 [A pronoun must agree with its antecedent and refer to only one antecedent]
7. 习惯用语 [Correct Idioms]

以上原则属于优先级最高的原则，其它原则应放在较次要的位置考虑。
注意: 逻辑的清晰在简洁等等effectiveness错误之上, 所以说是否使用被动在代词指代清晰的判断后面.

5. 有没有时间状语或者重点副词(如ever)对时态的提示, OG101, 大全8

13. 看共几句话, 如果选择没有引导词的是否Run-on, 选有引导词的是否Sentence-Fragment. OG10

14. 如果是有平行连词连接的两个分句, 则时态的用词也要平行, OG28DE

2. 当发现选项有对名词的取舍的时候, 小心后面代词的呼应, OG96BC

6. 当发现选项用对名词的取舍的时候, 小心后面的代词没有对应对像, OG96C

9. 对平行代词提示词的取舍, OG139CD中的that(不能一个有, 一个没有)

10. 注意时态提示词, 包括一些形容词和名词, OG230(current hostility)

12. 是否尽量少的引入会让未划线部分代词产生歧义的代词或者名词, OG182AD

2. 学会化简结构, 当主谓关系很荒唐的时候必错, 大全809BD, OG26E

能总结到这个程度,真是不得不佩服;看来自己跟lz还是有很大的一段距离.

非常感谢Avantasia的无私奉献!! 建议版主发动全员,在这个基础上继续完善它,把<<白勇的语法全解>>、<<OG SC语法考点>>及各人自己的总结加上去。

我想,遇到问题时,可以作为一个小字典来使用,到你这里查查相关的知识点.

I have a question regarding 习慣用语6. "while willing to" change to "while being willing to" The "while willing to" can be found in OG 31. But i dont understand quite well why does it need to convert to "while being willing to" ?

31. Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.

(A) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.

(B) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, which they admit they lack, many people are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.

(C) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, analytical skills bring out a disinclination in many people to recognize that they are weak to a degree.

(D) Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.（D）

(E) Many people have a disinclination to recognize the weakness of their analytical skills while willing to admit their lack of computer skills or other technical skills.

31. Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.

(A) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.

(B) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, which they admit they lack, many people are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.

(C) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, analytical skills bring out a disinclination in many people to recognize that they are weak to a degree.

(D) Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.

(E) Many people have a disinclination to recognize the weakness of their analytical skills while willing to admit their lack of computer skills or other technical skills.

Choice D is best. Choice A illogically compares skills to a disinclination; choice B compares skills to many people. Choice C makes the comparison logical by casting analytical skills as the subject of the sentence, but it is awkward and unidiomatic to say skills bring out a disinclination. Also in C, the referent of

they is unclear, and weak to a degree changes the meaning of the original statement. In E, have a disinclination... while willing is grammatically incomplete, and admit their lack should be admit to their lack. By making people the subject of the sentence, D best expresses the intended contrast, which pertains not so much to skills as to people's willingness to recognize different areas of weakness.

D中如果前面加入being会造成awkward，所以省略了being结构，直接willing to。我的总结的意思是while willing to结构有问题，不代表说willing to结构有问题，语法点必须要结合到具体的句子中才有意义。

以下是引用Avantasia在2005-10-5 14:23:00的发言：

一、习惯用语

1. from…to/ to…from

Avantasia,请问 to…from是惯用法么?依据是什么?如果to...from是惯用法的话那么下面这个题就选E无疑了.

GWD-1-Q2:>>

By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase their share of the country’s $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.

their share of the country’s $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging
from 6 percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges
to 10 percent from 6 percent in their share of the $21 billion book market in the country, a market ranging
in its share, from 6 percent to 10 percent, of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges
to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country’s $21 billion book market, which ranges

answer: B/E

在大全注释里面曾经提到过From to是固定用法，我也曾经这么认为过，但是后来GWD这题我个人是选E的，因为B的which修饰歧意我觉得是不可以原谅的。我的总结里面特意把这个写出来就是想告诉做过大全的朋友，from to/to from都可以，这里不存在什么固定用法。

CD上面的朋友，如果有问题可以加我的MSN，我可能不经常看我的收件箱。