ChaseDream

标题: 备考记录—持续更新 [打印本页]
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-18 19:01
标题: 备考记录—持续更新
毫无章法的花了几个月的时间捡起英语，又毫无章法的花了一个多月来看GMAT，现在基本算是入门了，但是无奈做错的题很多，自己的基础太薄弱，想一步一个脚印地往下走。
今天花了很多时间做OG SC，看错题，看BeattheGMAT论坛，看到了几个Ron的回帖，思路非常清晰，很适合我作为学习材料，于是决定经常上去看看Ron回答的问题。

看完了M SC和FOV，做SC的时候，做错了就会想要自己分析，看看到底哪里对哪里错，哪里没掌握。今天决定改变这种策略，改变成做完SC就立刻看OG的解释，上论坛看讨论帖，查缺补漏。


721. Along the major rivers that traversethe deserts of northeast Africa, the Middle East, and northwest India, thecombination of a reliable supply of water and good growing conditions bothencouraged farming traditions that, in places, endure in at least 6,000years.
A. good growing conditions bothencouraged farming traditions that, in places, endure in
B. good growing conditions encouraged farming traditions that have, in places, endured for
C. of good growing conditions haveencouraged farming traditions that, in places, endured for
D. of good growing conditions bothencouraged farming traditions that have, in places, endured
E. of good growing conditions encouragedfarming traditions that have, in places, been enduring for

围绕该题的几个点：
1、关于E选项的现在完成进行时
have been + VERBing serves to express a CONTINUOUS ACTION.
Here, to endure means TO LAST.
To last is an action that -- on its own -- is continuous.
Since to endure on its own conveys a continuous action, theuse of a continous tense seems redundant.
http://www.beatthegmat.com/good-farming-og13-71-t116366.html
也就是说endure和现在完成进行时要传达的动作一直在进行，是重复的，所以redundant，所以OG说用力过猛

2、have been doing和have done
have been doing: CONTINUOUS Action，动作还在继续发生
have done: continuous Effect，动作已经结束，但是影响一直在持续
3、the combination 和 both的连用
wordy其实就是有重复含义的词重复出现，已经表明是结合water和growing condition，再说both显得多余
又如although和yet同时出现，也是wordy
4、and并列的到底是什么
the combinaton of A and B是表达A和B的结合
the combination of a reliable supply of A and of B这个of到底是在repeat哪一个of，不得而知，但是两个都不对
“It seems to indicate that there is both a combination of a reliable supply of water and a combination of good growing conditions.”——OG


从其他题中学到的：
过去进行时和过去时的区别：by Ron
"were VERBing" implies that theprocess was going on at the time, but that it didn't necessarily finish. in this context,that is at best questionable.
i.e.,
tom's mother was cutting hishair before the guests arrived --> thismakes it sound as though tom's mother didn't finish cutting his hair.
tom's mother cut his hairbefore the guests arrived --> shefinished the job.

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-18 22:20
https://www.thoughtco.com/revising-sentences-with-absolute-phrases-1689690
这是从CD前辈的帖子里找到的，讲absolute phrases

Absolute phrases are useful constructions for adding details to an entire sentence—details that often describe one aspect of someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the sentence.
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-18 22:36
What is to qualify?

To qualify is to add limitations or conditions. In RC, if a claim is presented, the author of the passage (or another expert within the passage) can qualify the claim by showing that something else should be taken into consideration, or that the claim has some limitation. https://www.beatthegmat.com/what-is-meant-by-qualify-a-claim-t62417.html#278023
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-18 23:04
CD的前辈这样总结CR：

CR好像RC,用小安阅读法也可以哈哈哈。

为什么文中出现这句话，这句话有什么作用，和前后文又有什么关系。

做完后分析，为什么答案是这个，答案怎么在问文中体现。文中有什么提示词。  嘿嘿。
-- by 会员 yiayia (2012/2/19 20:08:59)
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-18 23:20
CD的前辈babybearmm贴出来的一道CR题，看完之后我感受到了到底什么叫做assumption

Historically speaking, successful long-term investors have preferred mixed investment portfolios with lower overall risk to less diversified portfolios containing more high-risk investments. But recent research shows that the most profitable investors carry a higher percentage of risk in their portfolios. This illustrates that choosing to develop a higher-risk investment portfolio is a better investment decision than is choosing to maintain a mixed portfolio with lower risk.
Question
The conclusion drawn to the left relies upon which of the following assumptions?

