ChaseDream
标题: 【阅读】08/18起月度寂静整理（8/27更新，50篇原始，46考古） [打印本页]
作者: huajiananhai 时间: 2018-8-18 14:42
标题: 【阅读】08/18起月度寂静整理（8/27更新，50篇原始，46考古）
目录一、 【更换考古】collision theory
二、 【考古】蝴蝶过冬
三、 【暂无考古】男女工会
四、 【考古】苹果act
五、 【考古】相似店面
六、 【考古】废奴运动
七、 【考古】动物灭绝
八、 【考古】Program involvement
九、 【考古】红酒包装
十、 【考古】fungus
十一、 【暂无考古】新能源
十二、 【考古】大坝
十三、 【考古】恐龙灭绝
十四、 【考古】南岛语系
十五、 【考古】兔子hare
十六、 【考古】Brand creativity
十七、 【考古】Copper coating
十八、 【考古】海洋生物灭绝
十九、 【考古】Tempered glass
二十、 【考古】蝴蝶共生
二十一、 【考古】Online resume
二十二、 【考古】KT event
二十三、 【考古】Factoring
二十四、 【考古】交通堵塞
二十五、 【新增考古】scarcity
二十六、 【考古】magnetic fields
二十七、 【考古】Whale
二十八、 【考古】Immune system和stress
二十九、 【考古】美国房产税
三十、 【考古】机会成本
三十一、 【考古】Kinship
三十二、 【新增考古】lost city
三十三、 【考古】中耳
三十四、 【考古】copper
三十五、 【考古】视觉delay
三十六、 【新增考古】Competence market
三十七、 【考古】Hurricane
三十八、 【考古】Wage efficiency
三十九、 【暂无考古】Motor（和补牙是同一篇）
四十、 【考古】Information sharing
四十一、 【考古】科学管理
四十二、 【考古】玻璃制造
四十三、 【考古】女性研究
四十四、 【考古】Reconstruction
四十五、 【考古】Art philosophy
四十六、 【考古】补牙
四十七、 【暂无考古】工业艺术
四十八、 【考古】Ant和milkweed
四十九、 【考古】Clock face
五十、 【考古】水泥和细菌
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2018-08-18起寂静整理汇总
【原始汇总】08/18起原始狗汇总 by Cinderella灰
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327232-1-1.html
【数学】08/18起数学寂静原始稿 by qv0518
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327229-1-1.html
【数学讨论稿1-101】08/18起数学讨论稿 AthenaF
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327248-1-1.html
【数学讨论稿102-200】08/18期数学讨论稿 by kqin
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327337-1-1.html
【阅读】08/18起越渡整理 by huajiananhai
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327231-1-1.html
【逻辑】08/18起洛基寂静整理 by AthenaF
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327247-1-1.html
【语法】08/18起愈发寂静整理 by AthenaF
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327246-1-1.html
【作文】08/18起坐稳寂静整理 by qv0518
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327230-1-1.html
【IR】08/18起IR寂静整理 by Super鳄鱼杭
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327302-1-1.html
作者: dasonsong 时间: 2018-8-18 21:07
作者: EddieEddie 时间: 2018-8-18 21:40
作者: Velvetea 时间: 2018-8-18 22:09
感谢分享！
作者: 花椒菲 时间: 2018-8-18 22:46
感谢月度菌！！！
作者: 木木小王木木 时间: 2018-8-18 23:05
感恩！
作者: 湖心有个盒子 时间: 2018-8-18 23:10
感谢分享！
作者: 随便你梦见什么 时间: 2018-8-19 07:10
请问考古内容去哪里找呀
作者: kluivert 时间: 2018-8-19 10:16
这里是最好的看鸡精的地方吗？ 最全？ 希望到时候运气点，可以看到一些题
作者: EachannG 时间: 2018-8-19 11:33
第一篇感觉不是考古的内容？
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-19 13:10
https://www.economist.com/babbage/2011/07/04/reducing-the-barnacle-bill
Technology monitor
Reducing the barnacle bill
At the moment, ships’ hulls are kept clean using poisonous chemicals. Alternatives would be welcome
Jul 4th 2011
by J.E. | NEW YORK
IN THE decades-long duel for naval supremacy that was fought out between Britain and France at the end of the 18th century, the British fleet had a secret weapon. It was, as secret weapons often are, hugely expensive. But it paid off, giving British ships more speed, manoeuvrability and staying power than their French rivals. It was copper.
By covering the underwater parts of their ships' hulls with copper plates, which slowly dissolved, releasing toxic copper ions as they did so, the British admirals stopped barnacles, mussels and burrowing clams from taking up residence. In fleets that were otherwise well-matched the result was decisive. France lost. The British Empire became the global superpower of the 19th century. And the world speaks English, not French.
Ship-fouling, then, can have serious consequences. Even now, when naval supremacy is less of an issue, the problem is rife. The drag imposed by a heavy infestation of barnacles may push a ship's fuel consumption up by as much as 40%. The solution usually adopted is similar to the Royal Navy's: poison. Copper is still used, though in the form of copper-containing paint. Another popular chemical is tri-butyl tin. But releasing toxic heavy metals into the sea is frowned on these days—indeed, tri-butyl tin is now illegal in many places—so the search is on for alternatives.
One possibility is to use one of a group of chemicals called avermectins. These are antiparasite agents (the most familiar is called, confusingly, ivermectin) that are used against fleas and gut worms. They also, according to Hans Elwing of the University of Gothenburg, in Sweden, prevent barnacle colonies from taking hold by stunting their growth. A barnacle that runs into the chemical finds it cannot bind as strongly to the surface. Only a tiny amount, about one part in a thousand of the paint by weight, is needed, and other marine species are not, as far as can be ascertained, affected.
Another way of discouraging barnacles is to confuse them. A formula developed by Giancarlo Galli of the University of Pisa uses polymer molecules that are water-attracting on one side and water-repellent on the other. When they are painted onto a surface this arrangement forces them into a kind of chequerboard pattern which makes it much harder for barnacles and mussels to stick, according to David Williams, who is in charge of commercialising the idea at AkzoNobel, a multinational chemical company.
