杨鹏长难句总结：
第一章 GRE，GMAT难句概论
· 书中出现的长难句
1.1 Example：
(30) These questions are politicalin the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an explorationof abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic powerstruggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars----
(35) only now entering theacademic profession in substantial numbers – will be at stake, and with themthe chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, acontribution that might be an important influence against sexism in oursociety.
1.2 Source Example:
This simplest kind of black hole –one formed by the contraction of nonrotating, collisionless matter withspherical symmetry – is called a Schwarzschild black hole, after the astronomerand mathematician Karl Schwarzschild, who devised the first known solution toEinstein’s equations of general relativity.
(50) … Studies by Hargrave andGreen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates ofindividual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community
(55) grazing rates for fieldconditions using the known population density of grazers.
(A) They compared the grazingrates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the naturalgrazing rates of these species.
(B) They hypothesized about thepopulation density of grazers in natural habits by using data concerning thepopulation density of grazers in the laboratory
(C) They estimated the communitygrazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning thenatural community grazing rates of zooplankton
(D) They estimated the naturalcommunity grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the knownpopulation density of phytoplankton.
(E) They estimated the naturalcommunity grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning thegrazing rates of individual zooplankton species.
第二章 GRE,GMAT 难句的语法突破
2.1 难句分类详解
第一类：复杂修饰成分
Example: The methods that a community devises toperpetuate itself come intobeing to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that communityperceives as essential.
第二类：大段的插入语或同位语
Example: Moreover, I can feel strong emotions inresponse to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.
第三类：倒装
Example: That sex ratio will be favored whichmaximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence thenumber of gene copies transmitted.
Example: Black Fiction surveys a wide variety ofnovels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating andlittle-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-ColoredMan.
第四类：省略
Example: That sex ratio will befavored which maximizes the number of descendants (that an individual willhave) and hence that sex ratio which maximizes the number of gene copies(transmitted).
2.2 GRE, GMAT 难句的典型结构
1. 长成分
1）长从句作主语，宾语或其他成分
A．主语从句
Example：That each large firm will act withconsideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for morethan its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-marketeconomic theories.
B. 宾语从句
Example：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrotein the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent (that bad been developing steadilyin the United States since about 1870) had been precipitated by the closing ofthe internal frontier that is, the depletion of available new land needed forfurther expansion of the American faming system.
2) 长状语
Example： The appreciation of traditional oralAmerican Indian literature had been limited, hampered by poor translations andby the difficulty, even in the rare culturally sensitive and aestheticallysatisfying translation of completely conveying the original’s verse structure,tone, and syntax.
3) 层层修饰
A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is thatof the tadpole like appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized or smallerballoon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentratephytoplankton.
4) 并列成分
They were fighting, albeit discrectly, to open theintellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life fromecclesiastical philosophy and they envisioned their work as contributing to thegrowth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.
2. 常见倒装搭配
1）及物动词加介词
Yet Walzer’s argument, however deficient, does point to oneof the most serious weakness of capitalism – namely, that it brings topredominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately theyhave earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evokeaffection or admiration to predominant positions in a society.
类似于这种容易在考试中被倒装的固定搭配，还有 throw over, insert into, import into,infer from, establish for, advocate as 等。
3. 省略的集中情况
1）重复的成分
Example: The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature,of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition causedthe warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.
2) 让步转折的省略
Example: Although many of these historians have accepted theearlier assumption that loyalists represented an upper class, new evidenceindicates that Loyalist, like rebels, were drawn from all socioeconomic class.
3) 定语从句引导词的省略
Example: Because the potential hazards pollen grains aresubject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, ….
Example: In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’sinvestigation, we may think of the density- dependent effects on growthparameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret,…
4) 定语从句中的引导词与系动词的同时省略，变成后置定语
Example: qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”)essential in producing wealth.
4. 短语被分割
Example: Such variations in size, shape, chemistry,conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated innerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Example: force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable thatthe art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as ofquestionable worth because although it might be both a source of pleasure and ameans to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truthand a source of misguided action to the status of being wholly condemned.
5. 多重否定 （双重否定，三重否定）
Despite these vague categories, one should not claimunequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot belegitimately observed.
第三章 克服GRE，GMAT难句
第一，所有长句子只读一遍就懂，避免了反复阅读造成的时间浪费，可以大大地提高大家的阅读速度
第二，可以顺利的做出机考中的高分值题，因为与难句对应的阅读题，包括数学和逻辑中读起来较难的题目，一定对应着比较高的分值；
第三，可以增加同学们阅读文章时的理解力，提高对文章整体的把握能力；
第四，可以增加我们的自信心，产生一种阅读中的顺畅的愉悦感，也使我们在学习过程中不再沉浸在一种烦躁的情绪之中，真正地与文章的内容和作者的思路打交道。
Example: …She wished to discard the traditional methods andestablished vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore theinternal sources of human expressiveness.