The arguer here concludes that it is a better investment decision to choose a higher-risk portfolio with less diversity than it is to choose a lower-risk portfolio with more diversity. S/he does so by pointing to research that shows the most profitable investors make this decision. The assumption? That the most profitable investors must necessarily make better investment decisions than do those less profitable.


Choices
A
Mixed portfolios with lower risk do not provide significant return on investment.
This is consistent with the argument, but not a necessary missing piece of evidence. The word "significant" is also not easily defined and is too subjective.
B
Investors may either develop more diversified lower-risk portfolios or less diversified higher-risk portfolios.
Investment approaches available to investors is not the issue here. Rather, the question is one of better investment decision-making.
C
The returns on investment achieved by the most profitable investors can be achieved just as readily by less profitable investors.

Your answer was incorrect
The relative ease of investment decision-making among groups is not the issue here; rather, the issue is one of the quality of those decisions. While it may be the correct decision for everyone to invest in riskier portfolios, the returns are not necessarily achieved "just as readily" among different groups of people.
D
The most profitable investors invest the majority of the portfolios in higher-risk positions.
Proportions of overall investments are not important here;quality is.
E
The most profitable investors make better investment decisions than do those who receive a more modest return on investment.
This is the credited response. The author equates "high profitability" and "better investment decision" based on an assumption.
For the assumption question, we need to pay attention to terms appear in the conclusion that are not present in the premises. Here it is "make better investment decisions".  The author assumes that the most profitable investors make earnings based on clever invest management, i.e. based on good investment decision, rather than by chance or something.
通常来看，成功的长期投资者倾向于多样化的投资组合，整体性风险较小。
但是，最近的研究表明获得高利润的投资者，他们的投资组合是高风险的。
这表明选择建立一个高风险的投资组合，是一个更好的投资选择，相比保持一个混合的低风险投资组合来说。
是获得高利润的人自己选择的投资组合。
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-19 20:54
平行结构中，不定式的to省略问题：

OG的解释：To preserve parallelism, the infinitive marker TO should appear ONLY before the first verb in the series OR it should appear before all three verbs
CD前辈整理的OG：
OG12 11
There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them  in the wall in mud mortar.
OG12 15
Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nationto revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, and create a special nongovernment organization to take  charge of
computer security planning.
OG12 51
A new study suggests that the conversational pace of everyday life may be so brisk that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words and, as a result, to make  sense of speech.
OG12 55
Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply  part of the rent to a purchase later.
OG12 62
When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of
grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage  more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-19 22:25
only if条件句：
OG2017
706. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output tobolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year,but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output by a total of500,000 barrels a day.
A. year, but only if non-OPEC nations,including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output
B. year, but only if the output of non-OPECnations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, is trimmed
C. year only if the output of non-OPECnations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, would be trimmed
D. year only if non-OPEC nations, which includesNorway, Mexico, and Russia, were trimming output
E. year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, andRussia, trim output
我自己不明白的是，if条件句用虚拟语气是可以的，但是为什么不选C。查了论坛之后，发现排除C的原因有三个：
1、including修饰有问题，像是跳跃修饰了the output，表达这些non-OPEC nations的output总和，原句是表达每个国家output削减
2、X will do something only if Y does something else. 是条件状语从句，主将从现，而不是虚拟语气
3、 if the output...would be trimmed
On the GMAT, if + SUBJECT + would is ALWAYS WRONG.