P4：另一种方法：在船上刷上一种无毒无害的物质，它不能杀死这个海洋生物，但是当船速加快时，这种生物就不能继续附着在船体上了（被甩掉），现在海洋上行驶的大型船只都能够达到这一速度，但是科学界还在探索其他的方法以使小的船只可以不用行驶得那么快。
If chequerboarding does not work out, AkzoNobel has an alternative: create a surface so smooth that barnacles cannot hold onto it. This is done using a fluoropolymer—a chemical similar in structure to Teflon. The paint does not stop the animals attaching themselves to a hull in the first place, but once the vessel is moving faster than ten knots, the water sweeps them away. That is no problem for commercial vessels, which are always on the go. But for pleasure boats, which may spend a lot of time idle, Dr Williams's team is trying to improve the formula so that a boat need not be moving so fast before the paint does its job.
Small boats, particularly on inland waterways, are also the target of work by John Schetz of the University of North Texas and Robert McMahon, of the University of Texas. They have been experimenting with a mixture containing a molecule similar to capsaicin (the active ingredient of hot peppers) and another that is similar to THC (the active ingredient of cannabis).
P5:和这种情况类似的是另外一种在freshwater里生长的生物，也会附着在在freshwater里行驶的船上面，传统的方法是船在两段河道之间采取陆路运输的方式（总之就是不让船接触水，让生物干死），但是这种方法在这个生物身上不可行，因为这个生物是两栖的，不会干死。
Fouling is less of a problem for boats in fresh water, as barnacles are purely marine. But, recently, the inland waterways, docks and freshwater-intakes of North America have been overrun by zebra and quagga mussels—species that originate from the area around the Black Sea. The mixture Dr Schetz and Dr McMahon have come up with seems particularly effective against these animals, though they have yet to commercialise it.
Their aim is not just to help boat owners, but also to stop them unwittingly spreading the mussels still further. According to Dr McMahon, a big part of the problem is that both species can survive out of the water for several days, so transporting a boat overland from one river basin to another, as is common practice in North America, will not necessarly kill them. Also, boat owners are not always as diligent as they might be about inspecting their vessels for signs of infestation—and even if they do look, the mussels can be hard to see, especially when they are young, and therefore small.
There is thus a lot to play for. Saving fuel will save money, as well as cutting shipping's contribution to greenhouse-gas emissions. And stopping the spread of invasive mussels will make life easier for those who run the waterways of America and Canada. The prize may not, this time round, be world domination. But whoever comes up with the winning formula is at least likely to become rich.
作者: SageWong 时间: 2018-8-19 14:38
我真的只能感谢阅读君了～谢谢你们真的。
作者: SageWong 时间: 2018-8-19 15:11
第一篇我觉得考古有错，讲的是月球起源，考古链接：http://www.kekenet.com/gmat/201509/398480.shtml，看一下，应该不是阿波罗飞船！！！！！！顶！！！！
作者: peachmoon 时间: 2018-8-19 15:36
那个阿波罗的是不是这篇啊 我google到的
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/how-did-the-moon-form.html
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-19 16:54
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOWN GO THE DAMS
JANE C. MARKS
Scientific American
Vol. 296, No. 3 (MARCH 2007), pp. 66-71
Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26069192
Page Count: 6
Down Go the Dams
Many dams are being torn down these days, allowing rivers and the ecosystems they support to rebound. But ecological risks abound as well. Can they be averted?
By Jane C. Marks
At the start of the 20th century, Fossil Creek was a spring-fed waterway sustaining an oasis in the middle of the Arizona desert. The wild river and lush riparian ecosystem attracted fish and a host of animals and plants that could not survive in other environments. The river and its surrounds also attracted prospectors and settlers to the Southwest. By 1916 engineers had dammed Fossil Creek, redirecting water through flumes that wound along steep hillsides to two hydroelectric plants. Those plants powered the mining operations that fueled Arizona's economic growth and helped support the rapid expansion of the city of Phoenix. By 2001, however, the Fossil Creek generating stations were providing less than 0.1 percent of the state's power supply.
Nearly two years ago the plants were shut down, and an experiment began to unfold. In the summer of 2005 utility workers retired the dam and the flumes and in so doing restored most of the flow to the 22.5 kilometers of Fossil Creek riverbed that had not seen much water in nearly a century. Trickles became waterfalls, and stagnant shallows became deep turquoise pools. Scientists are now monitoring the ecosystem to see whether it can recover after being partially sere for so long, to see whether native fish and plants can again take hold. They are also on the lookout for unintended ecological consequences of the project.
Decommissioning dams (particularly small ones, as is the case in Fossil Creek) is becoming a regular occurrence as structures age, provide an inconsequential share of a region’s power, become unsafe or too costly to repair, or as communities decide they want their rivers wild and full of fish again. But simply removing a dam does not automatically mean a long-altered ecosystem will flourish once more. As with all things natural, reality often proves far more complex and intricate than people anticipate. Those of us who have witnessed many of the unexpected consequences of dam removals are now using that knowledge to try to minimize negative results in the future.
A Global Trend
TODAY AB OUT 800,000 dams operate worldwide, 45,000 of which are large—that is, greater than 15 meters tall. Most were built in the past century, primarily after World War II. Their benefits are clear. Hydroelectric power makes up 20 percent of the globe’s electric supply, and the energy is largely clean and renewable, especially when contrasted with other sources. Dams control flooding, and their reservoirs provide a reliable supply of water for irrigation, drinking and recreation. Some serve to help navigation, by stabilizing flow.
Their costs are obvious as well. Dams displace people and as a result have become increasingly controversial in the developing world [see “The Himba and the Dam,” by Carol Ezzell; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, June 2001]. The structures ruin vistas, trap sediments (needed for deltas, riverbanks and beaches), stymie migratory fish and destroy ecosystems in and around waterways. Conservationists have long history of opposing dams: John Muir tried to block the dam in Yosemite’s Hetch Hetchy Valley; Edward Abbey’s novel The Monkey Wrench Gang targeted Arizona’s Glen Canyon Dam for guerrilla demolition. In recent years, as the downsides of dams have become more widely recognized, groups made up of several interested parties—utility officials, regulators, policymakers, conservationists, native peoples, researchers and the public—have fought to decommission aging dams.