训练法
请读者在一个月左右的时间里，每天花半小时左右时间，对本书所列难句进行训练。或者，读者凡是读到GRE或GMAT文章中在现场读一，两遍读不懂得句子，也请摘录下来补充道本书中，按以下方法，进行训练：
首先，对本书中自己无法一遍读懂的句子反复阅读。此时注意不要一读不懂就去看后面的译文和解释，而是一定争取自己读懂它（否则会养成一种惰性），如果五遍以后还读不懂，再看后面的详细解释。
这个句子读懂之后，请不要马上读下一句，一定要继续坚持把此句话读通，读顺。就像大量的重复。
第四章 GRE，GMAT阅读难句详解
001
难句类型：倒装+省略 难度：5
That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number ofdescendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copiestransmitted.
译文：那种能够最大化一个个体所拥有的后代的数目并且因此可以最大化被传播的基因的份数的性别比率将会是有利的。
Google：这种性别比例将受到青睐，这将最大化个体后代的数量，从而最大化传播的基因拷贝数。
002
难句类型：复杂+倒装+省略 难度：5+++
A desire to throw over reality a light that never was mightgive way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider anovelist scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and textureof a flower.
译文：这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突地取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其理解为一个兼任小说家和科学家的人想要去准确地并具体地记录下一朵花的结构和纹理的那种意义上的欲望。
Google：我们可能会认为小说家科学家准确而具体地记录花朵的结构和质地，这种欲望可能会让我们想到一种从来没有过的现实。
003
难句类型：复杂修饰+省略+抽象词 难度：3
Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability tocontrol the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from hisunwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.
译文：哈代的弱点来源于其明显的不能够红纸这些不同冲动的来去，同时也来源于他的不愿意去培养和维持那些有活力和危险的冲动。
Google：哈代的弱点来自于他显然无法控制这些不同冲动的来来往往，以及他不愿意培养和维持精力充沛和危险的冲动。
003
难句类型：复杂修饰+省略+抽象词 难度：5
Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
译文：
Google: 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫关于她的写作意图的挑衅性声明经常被评论家所忽视，因为它突出了她的文学兴趣的一个方面，与传统的关于审视遐想和视觉状态的“诗意”小说家的画面截然不同。遵循个人意识的错综复杂的路径。
As she put it in The Common Reader, "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote: and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore."
译文：就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问地说，没有任何法律被制定出来，也没有高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或写了什么；然而，当我们读他的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都吸满了道德。”
005
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语+专有名词 难度：4*
With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.
译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，在体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，知道乳酸被通过有氧新陈代谢的方式由肝脏转化成葡萄糖，葡萄糖接下来又会被部分地传送回肌肉肿重新合成糖原。
Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, but he shows that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.
译文：尽管G承认由于出售奴隶而造成的分离是经常会发生的，但是他指出奴隶们自己的偏好（此偏好在很好出售奴隶的种植园中表现的最为明显），还是很喜欢一夫一妻制。
Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of - and so was crucial in sustaining - the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
译文：G令人信服的论证道，黑人家庭的稳定性鼓励了- 因此也在后者的保持上起到了重要的作用-（包括民间传说，音乐及宗教表达的）黑人遗产从一代到另一代的传播，这是一个奴隶们不断地从其在非洲和美国的经历中塑造出来的遗产。
008
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语 难度：3*
This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
译文：这种对于异族通婚的偏好，G认为，有可能是来源于管辖婚姻的西非的规定，该规定尽管从一个部落到另一个部落各不相同，但都涉及到一些反对近亲结婚的禁忌。
009
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语+抽象词 难度：4
His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of recial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition," can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
译文：他的论点被应用于针对美国黑人的种族歧视时候，相对来说较为管用，但是他的对于种族偏见的定义，即”在任何特定区域里用基于种族的负面的先人之见来反对某人群，此人群通常被认作一个种族“能够被解释成也包括对以下民族的敌意，比如加州的华人和中世纪的犹太人。
010
难句类型：复杂修饰 难度：5
Such variations in size, shapre, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demostrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
译文：神经细胞中所显示出的在诸如大小，形状，化学构成，传导速度，兴奋阈值及其他类似方面的差异，对于解释建立大脑体验的诸多方面与神经细胞的可能的联系来说，意义任然微不足道。
011
难句类型：复杂修饰+倒装 难度：5
It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types: however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
译文：有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异，可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，