ChaseDream

标题: 10.03月度小狗 [打印本页]
作者: clz123134    时间: 2019-10-3 18:50
标题: 10.03月度小狗
分手未成功，直接cancel了成绩。四篇貌似只中了一篇。要不是数学很多重复，一度以为今天换了库。
第一篇是GIS。考古了一下应该是这个：
===================================
22.GIS（Geographic Information System）
V1:是關於GIS的，說先是一個英國人畫疫情分佈圖，後來結合科技什麽的研發了GIS，然後說GIS的功能和好處，最後一段不太明確應該是說另一種方法因為政府管制的限制什麽的
by kulayu
V2：一篇讲GIS，从历史开始说起（这边有个考举例的作用的题目），然后说现在的GIS一般都是电脑搞出来的，接着说政府的GIS信息最全，但是不是人人都能have access to it，因此很多人自己搞GIS，比如社区里面看看路况啦什么的，可以填补public系统里面的gap（有个问题问gap指的是神马），为社区服务~
by ElizabethBu(V 36-40)
V3：第一段追溯了一下GIP系统的历史，有一题是这里的，讲的是第一段的作用还是什么的，反正我选的是“表明GIP的使用源自传统（tradition）”；
第二段往后……大家去看之前的JJ吧……大意就是官方限制使用，然后民间自己发展，可以得到官方得不到的信息之类的。
题目还记得的有：文中“gap”的作用
by henrietta0106（v  34）
V4：一篇是讲GIS地理信息系统的。首先介绍了下地理信息系统的历史，然后第一段末尾说GIS现在主要基于电脑分析。第二段举例说明GIS在marketing、engineering等领域的应用。第三段一般人不容易接触到政府的data，于是用自己开发的社区GIS什么的来代替。结构很清晰。
by yhmo139(V 34)
V5. 以前某个部落的人利用painting来记录什么东西。（应该是说GIS的起源）然后英国一个什么学家用mapping来记录一种病sicken人们发生（应该是说GIS的发展）。但是后来人们对GIS的发展都与电脑密切相关。
GIS被应用于很多方面，比如marketing,可以根据对手、demand等等指定retail的位置；然后工程还是什么的话，可以根据gas，管道什么的去指定program(可能就是说施工的话，因为有很多gas啊管道啊会影响施工，利用gis可以有助于指定施工计划)。
这些信息都是政府拥有的，民间后来也发展了自己的GIS,可以及时知道那个地方路灯坏了等等详细的信息。（这段记不清了）
有一题，问提到“gas啊管道啊”那些影响施工的东西的作用是什么。
by kulalaioi(V 37)
V6: GIS那篇主要就是讲了GIS的各种应用：[有主题题]
第一段将过去的应用，现在主要加入计算机技术；
第二段举了三个现代社会新引用： 1. industry marketing, 利用GIS的信息，如人口密度等，应对竞争者[有细节题]；2. engineering firm，没细节题忘了； 3.政府：没细节题，忘了；
第三段依然是举例：由于政府data不容易获得，advocate group就用了additional的GIS数据，作为补充,[这里有个细节题，lz选的是advocate group用了both 政府和民间的资料，有两个关键词additional , supplemental] 来帮助弱势群体。
GIS全是举例，各种细节题，不难。
by duentem
v7: GIS曾经被作为一项很重要的什么什么的工具。比如英国通过这种map来掌控疫情。然而，后来GIS被广泛应用于电脑分析之类的——
            GIS的应用。——GIS虽然很有用但是最全面的掌握GIS信息的是政府，然而一般人很难have access to it。所以一些公司啊寻求社区合作来自己搜集信息。by simly walk in the 社区 will find many in开头的（题目里有，就是公共设施的那个词）的情况啊，这些情况更加真实和具体可以填补GAP  masked the real situation.(mask 记得很清楚，应该是说这些信息被政府可以mask了，有一题是说gap是什么意思，我就选了这个。还有一个tricky选项是the information is not easy to access in general,个人觉得是easy的在社区走一趟就可以搜集到，可能是我的理解有偏差，大家注意看原文)
by  夏沐清风(v 39)
V8: GIS

第一段：英国在很多年前（17XX年或是18XX年）有疫情的时候，就用在传统地图上标注疫情情况（比如哪里严重啊，哪里不太严重啊，各地的疫情发展趋势啊）。这个应该就是现代的GIS的起源。