In the U.S., where hydropower dams must be relicensed every 30 to 50 years, the rate of dam removal has exceeded the rate of construction for the past decade or so. In the previous two years alone, about 80 dams have fallen, and researchers following the trend expect that dams will continue to come down, especially small ones. Although the U.S. is currently leading the effort, it is not alone. France has dismantled dams in the Loire Valley; Australia, Canada and Japan have also removed, or are planning to remove, dams.
Clear successes have driven much of this activity. In 1999 engineers took apart the Edwards Dam on Maine’s Kennebec River after a long battle waged by environmentalists culminated in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s denial of a renewal permit. Within years, biologists observed with some surprise the return of scores of striped bass, alewives, American shad, Atlantic salmon, sturgeon, ospreys, kingfishers, cormorants and bald eagles. They also found that the water became well aerated and that populations of important food-chain insects such as mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies grew.
In the Loire Valley, the story is similar. Salmon were abundant in the 19th century—about 100,000 would migrate each year—but by 1997, only 389 were counted making the trip. Despite the incorporation of fish ladders and elevators, the eight dams along the Loire and its major tributaries—as well as their turbines and pumps—had decimated the salmon population. Nongovernmental organizations, including the European Rivers Network, led a campaign to bring the salmon back. In response, the French government decommissioned four of the dams—two in 1998, one in 2003 and one in 2005. Within a few months of each dam removal, five species of fish, Atlantic salmon and shad among them, began to reestablish their historic migratory pathways.
第一段说水坝造成环境问题，主要有阻拦鱼类migration（后面某道题问水坝有什么问题，其中提到阻拦Nonnative的鱼migration，是干扰答案，因为这里应该指的是native的鱼的迁移）, 造成 nonnative的鱼入侵等等。然后就后者展开描述：因为水坝把水拦起来了，水温会上升，含氧量也会变化，有些合适这种条件的非本地鱼就会过得很开心。如果把水坝拆了，水温下降了，一些喜欢冷水的鱼（如trout）就会重返这里。
In most places where dams have been eliminated, the stories of the Kennebec and the Loire have been repeated. Water clarity and oxygen levels increase as flow comes back, and aquatic insects thrive again. Warm stagnant water runs from behind the dam along with the fish, such as nonnative carp, that love it. As the water moves freely, its temperature falls and cold-loving fish species, such as trout, proliferate or return. The carp population, which tends to squeeze out others, dwindles, sometimes disappearing completely. People, in addition to flora and fauna, return to enjoy the rivers. Biologists have observed these benefits from Wisconsin—one of the U.S. leaders in small dam removal—to New South Wales in Australia. Even restoring some water to rivers without removing a dam has had positive effects [see “Experimental Flooding in Grand Canyon,” by Michael P. Collier, Robert H. Webb and Edmund D. Andrews; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, January 1997].
The Downsides
P1:水坝造成环境问题(ecology impact)：主要是会堵塞水道(clog/choke the waterway)（有一道题，问Dam会造成什么问题, 不要选blocking the migration of nonnative fish, 整篇文章是要保护native fish为前提）。因为水坝把水拦起来了，水温会上升，含氧量也会变化, 就会在Dam的reservoir里面繁殖出nonnative fish。如果把水坝拆了(decommission the dam)，水温下降了，环境回到原来的样子, 这些nonnative fish就会变少, 甚至消失.
A.水坝后面的淤泥(sediment behind the dam, or sediment in the reservoir)可能会堵塞水道(有题目问拆除水坝会造成什么问题)，所以很多工程师先用推土机和pipe运走淤泥再拆除水坝（这里又考了，问工程师拆除水坝的时候会干什么）
BIOLOGISTS have also recorded unexpected problems. The release of sediments trapped behind a dam’s walls can choke waterways, muddying the environment and wiping out insects and algae, which are important food for fish. This wave of turbidity can also eliminate habitat for sessile filter feeders, such as freshwater mussels. Sometimes the mud that had been held back by the structures is rife with contaminants. When engineers removed the Fort Edward Dam on the Hudson River in 1973, concentrations of PCBs rose in downstream fish and remained high for many years; even today the striped bass fishery remains closed because of high levels of PCBS.
Sediments that are not washed downstream can become problematic as well. As they dry out, they may provide fertile ground for potentially noxious exotic plants whose seeds they harbored. Eurasian reed canary grass—which homogenizes wetlands by outcompeting native plant species—grew explosively after Wisconsin’s Oak Street Dam fell, even though restoration scientists had seeded the area with native prairie plant species.
还有关于拆除大坝的，第一段介绍了拆除大坝的好处，第二和三段讲了拆除大坝的坏处，比如大坝拆除后的碎渣会造成河水堵塞，会成为某种threaten frog的生活地，等，但是也讲了科学家们如何采用方法来减轻这些坏处。
In some cases, dams have blocked invasive species from moving upriver and into zones above the dam. The dam at Fossil Creek, for example, halted the advance of exotic fish such as bass and sunfish, creating a sanctuary above the structure for imperiled southwestern fish, including headwater chub and speckled dace. The reservoir also provided habitat for a locally threatened species, the lowland leopard frog.
And dam removal can pose dangers for people living nearby. In places where flood control is crucial, government organizations have had to devise safety strategies before dams could come down. In the case of the Loire basin, the government computerized data on weather patterns, rainfall and river levels so flood warnings could be released at least four hours before danger arrived. Engineers also redesigned riverbeds to be wider and deeper, so the waters of the Loire Valley could move more freely without overflowing the banks.
Delicate Decommissioning
THE FOSSIL CREEK restoration project offers a prime example of the kind of planning that could help minimize the damaging effects of dam removal. Researchers carefully planned to control possible disadvantages of the operation. Their principal concerns were what to do with the accumulated sediments, whether to manage the fishery as a native one (which would mean removing exotic species) and how to protect the reservoir-resident frogs. Ultimately engineers decided to reroute water around the dam, keeping it as a barrier to exotics and permitting the frogs to survive in the backwater.
In addition, biologists decided to actively manage the native fish. They caught as many as they could from the creek itself and airlifted them to a holding tank. They then doused the creek with fish poison to kill exotic species and returned the natives to the water once the poison had dissipated. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation built a fish barrier 12 kilometers below the existing dam to further impede exotics. Now managers are waiting to see how the Fossil Creek species do. The dam’s fate will be decided in 2010: if the leopard frog becomes established downstream and exotic fish have not reinvaded the creek, the dam will come out. If not, it will be lowered but
not eliminated.
