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标题: OG最难阅读题目：Conodonts, the spiky phosphatic remains (bones and teeth composed of c [打印本页]

作者: 小目标750 时间: 2019-4-26 16:54
标题: OG最难阅读题目：Conodonts, the spiky phosphatic remains (bones and teeth composed of c

被评为OG最难阅读题目。做题时最大的困难是看了题目不知道在文中哪里定位找答案。有困惑的是516题目。希望有大神可以解答~  万分感谢~  万分感谢~
也希望大神可以分享一下做这篇文章的解题思路，万分感谢！

Conodonts, the spiky phosphatic remains (bones
and teeth composed of calcium phosphate) of
tiny marine animals that probably appeared about
520 million years ago, were once among the most
controversial of fossils. Both the nature of the
organism to which the remains belonged and the
function of the remains were unknown. However,
since the 1981 discovery of fossils preserving not
just the phosphatic elements but also other remains
of the tiny soft-bodied animals (also called conodonts)
that bore them, scientists' reconstructions of the
animals' anatomy have had important implications
for hypotheses concerning the development of the
vertebrate skeleton.

The vertebrate skeleton had traditionally been
regarded as a defensive development, champions of
this view postulating that it was only with the much
later evolution of jaws that vertebrates became
predators. The first vertebrates, which were soft-
bodied, would have been easy prey for numerous
invertebrate carnivores, especially if these early
vertebrates were sedentary suspension feeders.
Thus, traditionalists argued, these animals developed
coverings of bony scales or plates, and teeth were
secondary features, adapted from the protective
bony scales. Indeed, external skeletons of this
type are common among the well-known fossils of
ostracoderms, jawless vertebrates that existed from
approximately 500 to 400 million years ago.
However, other paleontologists argued that many of
the definitive characteristics of vertebrates, such as
paired eyes and muscular and skeletal adaptations
for active life, would not have evolved unless the
first vertebrates were predatory. Teeth were more
primitive than external armor according to this view,
and the earliest vertebrates were predators.

The stiffening notochord along the back of the
body, V-shaped muscle blocks along the sides,
and posterior tail fins help to identify conodonts as
among the most primitive of vertebrates. The lack of
any mineralized structures apart from the elements
in the mouth indicates that conodonts were more
primitive than the armored jawless fishes such as the
ostracoderms. It now appears that the hard parts that
first evolved in the mouth of an animal improved its
efficiency as a predator, and that aggression rather
than protection was the driving force behind the origin
of the vertebrate skeleton.

516) It can be inferred that on the basis of the 1981 discovery of conodont remains, paleontologists could draw which of the following conclusions? 想问下这道题应该怎么定位呢？  我是根据“paleontologists ” 定位到了第二段，所以选了选项D。但正确答案是定位到了最后一段的内容 --- 选项B。想问下这道题的解题思路应该是怎么样的呢？希望有大神解答！万分感谢！
A. The earliest vertebrates were sedentary suspension feeders.
B. Ostracoderms were not the earliest vertebrates.  【对应原文最后一段 “The lack of  any mineralized structures apart from the elements  in the mouth indicates that conodonts were more
primitive than the armored jawless fishes such as the  ostracoderms.”】
C. Defensive armor preceded jaws among vertebrates.
D. Paired eyes and adaptations for activity are definitive characteristics of vertebrates. 【我认为对应原文第二段“ other paleontologists argued that many of the definitive characteristics of vertebrates, such as paired eyes and muscular and skeletal adaptations for active life, would not have evolved unless the first vertebrates were predatory.”】为什么错呢？  希望有人能解释一下~  万分感谢！
E. Conodonts were unlikely to have been predators.

OG对于选项D官方解释如下，但我还是没有懂：
Paleontologists knew prior to the 1981 discovery that paired eyes and other adaptations are characteristics ofvertebrates. They used this knowledge to help them interpret the 1981 discovery.

