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标题: 放狗：3篇阅读+2道觉得很奇怪的sc [打印本页]

作者: PWgg 时间: 2018-9-26 09:45
标题: 放狗：3篇阅读+2道觉得很奇怪的sc
第一篇阅读：复活岛石像（半屏）
文章提出运送石像的两种理论。
第一段说是roll（滚动）运送的，但发现了很多否定这个观点的证据（例如population不够大）（此处有一个考点）
第二段提出新的理论，说是挪动的。提出很多细节支持这个证据。记得有一个D-shape,是从形状的方面支持这个证据。最后一句话是说搬运途中可能碰到上坡下坡，此时运送的情况如何。（有一个题）

第二篇阅读：downsizing（一屏半）
文章提出以前和现在公司downsizing的原因。
第一段说以前是为了降低成本。但现在不是。给出了很多现象就算能降低工资但也不能降低成本的原因，因为还有别的开支。第一段很长。
第二段是manager downsizing的原因是为了遵循公司的norm，树立权威啥的。最后一句说norm的好处是有时能帮manager做出一个他们把握不好的决定。

第三篇阅读：hens吃novel foods 的research（3/4屏）
文章拿鸡做了一个实验（an experiment），研究它们如何学习吃novel foods。但提出了两种解释。（一个实验有主旨题，注意不是两个实验）
第一段说鸡吃novelfoods。研究人员提出两种解释：1、它们吃完novel foods就会觉得所有的novel foods都是安全的。 2、会根据novel foods的一些特性（例如颜色）判断类似的可以吃。
（考点主要集中在第一段）有一道题说：如果第一种解释正确，给鸡许多食物，它们会吃哪一些？我选的吃所有的novel foods，其他选项是吃一部分不吃另外一部分。
第二段补充说明鸡的这种学习吃新东西只能通过亲身尝试，不能通过observation达成。

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2道超级奇怪的sc（其实觉得这个库的难题集中在cr，但是这两道sc印象太深刻了）

1、考察attribute to的用法
bcde里都是attribute to/as + since/because 这种重复错误的题，看似可以选a
但a选项里有一个their，但这个their修饰的名词在句首位于of 后面，讲道理是不能指代的。
把这题提出来大家可以讨论一下。

2、考察介词的位置
大意是一条河流被一个机场在源头上截断，里面有at in by from 4个介词，5个选项就是介词放在不同的位置。
具体题目记不得了，但感觉平时练习没怎么做过这种题。

作者: buzaoai 时间: 2018-9-26 10:16
感谢分享！

作者: kluivert 时间: 2018-9-26 10:17
顶楼主！

作者: christinazijie 时间: 2018-9-26 10:26
感谢分享！

作者: ohohchristy 时间: 2018-9-26 10:42
感谢分享！

作者: christina.xu 时间: 2018-9-26 10:46
感谢分享！

作者: duke182 时间: 2018-9-26 10:56
感谢楼主

作者: 一本舒 时间: 2018-9-26 10:58
感谢分享！

作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-9-26 11:01
https://gmatclub.com/forum/social-learning-in-animals-is-said-to-occur-when-direct-or-indirect-so-21724.html

是这篇吗？

Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel behavior. It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator) performing a behavior such that the native animal (the observer) subsequently expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would have otherwise. One example of social learning is the acquisition of preferences for novel foods.

Some experiments have suggested that among mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic substances. For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds observed others consuming a colored food or a food in a distinctly marked container and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food associated with that color or container. Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating red food that was treated so as to be noxious. Studies on non-avian species have not produced similar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals.

But Sherwin's recent experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel foods that are noxious or toxic. Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. Sherwin's research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of unpalatability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal. In a related experiment the same researchers showed that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.

作者: PWgg 时间: 2018-9-26 11:08

bzy! 发表于 2018-9-26 11:01
https://gmatclub.com/forum/social-learning-in-animals-is-said-to-occur-when-direct-or-indirect-so-21 ...

不是。考试那篇只研究了鸡这一种动物。
你这篇我也看过，不是同一篇。
考试那篇比这个简单很多啦～

作者: qwq_ 时间: 2018-9-26 11:16

发表于 2018-09-26 09:45:35
第一篇阅读：复活岛石像（半屏）
文章提出运送石像的两种理论。
第一段说是roll（滚动）运送的，...