Interestingly, restoring Fossil Creek involves the creation of many more dams—but these will be made of travertine, formed naturally as the calcium carbonate—rich water of the springs interacts with algae to form layers of limestone. These barriers create small, deep pools, the perfect habitat for a variety of fish and insects. They also trap leaf litter, a crucial food source for the river’s denizens— one that the presence of manmade dams often eliminates by trapping it permanently behind the barrier.
Wrangling Sediment
wrangle (noun) = an argument, especially one that continues for a long time
SEDIMENTS STUCK behind dams are proving crucial variables when dams are taken down. Often the biggest issue facing managers is how to contend with what can be a massive accumulation of dirt and debris. Because of the legacy of releasing PCBs downstream in the Hudson River, scientists now routinely test these materials for toxicity. If the sediments contain high levels of pollutants, the cost of removing them—especially from remote locations—has to be weighed against the ability of the waterway to wash them away. If the sediment load is very high and the river’s flushing capacity low, engineers might opt to remove the dam in stages, allowing small amounts of sediment to be released at a time. Sometimes engineers build channels through reservoirs, planting vegetation to stabilize sediments or placing physical barriers such as rocks or temporary fencing to hold the dirt in place.
In Fossil Creek, where roughly 25,000 cubic yards of sediment are trapped behind the dam, geologists and others predicted that the river would naturally flush the sediments downstream within a decade, without any ad-verse effects. So the project did not have to weigh the cost and negative environmental impacts of transporting heavy machinery into a wilderness area.
Sediments pose a much bigger problem in many other places, however. Six million cubic yards of dirt lie behind the Matilija Dam on the Matilija Creek in southern California. (So much sediment, in fact, that the dam no longer serves to store water for irrigation or drinking.) At the same time, the downstream beaches are starved of sediment: they badly need dirt and sand to stave off ongoing erosion from wind and rain.
Matilija Dam is scheduled to be decommissioned in 2009, and managers have devised an elaborate sediment plan. They intend to transport fine sediments from behind the dam through a slurry pipe to sites five to 11 kilometers downstream. From there, the river will do the work by redistributing these materials during flood events to form beaches and sandbars. The larger, or coarse-grained, sediments that have accrued upstream of the dam will be left in place, but engineers will regrade the river channel there into a more naturally sinuous one, which will better protect against flooding by allowing sediments to settle and rebuild the banks.
Going Forward
AT FOSSIL CREEK and elsewhere, managers and scientists are using all available information about dam removal and restoration ecology, as well as what they know of the entire watershed, to make decisions. But many gaps in our knowledge about ecosystems remain, and those working on decommissioning dams recognize they are conducting long-term experiments that may have unanticipated results. Fossil Creek, for example, was the first such project in which exotic fish were removed. If successful, this strategy could become routine, especially in smaller streams where chemical treatment is feasible.
第三段就是arizona的例子了，总之就是为了保护青蛙小鱼各种物种，搞了很多复杂的方式，又要保留水坝后面的湖，又把水改了道（可能为了疏通迁徙吧），又投毒杀死crayfish(此处我没有看太明白，但是没有影响后面的做题)。
At Fossil Creek our research team will now document how the river recovers. Among many unanswered questions we hope to focus on in the next five to 10 years are: Will native fish prosper without intervention? Will exotic fish come back? One interesting but problematic twist in the Fossil Creek story is that the chemical used to eliminate the exotic fish does not harm exotic crayfish, which are notorious for wreaking havoc on the food chain. The exotic fish had consumed crayfish, thereby keeping the crustacean’s population down. Perhaps we will have exchanged one adverse situation for another. In addition, as Fossil Creek rebounds, so do the numbers of visitors to it. With more hiking trails in place along the river, managers now need to devise rules that can allow people access but also protect the fragile ecosystem.
To supplement the in situ experiments such as the one at Fossil Creek, researchers are using computer simulations and are conducting indoor studies. The National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics in Minnesota has created a model ecosystem of miniature streams, dams and reservoirs. Investigators there use time-lapse photography to determine how sediments move downstream as dams are removed in different ways and to different extents.
Many engineers who were once dedicated to building dams now find themselves instead working on decommissioning them. US. government agencies such as the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers, as well as their European counterparts, are studying not only how to remove dams but also how to provide the benefits of the structures without their injurious effects—for instance, how to extract water from rivers without building blockades. In response to a 2000 report by the World Commission on Dams, engineers are also trying to incorporate decommissioning into the original designs of future dams.
Societies will continue to balance the pros and cons of dams, weighing their utility and benefits against their destructive costs. And scientists must continue to learn about how best to remove dams so natural ecosystems and human communities both can thrive. In the next few years the decommissioning of several large dams will provide further important knowledge. In 2009 two dams will be removed from Washington State’s Olympic National Park: the 210-foot-high Glines Canyon Dam and the 108-foot-high Elwha Dam. Scientists in both locations are now collecting baseline data about salmon and steelhead, as well as oxygen levels, insect populations and sediment loads. Japan’s Arase Dam will come down in 2010 in response to a long campaign by citizen activists concerned about poor water quality and a decline in fisheries. Australia will transform the 19,500-acre Lake Mokoan into a wetlands again when its dam is removed, while France contemplates the fall of a fifth Loire Valley dam.
In most cases, controversy about decommissioning arises—and sometimes the debate is unexpected. In the Loire Valley, a father and son ended up on different sides of the divide. The father remembered the wild rivers and the salmon runs; the son had grown up swimming and boating in the reservoir. In the case of Fossil Creek, the local community wanted to preserve components of the generating station, the Childs-Irving facility. Built by one of the few female engineers of that era, Iva Tutt, and maintained by generations of engineers who lived at the site with their families, the plant was culturally significant, and, accordingly, its preservation became part of the restoration plan.
The same proved true of the Wellington Dam in New South Wales, Australia. In 2002 the State Water Corporation ensured that a one-meter-high footprint of the structure remained (minus one gap for flow) across Bushrangers Creek so the public could still appreciate the dam that was built in 1898. With compromises such as these, along with further ecological insights and more flexible engineering, it seems possible to think of the world’s waterways as ultimately fulfilling their promise for all parties—from plants to people.