第二段：由于有了computer technology, GIS系统得到了很好的发展。Engineering firms可以用它来进行XX(具体内容忘了，应该是工程研究方面的内容)；marketing firms可以用它来进行市场调研，制定相应策略；政府可以用GIS来做XX(本段因为没考细节，具体内容记不清了)。该段主要就是讲GIS系统现在的发展和用途。

第三段，政府的GIS系统信息不容易accessible,所以现在一些公司开始联手开发自己的GIS系统。举例说人们尽管不能从政府出得到信息，但是通过自己实际调研，可以了解有关infrastucture的信息如马路的状况、灯杆的状况、路灯是否烧坏（burnout）。有时候人们甚至从社区里走一趟，就能很方便地了解到好多信息，从而fill the gap(此处有题，问the gap指的是什么？)

Q1： 问第一段中英国的例子的作用，答案是GIS系统的起源。

Q2: 第三段倒数第几行被填补的gap的意思，记不太清了。好像是E选项。其它选项中和engineering firm及marketing firm相关的是无关选项，因为不在同一段落，且内容部沾边。还有一个选项很有迷惑性，似乎和政府相关，楼主反复通读了几遍第三段后，放弃了和政府相关的那个迷惑选项。

其它几步太清了。
by 跳跳巧虎(V 44)
问题：
Q1：第一段的作用还是什么的
GIP的使用源自传统（tradition）（v34）
Q2：文中“gap”的作用
Q3: 关于infrastructure的inferent
确定答案选含engineering 和 road map的,文中两次提到这个infrastructure,分别是第二段的第二个例子和第三段中间，"gap"前面一点。(V 37)
Q4：有一题问market research的人可能用了哪些信息:
答案应该是competition's location and demographics(V 40)
Q5：有一题问第三段中可以推断出advocate group干了啥
应该是combine了政府数据和自己搜集的数据。(V 40)
Q6：主旨题:
应该是exploreGIS作为一个工具的用途吧。(V 40)
Q7：第一段的中英国的例子的作用还是什么的
选GIP的使用源自传统（tradition）(v 40)
Q8：关于infrastructure（基础设施）的inference 这个我没有跟着JJ
选了好像选了C the information is not easy to access
Q9:有一题是说gap是什么意思
应该是  in general（大家现场理解下，感觉那个时候选的时候很好排除错的）

==========================================================

第二还是第三篇是地震预测，就是寂静第41篇，与寂静基本一致。
同第二篇还是第三篇，出现了一个南极冰盖的，大致是：
P1: 南极冰盖形成于14M年前cold era，后来温度升高后，维持机制是：温度升高 -> 水分蒸发(evaporation) -> 降水量(precipitation)增加 -> 继续形成冰盖，并达到平衡【没出题白看了】
P2: 一个fossil evidence在一个什么mountain上说明3M年前冰盖collapsed，后来还提到了重新结冰后，盆地(basin)的fossil被挤()上山还是什么的
P3失忆。
Verbal很差，段落大意可信度不高，希望能考古。

【更新：楼下大神已给出原文出处。

还有一篇tearing(不记得有没有ing) product（product teardown?）的，和制造业的生产有关。大致就是拆了对手的产品反向研究什么的。没时间了做得很快，意思不确定。结构失忆中。希望新构筑能够完善这一篇。

剩下的失忆中……佛系更新。





作者: lzj111    时间: 2019-10-3 19:43
楼主加油！
作者: billyisfragile!    时间: 2019-10-3 19:54
还有一篇tearing(不记得有没有ing) product的，和制造业的生产有关。大致就是拆了对手的产品反向研究什么的。没时间了做得很快，意思不确定。结构失忆中。

能回忆原文关键词吗？

P1: 南极冰盖形成于14M年前cold era，后来温度升高后，维持机制是：温度升高 -> 水分蒸发(evaporation) -> 降水量(precipitation)增加 -> 继续形成冰盖，并达到平衡【没出题白看了】
P2: 一个fossil evidence在一个什么mountain上说明3M年前冰盖collapsed，后来还提到了重新结冰后，盆地(basin)的fossil被挤(？)上山还是什么的
P3失忆。

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Antarctic Meltdown
John Horgan
Scientific American
Vol. 268, No. 3 (MARCH 1993), pp. 19, 22-23, 26, 28
Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24941397
Page Count: 5
Until recently, most researchers believed the Antarctic ice cap formed during a cool era about 14 million years ago and has persisted with relatively minor shrinking and swelling since then. A simple mechanism was thought to keep the ice near equilibrium in spite of climate changes: as temperatures rose, calving and melting would increase, but so would evaporation of seawater and precipitation over the continent.