其他题目：
While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it would be taught as a separately required course.
(A) only if it would be taught as a separately required course
(B) only if it is taught as a separate, required course
(C) if it is taught only as a course required separately
(D) if it was taught only as a separate and required course
(E) if it would only be taught as a required course, separately
Choice B is best: in sentences expressing a conditional result (x will happen if y happens), the verb of the main clause should be in the future tense and the verb of the if clause should be in the present indicative. Thus, is taught (in B) is consistent with will take, whereas would be taught (in A and E) and was taught (in D) are not. For clarity, only in C, D, and E should immediately precede the entire if clause that it is meant to modify. Also, the intended meaning is distorted when the adverb separately is used to modify required, as in A and C, or taught, as in E; B correctly uses the adjective separate to modify course.
GWD
Antarctica receives more solar radiation than does any other place on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and engulf most of the world’s great cities.
A.is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise,
B.is so reflective that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; were it to do so,
C.so reflective that little polar ice melts during the summer, or else
D.reflective, so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer, or
E.reflects so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; if it did
答案选B. were it to do so...表示条件, = if it were to do so. 符合规律的。



曼哈顿：
虚拟语气
Subjunctive Mood in two special situations:
(1) Unlikely or unreal conditions (usually after if on a similar word). —— the Hypothetical Subjunctive
(2) Proposals, desires, and requests formed with certain verbs and the word that. ——the Command Subjunctive
These two uses correspond to two forms of the subjunctive mood: the Hypothetical Subjunctive and the Command Subjunctive.



We use the Hypothetical Subjunctive form in a few circumstances to indicate unlikely or unreal conditions. Principally, this form occurs after if、 as if、 or as though.
Right: To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WERE harmless.
The speaker does not believe that disease actually is harmless. By using the Hypothetical Subjunctive were, the speaker reveals that he or she thinks that disease is not harmless.
The basic form of the Hypothetical Subjunctive is equivalent to the Simple Past of every verb, with one exception. For the verb to be, the form were is always used. (The Simple Past of be is both were and was: I was, you were, he/she/it was, we/you/they were) Just remember the song “If I WERE a Rich Man” (not If I WAS a Rich Man) and you will remember to use were. However, the GMAT tests this usage only rarely. Because of its similarity in form to the Simple Past, the Hypothetical Subjunctive is sometimes called the “Past Subjunctive.” However, its use has to do with unlikely or unreal conditions, not with past time.
通过错的去表达对的，去强调这个不是真实的，很多时候是表达一种主观的判断，只要自己认为与真实的不一样就行


If... Then Constructions根据发生与否的确定性来划分：
Right:
IF you study diligently, [THEN] you will score highly.
You will score highly IF you study diligently.

五种形式都是对的，根据句意来看：
(1) General Rule with no uncertainty 非常确定会发生
IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill. IF Present, THEN Present.
This pattern is equivalent to whenever: WHENEVER Sophie EATS pizza, she BECOMES ill,
(2) General Rule with some uncertainty 有一点不确定性
IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she MAY BECOME ill. IF Present, THEN Can or May.
Here, the helping verbs can or may can be used to allow for a somewhat uncertain outcome.
(3) Particular Case (in the future) with no uncertainty  确定将会发生
IF Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she WILL BECOME ill. IF Present, THEN Future.
Another possibility for the Particular Case (in the present) is Present Perfect: If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.
(4) Unlikely Case (in the future)  不可能发生
IF Sophie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she WOULD BECOME ill. IF Hypothetical Subjunctive, THEN Conditional.
Here, the writer thinks that Sophie is unlikely to eat pizza tomorrow. The Conditional Tense (would) shows the hypothetical result of an unlikely or untrue condition. In place of would, the form could can be used to indicate improbability as well.
(5) Case That Never Happened (in the past)  
IF Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill. IF Past Perfect, THEN Conditional Perfect.
Other patterns are possible, but if... then sentences that you encounter on the GMAT should conform to one of these five patterns.
The helping verbs would and should should NEVER go in the if part of the sentence, according to the GMAT! 也就是本题中： if the output...would be trimmed 是错的

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output tobolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, andRussia, trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day.
一个句子中用了四个时态


作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-19 23:31
看论坛里，CD前辈是这么考虑一个SC问题的：
The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost.
(A) The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost.
(B) The development of a new jumbo rocket is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration and be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.
(C) The new development of a jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.
(D) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle can, and at a lower cost.
(E) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and to cost less.