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-19 16:55
讲一个一个太空员取得了一个moon的样本，然后说以前的三个理论都有问题，
第二段讲为什么有问题
第三段讲了一个新理论 collision theory
origin of moon (condensation, capture, fission and collision theory)
《第二篇》看到就有点崩溃了。。记不太全 好像是说什么天体形成的原因，一开始有三个学说，后来阿波罗登月计划实施以后，分析了 rocks，又提出了collision theory
作者: Pmoment_Peter 时间: 2018-8-19 18:30
今晚会更新吗？？我明天上午考慌的一批。。。跪谢
作者: NicoleJHL 时间: 2018-8-19 20:04
感谢！825二战，许愿分手
作者: Hailey0105 时间: 2018-8-19 21:10
跪求今天晚上再更新一次啊
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-19 23:06
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
May 1988
Volume 258, Issue 5
Ancient Magnetic Reversals: Clues to the Geodynamo
Is the earth headed for a reversal of its magnetic field? No one can answer this question yet, but rocks magnetized by ancient fields offer clues to the underlying reversal mechanism in the earth's core
By Kenneth A. Hoffman
For well over a century geophysicists have observed a steady and significant weakening in the strength of the earth's -magnetic field. Indeed, if this trend were to continue at the present rate, the field would vanish altogether in a mere 1,500 years. Most investigators are inclined to think that the decay is merely an aspect of the restlessness inherent in the field and that the field will recover its strength. Yet one cannot dismiss out of hand the possibility that the weakening portends a phenomenon that has recurred throughout geologic time: the reversal of the geomagnetic field.
Which of these two scenarios is correct? The answer lies concealed 3,000 kilometers below the earth's surface within the outer core, a slowly churning mass of molten metal sandwiched between the mantle of the earth and the solid inner core. It is now generally accepted that the earth's magnetic field is generated by the motion of free electrons in the convecting outer core. This theory supposes the core behaves like a self-sustaining dynamo, a device that converts mechanical energy into magnetic energy. In the geodynamo the earth's rotation, along with gravitational and thermodynamic effects in and around the core, drives the fluid motions that produce the magnetic field [see "The Source of the Earth's Magnetic Field," by Charles R. Carrigan and David Gubbins; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, February, 1979].
Although the basic principles of dynamo action are well established, geophysicists do not yet understand the thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and electrical properties of the earth's interior well enough to construct a universally accepted model of the geodynamo. Yet its workings can be glimpsed indirectly by observing the present-day field. These measurements yield many details of the short-term behavior of the field, such as its shape and "secular variation," or ordinary fluctuation. To study the activity of the dynamo over aeons one must turn to the paleomagnetic record-the ancient magnetism frozen into rocks from the time of their formation.
https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1327298&pid=24243563&page=1&extra=#pid24243563
第三篇: 讲地球的magnetic field的reversal也不怎么的，就记得一个关键词：P（P开头的一个很长的单词）evidence。题目有问1906年前是什么情况以及两个主旨题。
Indeed, paleomagnetic evidence led to the first proposal that the earth's field has reversed itself, put forward in 1906 by the French physicist Bernard Brunhes. Brunhes was intrigued by the discovery of rocks that were magnetically oriented in the direction opposite to the earth's field. His startling suggestion was furiously debated for more than five decades. It was not until the early 1960's, at about the time J. S. B. Van Zijl and his colleagues published the first detailed study of a paleomagnetically recorded field reversal in lavas from South Africa, that the idea was accepted by the scientific community at large. Today it is a fundamental tenet of geophysics that the earth's magnetic field can exist in either of two polarity states: a "normal" state, in which north-seeking compass needles point to the geographic north, and a "reverse" state, in which they point to the geographic south.
In the 1960's studies of radiometrically dated lavas yielded a consistent log of past polarity changes, including no fewer than nine major reversals in the past 3.6 million years, the most recent of which occurred 730,- 000 years ago [see "Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field," by Allan Cox, G. Brent Dalrymple and Richard R. Doell; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Febru ary, 1967]. The time scale of polarity transitions has since been extended back nearly 170 million years.
Paleomagnetic records show that the geomagnetic field does not reverse instantaneously from one polarity state to the other. Rather, the process involves a transition period that typically spans a few thousand years. Hence for perhaps 98 percent of the time the field is stable and its shape is well understood. But for the remaining 2 percent of the time the field is unstable and its shape is not obvious. The foremost task for geophysicists in my field has been to chronicle the behavior of the reversing field―its shifting shape and fluctuating intensities―based on the sometimes faint and complex record of past events, imprinted in stone. The findings provide an invaluable probe into the hidden mechanisms of the geodynamo.
作者: 飞檐 时间: 2018-8-19 23:09
谢谢分享。原文一点都不难啊
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-20 09:17
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1228845-1-1.html
Tempered Glass 原文
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/science/07glass.html
作者: Sueleslie 时间: 2018-8-20 09:21
跪谢大神，真的是勤劳的雷锋啊~~~~笔芯~~！！！！
作者: THEGREATMING 时间: 2018-8-20 09:57
Mark一下
作者: 花椒菲 时间: 2018-8-20 10:34
这位同学你真的是小天使了 祝你gmatkkk！！！！好人一生平安！！！
作者: THEGREATMING 时间: 2018-8-20 14:08
Mark一下
作者: citty123 时间: 2018-8-20 14:48
感谢
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-20 15:01
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c833/7973f7fde0d642a5fc0d8910ca65adf77fe3.pdf
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Automatic Effects of Brand Exposure on Motivated Behavior: How Apple Makes You “Think Different”
Gráinne M. Fitzsimons, Tanya L. Chartrand and Gavan J. Fitzsimons
Journal of Consumer Research
Vol. 35, No. 1 (June 2008), pp. 21-35
Published by: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1086/527269
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/527269
Page Count: 15
Experiment 1 first investigates whether behavioral priming effects can translate from the social to the consumer domain, testing the hypothesis that brands can elicit automatic effects on behavior by examining how people behave after subliminal exposure to consumer brand logos. For a consumer brand of interest, we chose the Apple computer company. Apple has labored to cultivate a strong brand personality based on the ideas of nonconformity, innovation, and creativity. Advertising and marketing strategy have highlighted these associated characteristics with advertisements like the “Think Different” campaign. Although consumer creativity is an underresearched topic, it is a variable that is growing in interest for consumer researchers (Burroughs and Mick 2004; Moreau and Dahl 2005). Indeed, in this age of consumer-generated content—when product personalization and idiosyncratic consumer expression are at an all-time high—creativity is becoming more central to many consumption behaviors.