The boldest challenge to this view has come from workers led by David M. Harwood of the University of Nebraska and Peter N. Webb of Ohio State University, who contend that only three million years ago the Antarctic ice cap was virtually nonexistent. Harwood describes himself as a “garbage-pile geologist” who rummages through heaps of debris left behind by glaciers. In the mid-1980s he and Webb found some unusual glacial refuse in the Transantarctic Mountains, a rocky spine that transects the continent. The deposits contained the fossil remnants of minute marine organisms called diatoms and of a species of beech tree common to the Southern Hemisphere. The diatoms were similar to ones found previously in ocean-floor sediments three million years old.

The group concluded that three million years ago the ice sheet had collapsed, transforming the continent into a cluster of islands divided by open sea. The beech trees lived on islands that were to become the Transantarctic Mountains, and the diatoms lived in marine basins to the east of those islands. As temperatures fell and the continent froze once again, the expanding East Antarctic ice sheet shoved the diatoms up into the Transantarctic Mountains, where Harwood and Webb found them along with the beech fossils three million years later.


作者: billyisfragile!    时间: 2019-10-3 20:02
https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-revolution-will-be-mapped-7130

Healthy City was hired by the city to produce maps in conjunction with an initiative to shift the approach to gang violence from enforcement and suppression to prevention. Healthy City produced maps that showed gang hot spots as well as services available to young people; the maps helped the city target areas where services were in shortest supply for additional investment. "We don't only want to show problems," says John Kim, who has directed Healthy City since its inception in 2002. "We want to show ways to solve those problems."
以前某个部落的人利用painting来记录什么东西。（应该是说GIS的起源）然后英国一个什么学家用mapping来记录一种病sicken人们发生（应该是说GIS的发展）。但是后来人们对GIS的发展都与电脑密切相关。

Historians cite ancient cave paintings of migratory game routes as a primitive geographic information system, the superimposition of data on a geographic image. An English physician mapped the location of London residents sickened by cholera during an outbreak in 1857, which he analyzed to identify the source of the disease. Advancements in photographic processes in the early 20th century enabled the creation of translucent images of geographically ordered demographic data that could be layered atop a map, a technique pioneered by the Roosevelt administration during the Depression.

Though these antecedents arguably combine geography and information into a kind of system, GIS is most commonly associated with sophisticated computer hardware and software, its origins dating back to the days of mainframes and punch cards. In 1962, the Canadian government unveiled the Canada Geographic Information System, a prototype that mapped select land-use variables throughout the country for planning purposes.

Private vendors began to sell off-the-shelf GIS software in the 1980s; a decade later, further refinements in those packages combined with a steady drop in hardware prices made GIS available to anyone with sufficient technical background and skill. The runway was clear for takeoff.
GIS被应用于很多方面，比如marketing,可以根据对手、demand等等指定retail的位置；然后工程还是什么的话，可以根据gas，管道什么的去指定program(可能就是说施工的话，因为有很多gas啊管道啊会影响施工，利用gis可以有助于指定施工计划)。

Commercial users were among the first to take advantage. Market researchers mapped demographic data on household income, population density and the location of competitors to choose optimal sites for retail expansion. Engineering firms mapped roads and infrastructure to streamline their projects.

Federal, state and local government agencies also found GIS an invaluable way to increase efficiencies. The time spent on planning, permitting and conducting environmental or health assessments could be cut to a sliver with accurate databases and maps. Law enforcement agencies mapped crime incidence; few government operations, in fact, did not benefit from a GIS application. One of the largest single repositories of government data, the U.S. Census, has likely launched more GIS maps than any other single data source.

Much of that government data has now been posted to the Web. For advocates using GIS, the flood of data has been a boon. Parnell says the Cedar Grove Institute would never have emerged from the conceptual phase without the ability to obtain government data. "We realized that there's a critical mass of data out there," he says. "Five years earlier, we couldn't have done it."

Not all local governments appreciate the rise of GIS-driven advocacy, especially when their own data is used as a hammer against them, and they have begun to restrict public access. Some have pulled data off the Web in the alleged interest of national security; others charge exorbitant fees to produce it or deliver jumbled masses of data that are difficult to manage or decipher.

Mebane, the Cedar Grove Institute's first case study of municipal discrimination, passed an Infrastructure Information Security Policy shortly after the study was published; the policy limited infrastructure data access to qualified engineering firms and town agencies. The city of Modesto, Calif., locked in a legal underbounding battle, pulled its infrastructure data off the Internet after the lawsuit was filed, citing national security grounds. "There's no conceivable national security interest in where the traffic lights are in Modesto," scoffs Ben Marsh, the institute's chief mapmaker. A recent appellate ruling in California rejected a similar national-security rationale, as well as a copyright argument by Santa Clara County, but whether that opinion stands as precedent remains to be seen.