我这么看这道题的，找主干意思，先找动词。这句话两点意思：
1. sth. is expected to carry the US into its next phase
2. sth. will be able to deliver X into orbit
注意两个动词：carry和deliver，以及各自在句子中的意思
然后这个sth.，到底是the development of the rocket呢，还是rocket呢？
第一点意思，从逻辑上，sth.可以是development，也可以是rocket，都说得通。
但是第二点意思，这里的sth.就必须是rocket才符合逻辑。

有了以上分析，然后考虑到以上第2点意思是句子的核心意思，第1点意思是补充信息，我们就知道，句子必然是这么写：
rocket, _______________, will be able to deliver X into orbit.
于是，纵向扫视选项开头，直接锁定D和E。至于D和E之间的split，相信你也明白。

思路应该是：
找到动词，找到主干——看动作发出这是谁，符不符合逻辑——句子的核心意思是什么（作者主要想说什么）——补充信息是什么——句子各成分应该怎么排布
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-20 12:45
看了youtube上的CR视频，也是CD前辈babybearmm贴出来的，讲的清晰明了。
从这个视频中我发现了自己理解Assumption的误区，我以前理解Assumption就是读完文段之后开始头脑风暴，自己“构造”出一个Assumption，脱离了文段，但是应该紧扣文段，直接从文段中找到gap。
GMAT Prep - Verbal - Critical Reasoning - Weakening Arguments by Knewton  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJGw9DAfSCE&feature=player_embedded#!

视频中提到：
An argument consist of evidence、stated facts，and assumptions，unstated but necessary premises，that lead to a conclusion. 通常情况下，weaken一个argument就是attack这些assumptions，因为asp is uncertain and usually is false而evidence是事实，不能dispute
e.g.Burt is tall 统计显示，同样岗位和同样的job qualification，高的人工资也比矮的人高。Jeff比较矮，并且他有着和Burt一样的years of experiences。因此，如果B和J在同样的岗位上，B的工资会比J的高。
evidence: 统计显示，同样岗位和同样的job qualification，高的人工资也比矮的人高
premise: Jeff比较矮，并且他有着和Burt一样的years of experiences
concluion: 同样的岗位上, B的工资会比J的高
assumption：job qualification和years of experiences是一回事
所以，要weaken，就要从攻击assumption入手，指出asp的存在
The number of years of experiences that an applicant has is one of many significants job qualification.  CORRECT
Burt might be hired for a less well-paying position than Jeff, so Burt might earn less than Jeff despite his height.  INCORRECT
文中已经说明，他们是same position，反驳stated fact不能削弱argument

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-20 15:47
Weaken: denying an assumption  指出aspAsp = link between evidence and conclusion
e.g. Consuming a half-cup of healthy nuts per day has been shown to improve the speed at which certain mental tasks can be performed.  Therefore, consuming a half-cup of peanuts per day would improve graduate students' performance on exam.
Asp 1: healthy nuts = peanuts → deny: peanuts are a kind of healthy nuts →"peanuts are not considered heathy nuts"
Asp 2: improve mental task speed可以improve students' perfomance on exam(the mental tasks helped by nuts will impact graduate students' exam peoformance→ deny: "the mental tasks whose speed can be increased by eating healthy nuts are not performed while a student is taking an exam.)

我一开始看第二个Asp的时候，认为是mental task = performance on exam，离真正有用的Asp差了一步，真正有用的Asp是读出了隐含意思。

Weaken: denying an asp using additional evidence  说出asp不对
Asp 1 : healthy nuts = peanuts → deny: healthy nuts are less than 30% fat; peanuts are 50% fat.
Asp 2： the mental tasks whose speed can be increased by eating healthy nuts are performed on X, X is different with exam.  


Strenghten: affirming an asp
Asp 1: healthy nuts = peanuts → affiming: healthy nuts are less than 60% fat; peanuts are 50% fat

所以，我的下一步就是找准文段中的Asp




作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-20 22:39
544. Neuroscientist: Memory evolved to help animals react appropriately to situations they encounter by drawing on the past experience of similar situations. But this does not require that animals perfectly recall every detail of all their experiences. Instead, to function well, memory should generalize from past experiences that are similar to the current one.
The neuroscientist’s statements, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?
A. At least some animals perfectly recall every detail of at least some past experiences.
B. Perfectly recalling every detail of all their past experiences could help at least some animals react more appropriately than they otherwise would to new situations they encounter.
C. Generalizing from past experiences requires clear memories of most if not all the details of those experiences.
D. Recalling every detail of all past experiences would be incompatible with any ability to generalize from those experiences.
E. Animals can often react more appropriately than they otherwise would to situations they encounter if they draw on generalizations from past experiences of similar situations.
这题是归纳推理，直接去原文找逻辑关系，然后看选项中的逻辑关系是否与原文中的一致，多数情况下选项都是充分必要条件颠倒，或者是原推理关系的非等价变换，或者是原文中根本么有涉及的范围。把这些错误选项都排除，剩下的那个就是正确选项。