第二段说有一个research是屏幕上快速出现数字 然后间隔时间会显示品牌logo 表面是让人计算数字实际上是研究品牌的creativity对人潜意识的影响。第三段说然后让第二段参加research的人说brisk？的不同的用途
researcher在其中一组看数字的时候在里面穿插着放了一张creative brand的logo，但是放的是很小的，不会让人特别注意到，另外一组就放一张不那么creative的brand，实验结果发现数字中穿插了creative brand的那一组记下来的数字更
The experimenter explained that interested students could participate in a study to facilitate learning on that day’s (as yet unannounced) topic. After signing the consent form, participants viewed the priming task on the projected screen. On each trial, an asterisk appeared in the center of the screen, followed by a number (between one and 13) that appeared for a random interval of between 1,000 and 2,500 milliseconds. During presentation of the number, the stimulus and mask flashed in the center of the screen. Each flash consisted of a pattern mask presented for 80 milliseconds, the prime stimulus for 13 milliseconds, and a pattern mask for 80 milliseconds. The stimulus was of one of four Apple (or IBM) logos, each exposed 12 times in a random order, to provide a total exposure of 48 Apple (or IBM) logos. The logos were digital typographic images taken from online advertisements and company Web sites. To control confounding influences, the logos were matched for color use, size, and level of detail. Each included only the word Apple or IBM. Participants were asked to total a running sum of the numbers presented.
作者: EileenCHEUNG 时间: 2018-8-20 16:42
我感觉这个更接近于news report那篇论文的形式，结构和包含的内容都不太像，有很多重要细节和反驳点都没太提到
作者: Sueleslie 时间: 2018-8-20 20:19
今天没有更新吗QAQ 后天考试好害怕
作者: 虞兮兮 时间: 2018-8-20 21:07
非常感谢！
作者: 虞兮兮 时间: 2018-8-20 21:31
同意！
作者: SageWong 时间: 2018-8-21 00:55
顶，更正一下那个magnetic field reversal的考古，已经经过构筑确认原文！地址：https://forum.chasedream.com/for ... ead&tid=1327298
作者: fuy 时间: 2018-8-21 05:39
想请问kt event和恐龙灭绝是同一篇吗
作者: noleo 时间: 2018-8-21 09:15
我也感觉是同一篇
作者: 虞兮兮 时间: 2018-8-21 10:30
哇 非常感谢！
作者: noleo 时间: 2018-8-21 20:11
二十六mantle的考古感觉与狗主说的magnetic field reversal不是同一篇，有大神已经在帖子里回复了近似原文的一篇文章
作者: Sueleslie 时间: 2018-8-21 20:39
跪求更新～～～～明天中午考试好方
作者: fuy 时间: 2018-8-22 02:06
请问有大牛愿意分享一下magnetic field 的主旨和1906年前什么情况的总结吗
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-22 02:09
【文章大意】
1. 介绍了一下说很多人认为有火山的地方容易找到铜矿。（第一段几乎没有用）
2. 但是没有直接的证据证明。要证明有关系需要有indirectly evidence来support。2个。
火山口的某种细菌是一种证明。远古的时候细菌随着地壳变动最后变成了bodies。而且现在的火山里面也可以找到这种细菌。 （有个题目问这个，要特别注意细菌的bodies和细菌的区别） ----这个理由好奇怪，自己确认
3. 第一个和某某种石头有关而这种石头的形状说明是从地壳运动中挤压出来 的。。。
4. 第二个是说目前的矿石源大都集中在一些sea ridge，而这些sea ridge是传统的火山多发带，提到copper在地下形成管状的pipe，处于地震多发带
【题目】
1. 第一个证据里面提到的石头的形状说明了什么问题？: 选了形成铜矿和火山之间联系
2. 这里有道题是问作者的态度的，我选了作者同意铜矿和火山的联系，但是找到直接证据，而是间接的证据
3. 有题，针对尾端：答可以infer到这种铜矿是形成在火山带
4. indirect的evidence其中提到有个an opening of earth surface 有题：不能说明关系
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327373-1-1.html
讲的是copper 长 一屏多
第一段 copper的开采什么的 主要要知道p-copper（p打头的单词+copper，应该是copper的一种）比较稀少，科学家认为p-copper的产生和火山有关，但是几乎没有有效的实例可以证明
第二第三段都在说 虽然没有有效实例 但还是有一些间接（好像用的是indirect之类的词）可以证明 第二第三段各一个例子
第二段例子讲的是（大概是p-copper附近的）一个石头还是什么的（印象里c打头，不是很确定）的形状是vertical的，这种vertical的形状与earth surface破裂/冲破有关，而earth surface 冲破与火山有关
第三段例子讲的是p-copper密集区是在太平洋吧好像 反正一个地震带，地震带上火山很多
考了主旨题，很好选
考了两个细节题 两个例子各一个
第二段考的是 vertical的形状说明了什么，我选的是带earth surface 破裂的一项
第三段考的记不清了55555
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Porphyry Copper: Circumstantial evidence suggests that porphyry-related deposits, currently the world's principal source of copper, may have formed as by-products of volcanic activity
Spencer R. Titley
American Scientist
Vol. 69, No. 6 (November-December 1981), pp. 632-638
Published by: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society
https://www.jstor.org/stable/27850714
Page Count: 7
https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=redirect&goto=findpost&ptid=1327373&pid=24245635&fromuid=1333346
作者: 郑布拉希莫维奇 时间: 2018-8-22 09:56
感恩大神！！等我分手了我也要回来报答CD
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-22 11:18
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327298-1-1.html
阅读：
第一篇：林肯在二战前后对于奴隶解放究竟有没有贡献，传统观点和现在一堆abolitionist的看法相左。题目有(1)traditional view会同意以下哪种看法
(2)with regard to the slavery, black and white abolitionist will support which of the following
(3) 林肯在emancipation process充当着什么样的角色
(4) 一个高亮题，忘了...大概意思就是侧面说明了林肯的不作为
作者: EileenCHEUNG 时间: 2018-8-22 13:24
Mark一下！
作者: dorepal 时间: 2018-8-23 18:59
谢谢大神！
作者: Chrisome 时间: 2018-8-23 23:28
qwq今晚上还会更新吗
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-24 07:57
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Toward an Efficiency Week
Robert LaJeunesse
Challenge
Vol. 42, No. 1 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1999), pp. 92-109
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40721922
Page Count: 18
作者: rendy1994 时间: 2018-8-24 10:38
辛苦了!