Though restrictions on access to government data could prove troublesome, advocacy groups that use GIS have already been finding data sources outside of government. In particular, data collected by community residents have become an effective supplement to the "official story," as University of Washington professor Sarah Elwood calls government data.

Elwood has used GIS not only to map problems but to build the capacity of underserved and disadvantaged communities to advocate on their own behalf. Simple walking surveys that catalogue infrastructural deficiencies — potholes in sidewalks, missing stop signs, burned-out streetlights — fill gaps in the public record that mask actual conditions on the ground. With locally produced data, Elwood says, "You can tell a very detailed and very current, compelling story about neighborhood needs."

One of the few brakes slowing the GIS freight train, at least from an advocacy perspective, is the shortage of people who understand it well. "Obviously, there is a much greater demand for GIS than there are practitioners," says attorney Eric Schultheis, who coordinates The Race Equity Project for Legal Services of Northern California and counts himself among the GIS crowd. "You could probably count the number of people who are actually doing this work on both hands."

But given the leaps that GIS technology and applications have taken in the political and legal advocacy sectors, it's hard to imagine the GIS trend reversing. By January of next year, Healthy City plans to cover the entire state of California, and Kim says he's received expansion requests from other cities. Healthy City uses free, open-source GIS software that can be customized as needed. The ready supply of cheap hardware and software can only hasten the arrival of the day when GIS mapping is as universal as photo or music editing.


作者: clz123134    时间: 2019-10-3 22:09
bzy! 发表于 2019-10-3 19:54
能回忆原文关键词吗？

Antarctic Meltdown 确认，就是那一篇，印象里没有你列出的第二段。

tearing那个记错了，可能是product teardown，一种cut成本的手段。印象确实很模糊，有提到manager不喜欢这种做法，有提到模仿chips的电路(circuit)。其他的信息很模糊，等新狗吧。
作者: cccccc-xxxxxx    时间: 2019-10-3 22:16
楼上厉害。。。
作者: clz123134    时间: 2019-10-3 22:23
bzy! 发表于 2019-10-3 20:02
https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-revolution-will-be-mapped-7130

Healthy City was hired by the c ...

内容确认
作者: billyisfragile!    时间: 2019-10-3 22:32
clz123134 发表于 2019-10-3 22:09
Antarctic Meltdown 确认，就是那一篇，印象里没有你列出的第二段。

tearing那个记错了，可能是product  ...

http://www.mktgsensei.com/AMAE/New%20Products/Product%20Teardowns%20for%20New%20Product%20Ideas.pdf
第一段就是讲tear down好还是不好，好多公司都会spark new ideas.但many companies不用tear down.

在manufacture中，dismantling竞争者的产品可以提供很多信息来改善自己的产品。但是很多公司不喜欢，因为考虑到购买成本等，这样失去了研究产品来提高自己的机会。

Technophiles of all stripes love product teardowns—the time-honored practice of dismantling products to their constituent parts to spark fresh thinking. Yet few manufacturers get the full value teardowns afford. Many senior executives marginalize the practice, viewing teardowns as Skunk Works exercises for engineers or cost-cutting tactics on the part of the purchasing department. Such views retard creativity and ensure that the ideas generated in teardowns go unexplored, moldering in functional silos.


High tech: Break down silos
A medical-products company planned a series of teardowns to improve the design of its therapeutic medical device. To generate new ideas, executives invited colleagues from purchasing, marketing, engineering, and sales to see how their product stacked up against four rival ones.

第二段研究完不是省了个invisible的步骤（和基金不一样），而是有个改进（具体什么忘了）。

medical如何运用该business practice, 选项很迷惑，看来看去都不对。

文中有一句是这么说的：各个部门的人员通过剖析竞争对手的产品，while invisible to customers, to improve the product’s performance. 还是不说我选的了，省的confuse大家

Seeing the products together was an “Aha!” moment for the purchasers, who quickly identified a series of straightforward design changes that, while invisible to customers, would significantly lower the cost of manufacturing the device. Meanwhile, seeing the configurations of competitors’ circuit boards spurred the team’s salespeople, marketers, and engineers to discuss the manufacturing implications of the company’s modular approach to design. The engineers had long assumed that being able to mix and match various features after final assembly was advantageous and had emphasized this capability in the product’s design. Yet the salespeople reported that most customers hardly ever ordered more than a handful of modules at purchase and rarely ordered more after assembly.