545. Astronomer: Most stars are born in groups of thousands, each star in a group forming from the same parent cloud of gas. Each cloud has a unique, homogeneous chemical composition. Therefore, whenever two stars have the same chemical composition as each other, they must have originated from the same cloud of gas.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the astronomer’s argument?
A. In some groups of stars, not every star originated from the same parent cloud of gas.
B. Clouds of gas of similar or identical chemical composition may be remote from each other.
C. Whenever a star forms, it inherits the chemical composition of its parent cloud of gas.
D. Many stars in vastly different parts of the universe are quite similar in their chemical compositions.
E. Astronomers can at least sometimes precisely determine whether a star has the same chemical composition as its parent cloud of gas.
P：stars in the same group have the same c.c.
C: stars have the same c.c. are from the same group
前提和结论充分必要条件颠倒，asp是只有have the same c.c.这一个必要条件就可以推出from the same group，不再有其他必要条件
如果文段是充分必要条件颠倒，那么ASP就是必要条件仅有这一个，不再有其他


作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-20 23:03
V-ing 放在句首和句末1、放在句首，修饰紧随其后的主句subject，或者修饰紧随其后的主句的谓语中心
2、放在句末，修饰紧随其前的主句的谓语中心
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 12:40
Main bias：
Look-ahead bias（模拟未来结果作为分析基础）
Bias created by the use of information or data in a study or simulation that would not have been known or available during the period being analyzed. This will usually lead to inaccurate results in the study or simulation.


e.g.
In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than theaverage salary for jobs that do not require a degree.  Current enrollments in Kravonia's colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian work force with college degrees will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.

In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has alwaysbeen higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree.  Over the last few years, the number of Kravonians enrolled in college has been growing steadily.  Therefore, the number of Kravonians entering the job market who have at least the qualification of a college degree will eventually be significantly higher than it has been over the last few years.

前提中在讨论enrollment的情况，结论中讨论work force entering the job market的情况，Asp：the numbers of enrollments = the numbers of work force
weaken: point out the Asp; claim that Asp is wrong (after graduate from college, many people will apply postgraduate program)


作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 12:49
babybearmm的SC经验谈
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-739174-11-1.html

active voice来强调动作和动作发出者之间的联系。而passive voice强调的是动作和动作受体之间的联系。
主动与被动的本质区别在于：是否需要人为参与
如：prove、be proved to be
derive from: 一个物种从另一个物种来，自主进化来的，不需要人参与
be derived from：糖是从甘蔗中提炼出来的，需要人参与，人不参与糖不会自己进去榨糖机
主动或者被动产生歧义有时候是来源于介词：如by、to
一个句子，用active voice，表达的信息量是什么？强调的信息量又是什么？换成passive voice又是怎么样的？通常哪一种voice所表达的信息量更大呢？你能找几个用passive voice更好的句子，来justify the usage of passive voice么？（提示：尝试在OG SC文档中搜索passive voice或者active voice）
这有一道prep的题目
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/before-scientists-learned-how-to-make-a-synthetic-growth-t637.html?sid=b2063f3acc7bbe9dbdb17b3243fa3460

Before scientists learned how to make asynthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadevers.