作者: Chrisome 时间: 2018-8-24 11:06
41的考古贴错了？和40一样
作者: 祀楚 时间: 2018-8-24 13:29
谢谢~
作者: Ronβ 时间: 2018-8-24 14:28
第11篇新能源的文章，我在2018年7月26考试的时候做过。
以下是我当时的JJ
月读4，新能源
P1地球上的石油能源是来自太阳能的，但这种间接利用太阳能的方法效率不如direct的高
P2忘了
P3具体讲一个环保公司的案例。装了某个装置。段末是，公司提供给客户了较少的能源，收取了一样的价钱。但是，公司，客户，环境都会得到好处（这个是最后一句话）
问题：
哪个选项会削弱本文最后一句话
作者: Sabrinazzyy 时间: 2018-8-24 16:02
谁能告诉我这些文章在哪里看啊
作者: Violaseventeen 时间: 2018-8-24 16:29
我也觉得。。。
作者: 尽人事听天命 时间: 2018-8-25 00:31
27号考。。。阅读jj好多 担心看不完 但总觉得不看的就会考 太痛苦啦
作者: 天信子 时间: 2018-8-25 03:18
马上就要考了，希望能中
作者: 无声告白 时间: 2018-8-25 11:43
感谢分享！
作者: huajiananhai 时间: 2018-8-25 13:20
感谢你！
作者: ScarlettDeng 时间: 2018-8-25 13:27
同意！
作者: 芝士就是力量216 时间: 2018-8-25 14:59
作者: dsssssss 时间: 2018-8-25 16:51
Mark一下
作者: GMAT分手快乐 时间: 2018-8-25 17:43
美国飓风那个感觉和考古是相反的？
作者: Cyxfeeling 时间: 2018-8-25 19:13
hurricane那一篇找到类似原文，构筑看看是不是
https://www.livescience.com/1581-corals-show-hurricane-spike-norm.html
作者: 尽人事听天命 时间: 2018-8-25 20:37
阅读菌，像38里有句子标黄了，是什么意思呀？
作者: 大大龟 时间: 2018-8-26 01:24
第一段和第二段的观点基本被涵盖了
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-26 09:22
Art Theory: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) Kindle Edition
by Cynthia Freeland (Author)
Brillo Box and philosophical art
第一段：背景：1960s一个画家，摆出一堆盒子（boxes）做成一个艺术品。然后很多人很惊讶，这破玩意也是艺术品？这时候，一个哲学家出来了，在段末他踢出本文中心论点：什么才能被称为艺术品？
Andy Warhol, with his well-crafted image – the platinum hair, whispery voice, dark eyes – was expert at self-promotion. Obsessed with celebrities, Warhol loved jet-setting and parting. Yet he said, ‘I think it would be terrific if everyone was alike’, and coined the cynical slogan that ‘everyone has their fifteen minutes of fame’. Warhol emerged in the ‘Pop Art’ movement of the 1960s, a movement tied into fashion, popular culture, and politics. He brought attention to everyday visual products in the environment around us and claimed he wanted to ‘paint like a machine’. Phenomenally successful, he left an estate valued at over $100 million.
Lest Warhol seem lightweight, we should recall his sobering disaster images: Civil Rights riots with attack dogs, the electric chair, and grisly auto accidents, all transformed (like his Marilyn Monroes) into brightly coloured silk-screened panels. Warhol is hard to pin down. His Last Supper series done in Italy (based on Leonardo’s ‘real’ one) was meant seriously by the artist who had remained a devout Christian.
Warhol helped spark the transition from macho New York Abstract Expressionism to playful gender-bending postmodernism. Warhol was already successful as a commercial artist when he exhibited stacks of hand-stencilled plywood boxes at the Stabler gallery in New York in 1964. The boxes had a tremendous impact on philosopher Arthur Danto, who has repeatedly discussed them (he even wrote a book titled Beyond the Brillo Box). Warhol’s Brillo Boxes looked just like one in a supermarket, and Danto found this puzzling:
Why was it a work of art when the objects which resemble it exactly, at least under perceptual criteria, are mere things, or, at best, mere artifacts? But even if artifacts, the parallels between them and what Warhol made were exact. Plato could not discriminate between them as he could between pictures of beds and beds. In fact, the Warhol boxes were pretty good pieces of carpentry.
Danto wrote a much-discussed paper, ‘The Art World’, about this puzzle. His essay, in turn, prompted philosopher George Dickie to formulate the ‘institutional theory of art’, according to which art is ‘any artifact . . . which has had conferred upon it the status of candidate for appreciation by some person or persons acting on behalf of a certain social institution (the art world)’. This meant that an object like Brillo Boxes was baptized as ‘art’ if accepted by museum and gallery directors and purchased by art collectors.
Philosopher Arthur Danto pondering why Andy Warhol’s stacked Brillo Boxes are art.
一个短阅读，第一段说某艺术家某年在某地展出了一个作品叫《B什么什么 Box》，这东西跟超市买的盒子看起来一样。D这人就说他不理解为什么这算是艺术?第二段D说艺术应该是可以提供background让艺术家和观众都可以grasp的。
第三段说有些人喜欢那些奇怪的艺术品只是由于他们个人生活经历造成的，最后一句的意思我不是很确定，感觉是说：D认为很多被认为很美很精致的艺术品，因为没有艺术家和观众都理解的内涵所以也不算是好的艺术品。
But, Danto objected, the Brillo Boxes were not immediately accepted by the ‘artworld’: the director of the National Gallery of Canada declared they were not art, siding with Customs inspectors when a dispute arose about shipping them; hardly anyone bought them. Danto argued instead that the artworld provides a background theory that an artist invokes when exhibiting something as art. This relevant ‘theory’ is not a thought in the artist’s head, but something the social and cultural context enables both artist and audience to grasp. Warhol’s gesture could not have been made as art in ancient Greece, medieval Chartres, or nineteenth-century Germany. With Brillo Boxes, Warhol demonstrated that anything can be a work of art, given the right situation and theory. So Danto concludes that a work of art is an object that embodies a meaning: ‘Nothing is an artwork without an interpretation that constitutes it as such’.