作者: clz123134    时间: 2019-10-3 22:42
bzy! 发表于 2019-10-3 22:32
http://www.mktgsensei.com/AMAE/New%20Products/Product%20Teardowns%20for%20New%20Product%20Ideas.pd ...

是这篇
看了一下，我确认见过的关键词至少有：top executives, medical-product, circuit boards spurred the team’s salespeople
另外，至少中间CO2 emission那一段没印象，packaging那一段也没有
也就是说主要选自page 1 & 3的内容
作者: billyisfragile!    时间: 2019-10-3 22:50
clz123134 发表于 2019-10-3 22:42
是这篇
看了一下，我确认见过的关键词至少有：top executives, medical-product, circuit boards spurred  ...

P1: 南极冰盖形成于14M年前cold era，后来温度升高后，维持机制是：温度升高 -> 水分蒸发(evaporation) -> 降水量(precipitation)增加 -> 继续形成冰盖，并达到平衡【没出题白看了】

Until recently, most researchers believed the Antarctic ice cap formed during a cool era about 14 million years ago and has persisted with relatively minor shrinking and swelling since then. A simple mechanism was thought to keep the ice near equilibrium in spite of climate changes: as temperatures rose, calving and melting would increase, but so would evaporation of seawater and precipitation over the continent.

P2: 一个fossil evidence在一个什么mountain上说明3M年前冰盖collapsed，后来还提到了重新结冰后，盆地(basin)的fossil被挤(？)上山还是什么的


P2：最近科考队在冰盖中/T山上发现了硅藻(diatom)的化石(fossil)，经过辐射探测证明它是3 million年前的物种。


而且该硅藻应该生长在海边(beach)/该物种和现代某种生活在海底的微生物很相似(Q2)(Q10)，不应该出现在山里(mountain)。该证据推翻老观点，得到新观点：冰盖不稳定。3 million年前气候变暖，冰川融化/裂开(melting/collapse)，变成了小岛(island)/良苦啊大陆撞击形成了一座xx山，该硅藻(diatom)生活在这里。


后来气候再次变冷，冰盖重新冻上/又形成了新的冰盖/冰川把化石推到山上去了(the expanding ice cap xx the diatoms up to the xx mountain) (Q15)。

The boldest challenge to this view has come from workers led by David M. Harwood of the University of Nebraska and Peter N. Webb of Ohio State University, who contend that only three million years ago the Antarctic ice cap was virtually nonexistent. Harwood describes himself as a “garbage-pile geologist” who rummages through heaps of debris left behind by glaciers. In the mid-1980s he and Webb found some unusual glacial refuse in the Transantarctic Mountains, a rocky spine that transects the continent. The deposits contained the fossil remnants of minute marine organisms called diatoms and of a species of beech tree common to the Southern Hemisphere. The diatoms were similar to ones found previously in ocean-floor sediments three million years old.

The group concluded that three million years ago the ice sheet had collapsed, transforming the continent into a cluster of islands divided by open sea. The beech trees lived on islands that were to become the Transantarctic Mountains, and the diatoms lived in marine basins to the east of those islands. As temperatures fell and the continent froze once again, the expanding East Antarctic ice sheet shoved the diatoms up into the Transantarctic Mountains, where Harwood and Webb found them along with the beech fossils three million years later.

That conclusion has been vigorously disputed. George H. Denton, a geologist at the University of Maine who has worked in Antarctica almost every summer since 1968, says his research indicates that the valleys of the Transantarctic Mountains have been frigid and relatively lifeless for at least 14 million years. James P. Kennett of the University of California at Santa Barbara, another veteran Antarctic geologist, suggests that the diatoms found by Harwood and Webb in the Transantarctic Mountains might have been blown there from some region outside of Antarctica. “Diatoms can end up anywhere,” he says.

段四说段三的是不对的，因为这个ice cap 附近的村庄地下发现了一种有d 微生物的volcano ash。然后通过分析放射性，发现ash 和d 微生物都是3m 年的时候产生的。

But Harwood and Webb’s theory has gained some support from a team that includes Wilson and another geologist from Victoria University, Peter J. Barrett. The group collected cores from the floor of a fjord abutting the Transantarctic Mountains and discovered a layer of volcanic ash containing diatoms similar to those uncovered by Harwood and Webb. By measuring the radioactive decay of argon isotopes in the ash, the investigators concluded that the ash and the diatoms were three million years old. These findings, the researchers declared in Nature last October, “confirm” that deglaciation had occurred.






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