同意！

作者: hhh又胖了 时间: 2018-9-26 11:48
感谢分享！

作者: Vina_Fighting 时间: 2018-9-26 12:03
It has been argued that social learning helps animals either avoid noxious substances or identify food items, but evidence suggests that avian social learning is fundamentally different from that of mammals. In two experiments, we investigated whether the preferences of domestic hens, Gallus g. domesticus, for novel food were influenced by observing the feeding behaviour of conspecifics. In experiment 1, we attempted to confirm that birds can develop socially learnt aversions to unpalatable foods. Despite demonstrators showing a highly visible ‘disgust reaction’ after eating unpalatable coloured food, observers did not develop aversions to similarly coloured food. In experiment 2, we aimed to determine whether preferences for palatable food were socially learnt, and whether the extent of a demonstrator's preference for novel food affected the magnitude of the observer's socially learned preference. Demonstrators ate coloured food of standard or high palatability, or did not peck food at all. When the demonstrators pecked more frequently or fed more quickly from the food, the observers consumed a greater proportion of food of the same colour; however, this was only when the food was red, not green. We argue this indicates an unlearned aversion to red food, overcome by social learning of the food being highly palatable. The results provide no evidence that adult hens learn aversions through observing disgust reactions, but show that hens are sensitive to the extent of demonstrator preferences for palatable food. The data do not support the hypothesis that avian social learning is fundamentally different from that of mammals.

po看看是原文吗

作者: Vina_Fighting 时间: 2018-9-26 12:10

bzy! 发表于 2018-9-26 11:01
https://gmatclub.com/forum/social-learning-in-animals-is-said-to-occur-when-direct-or-indirect-so-21 ...

可能是这个：

It has been argued that social learning helps animals either avoid noxious substances or identify food items, but evidence suggests that avian social learning is fundamentally different from that of mammals.

In two experiments, we investigated whether the preferences of domestic hens, Gallus g. domesticus, for novel food were influenced by observing the feeding behaviour of conspecifics. In experiment 1, we attempted to confirm that birds can develop socially learnt aversions to unpalatable foods. Despite demonstrators showing a highly visible ‘disgust reaction’ after eating unpalatable coloured food, observers did not develop aversions to similarly coloured food. In experiment 2, we aimed to determine whether preferences for palatable food were socially learnt, and whether the extent of a demonstrator's preference for novel food affected the magnitude of the observer's socially learned preference. Demonstrators ate coloured food of standard or high palatability, or did not peck food at all. When the demonstrators pecked more frequently or fed more quickly from the food, the observers consumed a greater proportion of food of the same colour; however, this was only when the food was red, not green. We argue this indicates an unlearned aversion to red food, overcome by social learning of the food being highly palatable. The results provide no evidence that adult hens learn aversions through observing disgust reactions, but show that hens are sensitive to the extent of demonstrator preferences for palatable food. The data do not support the hypothesis that avian social learning is fundamentally different from that of mammals.

作者: PWgg 时间: 2018-9-26 12:35

Vina_Fighting 发表于 2018-9-26 12:10
可能是这个：

It has been argued that social learning helps animals either avoid noxious substance ...

应该不是这个。
记得很清楚是只做了一个实验，只是关于鸡吃novel foods。
一个实验，两种解释。

第二段只是稍微提了一下不能通过观察达成学习。

个人认为重点完全集中在第一段啦。

而且这篇文章基本没有生词，也很短，所以不用太担心啦。

作者: Mozeee 时间: 2018-9-26 15:23
楼楼有木有数血狗

作者: 华山君子剑 时间: 2018-9-26 17:06
如果是some of documents这样子的话是可以指代of后面的名词的吧

作者: szuzhang 时间: 2018-9-26 22:01
感谢楼主大好人！

作者: sechare 时间: 2018-9-26 22:05
楼主你sc的第一题我也做到了，当时满头黑人问号啊。。。

作者: buzaoai 时间: 2018-9-26 22:18
感谢楼主，请问还记得作文吗？

作者: PWgg 时间: 2018-9-26 23:51

Mozeee 发表于 2018-9-26 15:23
楼楼有木有数血狗

同意！

作者: PWgg 时间: 2018-9-26 23:52

Mozeee 发表于 2018-9-26 15:23
楼楼有木有数血狗

数学太多记不全了 ╮(╯▽╰)╭

作者: PWgg 时间: 2018-9-26 23:55

buzaoai 发表于 2018-9-26 22:18
感谢楼主，请问还记得作文吗？

我碰到的作文是：

一家制造手机的公司决定提前购买非常多作为原材料的金属。
理由1：金属价格在以前经常波动，提前买可以降低成本；
理由2：以后手机的销售额会持续增加，因此提前生产可以保持高利润

基本上就是针对这两点反驳吧。

作者: PWgg 时间: 2018-9-26 23:55

华山君子剑发表于 2018-9-26 17:06
如果是some of documents这样子的话是可以指代of后面的名词的吧

应该可以。但我记得那题就是一般的of结构。

作者: buzaoai 时间: 2018-9-27 00:02

PWgg 发表于 2018-9-26 23:55
我碰到的作文是：

一家制造手机的公司决定提前购买非常多作为原材料的金属。

谢谢楼主！

作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-9-27 10:52
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ascch/Celia's%20pdfs/2002sociallearn.pdf

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