Danto has criticized earlier views of art (like those we have surveyed in this chapter):
[M]ost philosophies of art have been by and large disguised endorsements of the kind of art the philosophers approved of, or disguised criticisms of art the philosopher disapproved, or at any rate theories defined against the historically familiar art of the philosopher’s own time. In a way, the philosophy of art has really only been art criticism.
Danto himself tries to avoid endorsing any particular type of art. His pluralist theory helps explain why the artworld now accepts such diverse entries as bloodfests, dead sharks, and plastic surgery as art. He sees his job as describing or explaining why people have held different things to be art in different eras: they ‘theorize’ about art differently. In our time, at least since some of Duchamp’s work and Andy Warhol’s Brillo Boxes, almost anything goes. This makes the narrow and restricted views of earlier philosophers, who defined art in terms of Beauty, Form, etc., seem too rigid. Even shocking art like Serrano’s Piss Christ can now count as art: an object with the right sort of idea or interpretation behind it. Serrano and his audience share some background theory or context within which the photo may be viewed as art: it communicates thoughts or feelings through a physical medium.
Danto argues that in each time and context, the artist creates something as art by relying on a shared theory of art that the audience can grasp, given its historical and institutional context. Art doesn’t have to be a play, a painting, garden, temple, cathedral, or opera. It doesn’t have to be beautiful or moral. It doesn’t have to manifest personal genius or devotion to a god through luminosity, geometry, and allegory.
Danto’s open-door theory of art says ‘Come in’ to all works and messages, but it does not seem to explain very well how an artwork communicates its message. As the art critic for The Nation, he must suppose that some works communicate better than others. (Saying that something is art is not at all the same as saying that it is good art.) Writing as critic, rather than as philosopher, Danto sometimes praises and sometimes finds fault. He explains that, ‘The task of criticism is to identify the meanings and explain the mode of their embodiment’. This requires considering both material and formal features of artworks: the poetic diction of Euripides, the play of waters in Le Nôtre’s fountains, the height and light of Chartres cathedral, Wagner’s chord progressions and instrumentation – Danto even noted that Warhol’s plywood Brillo boxes were well-made. Many details are relevant to how artists embody their ideas in art. I want to look further into issues of meaning and value. But first let’s do more touring, this time around the globe, to consider examples of non-Western art.
作者: ScarlettDeng 时间: 2018-8-26 18:07
在GRE板块找到这个
From the 1900’s through the 1950’s waitresses in the United States developed a form of unionism based on the unions’ defining the skills that their occupation included and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. This “occupational unionism” differed substantially from the “worksite unionism” prevalent among factory workers. Rather than unionizing the workforces of particular employers, waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city. Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided free placement services to employers who agreed to hire their personnel only through the union. Hiring halls offered union waitresses collective employment security, not individual job security—a basic protection offered by worksite unions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene with her employer but placed her elsewhere; and when jobs were scarce, the work hours available were distributed fairly among all members rather than being assigned according to seniority.
作者: 曹元成 时间: 2018-8-26 19:05
41 科学管理应该更新
同810库的第35个 泰勒管理
作者: EddieEddie 时间: 2018-8-26 19:08
bzy! 发表于 2018-8-26 09:22
Art Theory: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) Kindle Edition
by Cynthia Freeland ...
请问这一段是对应哪一篇呢?
作者: EddieEddie 时间: 2018-8-26 19:09
请问这一段是对应哪一篇呢?
作者: 曹元成 时间: 2018-8-26 19:15
修改一下 是730库的35
作者: billyisfragile! 时间: 2018-8-26 20:17
四十五、art philosophy
作者: ScarlettDeng 时间: 2018-8-26 20:18
第三篇男女工会，可能只是一点点背景的资料
作者: Flora_wxy 时间: 2018-8-26 20:35
太感谢楼主了，一战720分手，遇到飓风那篇也没那么慌了，其实阅读还是看不懂，连蒙带猜的
作者: jiayoukaog 时间: 2018-8-26 20:43
明天考试，现在来喵喵机经
作者: EddieEddie 时间: 2018-8-26 20:58
同意！
作者: zzzzzd 时间: 2018-8-26 21:56
请问一下这么多篇 如果时间很紧的话 楼主建议从后往前看 还是顺着看呀？？
作者: 小鱼你可以 时间: 2018-8-26 23:33
关于factoring融资的那篇文章，这两篇我感觉对大家理解有帮助： 一个是中文解释什么是factoring的；一个是维基百科的英文解释~~ 有时间的同学可以看看：
http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%90%86
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoring_(finance)
作者: FALL19MSA 时间: 2018-8-28 07:53
感谢分享！
作者: Erliang 时间: 2018-8-28 12:35
看一下
作者: jjjjjjjjjjjj 时间: 2018-8-28 16:23
感謝分享
作者: christinessy 时间: 2018-8-28 19:03
今天不知道为什么抽到了四篇阅读。前两篇蛮简单的，第三篇是jj的46篇dental filling的，太难了。。从那里开始心态崩了。。读了三四遍都不知道到底在讲什么，开头是dental filling，说有risk，接着说，但有很多好处。。第二段开始讲什么engineer的东西，还有artisan什么什么鬼的。。真的不懂。。完全看不懂。。。我分这么低为什么要给这么难的给我
作者: xyxyZzz 时间: 2018-8-28 21:04
顶楼主！
作者: 七彩虹 时间: 2018-8-30 10:44
楼主这两天没有更新。坐等更新。
作者: clinggg 时间: 2018-9-2 12:19
么哒！
作者: clement_lin 时间: 2018-9-11 12:37
感谢分享！
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