514) According to the passage, the anatomical evidence provided by the preserved soft bodies of conodonts led scientists to conclude that
A. conodonts had actually been invertebrate carnivores
B. conodonts' teeth were adapted from protective bony scales
C. conodonts were primitive vertebrate suspension feeders
D. primitive vertebrates with teeth appeared earlier than armored vertebrates
E. scientists' original observations concerning the phosphatic remains of conodonts were essentially correct

515) The second paragraph in the passage serves primarily to
A. outline the significance of the 1981 discovery of conodont remains to the debate concerning the development of the vertebrate skeleton
B. contrast the traditional view of the development of the vertebrate skeleton with a view derived from the 1981 discovery of conodont remains
C. contrast the characteristics of the ostracoderms with the characteristics of earlier soft-bodied vertebrates
D. explain the importance of the development of teeth among the earliest vertebrate predators
E. present the two sides of the debate concerning the development of the vertebrate skeleton

作者: Tingzz 时间: 2019-4-28 11:45
同是考生前天刚刷了og遇到这个题我在pad上帮你分析了一下希望有帮助如有推理不缜密之处请见谅祝杀g成功
请见如下截图下划线部分是我读文章时候的重点图接不到的话跟我说哈

[attach]235902[/attach]

作者: 小目标750 时间: 2019-4-29 10:00

Tingzz 发表于 2019-4-28 11:45
同是考生前天刚刷了og遇到这个题我在pad上帮你分析了一下希望有帮助如有推理不缜密之处请见谅祝杀g成 ...

感谢回复！

我明白了，我错把“事实”（例子such as ）当成结论（conclusion)。
想请问下这道题你在做题的时候解题思路是怎样的呢？
一般情况下我是根据题目关键词定位到原文找support, 但这个方法貌似对这种题行不通。看到题目无法在原文中定位，然后看到选项信息散步在文章各处，就很懵。还是说就是根据选项回原文去确认？有什么好的方法可以分享一下吗？

作者: emmalululu123 时间: 2019-8-6 05:59
您好，不知道你考完没有。
我做这题的时候也是在b,d中徘徊，研究了下发现这是考题中经常会迷惑人的trick。
注意这个题目问的是根据1981年的发现得出什么结论。d说的是普遍现象，内容没错，但是不是题目问的。b说的是在1981年这个前提下的结论。注意问题的限定。
关于定位，我觉得第一次略读的时候就找准了文章结构：第一段介绍新挖掘的化石证据要推翻许多科学家对脊椎动物进化的假设。第二段介绍传统观念（略读），第三段介绍新发现。根据题目问的，知道在第三段找1981年的新发现。
希望有帮助。

作者: Amy1114 时间: 2019-9-5 16:54
看一下！

作者: ZoeyWang 时间: 2020-8-12 21:24

Tingzz 发表于 2019-4-28 11:45
同是考生前天刚刷了og遇到这个题我在pad上帮你分析了一下希望有帮助如有推理不缜密之处请见谅祝杀g成 ...

同意！

作者: 我要考HEC-Paris 时间: 2020-12-15 17:11
516答案在第三段，40行，说conodonts比ostracoderms更早，即O不是最早的。。。。另外，这是最难的文章吗？我这篇错了一个，前面的好几篇文章我全错。。。。。。。。。

作者: 夏_墨墨 时间: 2021-10-15 09:09

emmalululu123 发表于 2019-8-6 05:59
您好，不知道你考完没有。
我做这题的时候也是在b,d中徘徊，研究了下发现这是考题中经常会迷惑人的trick。
...

点赞这个回答！感觉你逻辑好强很清晰，做题准还快，杀G一定高分，哈哈哈，沾一沾能量！

作者: 夏_墨墨 时间: 2021-10-15 09:10
谢谢楼楼问这个问题！刚做完这篇因看不懂og解析迷茫的我，看到了希望哈哈哈

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