A)
B) scientists had learned about makinga synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakingly
C) scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
E) learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed by scientists


**adj n vs n to be adj
形容词描述的是名词的内在属性，不定式描述的是被赋予的属性。



作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 13:09
RC strategies：
https://gmatclub.com/forum/gmat-club-s-reading-comprehension-strategy-guide-83101.html#p622849
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 13:11
Spend at least five minutes at a time imagining different details about taking the test. Visualize yourself spotting sentence structures based on keywords or commas. Visualize yourself checking for X & Y consistency for SC questions or recognizing a Data Sufficiency Percent vs. Actual Number question. You know what to look for and where the pitfalls are (multiple % data points without any actual number data points are useless if they ask you a “how many” question).
Your visualization scene doesn’t need to be the same each time, but you need to tap into a sense of accomplishment, calm, and confidence. Do this every morning and before bedtime.
Neurophysiologist researchers at Stanford University (my alma mater) and University of Chicago evaluated the efficacy of visualization. They compared two sets of basketball players. The first group practiced playing whereas the second group only imagined practicing. The players who didn’t physically practice, but visualized peak performance, improved 23 -30 percent in their actual basket-shooting ability, whereas the students who physically “practiced” saw little improvement. (source)
source: http://www.gmatpill.com/

看到这里深有感触，从今天起实施。其实这方法，大学上跳水课的时候，我们的老师——著名教练于芬，就跟我们教过，她管这叫“意象训练”，就是在脑子里想一整套完美的跳水动作。当时我觉得很神奇，现在看到了科研证据，感叹methodology真是一门学问啊。关键是要把知识转化为行动力，为啥我之前就没这么去做呢？

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/2/26 11:25:38)


看babebearmm前辈的帖子，看到非常有用的赶紧mark下来

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 13:45
Untilnow, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available.  Parents are reluctant to subject children tothe pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complicationsfrom influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, iseffective for children.  However, sincechildren seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significantpublic health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of childrenusing the nasal spray.
Whichof the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive thenasal-spray vaccine as well.
B.The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectablevaccines do.
C.The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
D.Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
E.The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.

题目中说adults are at risk of serious complications from fluenza, however, children seldom develop serious complication from fluenza, so public ......
[size=13.3333px]以偏概全：children = public
[size=13.3333px]用数学集合的概念来看：前提在说子集的事情，但是推导出的结论确实全集的事情。
[size=13.3333px]Asp：全集=子集
[size=13.3333px]改错：children + adults = public

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 14:04
Sample-selecting bias - survivor bias
Ihave visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those builtbefore 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior tothat in hotels built afterward. Clearly carpenters working on hotels before1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters whohave worked on hotels built subsequently.
Whichof the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer'sargument?

(A)The quality of original carpentry in hotels is generally far superior to thequality of original carpentry in other structures, such as houses and stores.
(B) Hotelsbuilt since 1930 can generally accommodate more guests than those built before1930.
(C) Thematerials available to carpenters working before 1930 were not significantlydifferent in quality from the materials available to carpenters working after1930.
(D) Thebetter the quality of original carpentry in a building, the less likely thatbuilding is to fall into disuse and be demolished.
(E) Theaverage length of apprenticeship for carpenters has declined significantlysince 1930.

P：1930年前的H比1930年之后的H质量好
C：1930年前的人技术比较好
C选项：材料没有差别——加强。如果说材料没有差别，那么造成H质量有差别的原因就更有可能是技术。消除了一个weaken，就相当于是加强了

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 14:13
Causality
Every fall Croton's jays migrate south.  The jays always join flocks of migrating crookbeaks with which they share the same summer and winter territories.  If a jay becomes separated from the crookbeaks it is accompanying, it wanders until it comes across another flock of crookbeaks.  Clearly, therefore, Croton's jays lack the navigational ability to find their way south on their own.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?

A. Croton's jays lay their eggs in the nests of crookbeaks, which breed upon completing their southern migration.
B. The three species most closely related to crookbeaks do not migrate at all.
C. In the spring, Croton's jays migrate north in the company of Tattersall warblers.
D. Species other than Croton's jays occasionally accompany flocks of migrating crookbeaks.
E. In the spring, crookbeaks migrate north before Croton's jays do.
P：J migrate with C and wait C
C: J lack the nvg
Asp: no other reasons make J need company
正确答案：加强——换一个时间，这种现象依然存在

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-21 16:21
注意前提和结论讨论的不是同一个量：总产量 = 人均产量 * 人数
Inresponse to mounting public concern, an airplane manufacturer implemented aprogram with the well-publicized goal of reducing by half the total yearlyamount of hazardous waste generated by its passenger-jet division.  When the program began in 1994, thedivision's hazardous waste output was 90 pounds per production worker; lastyear it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturer's program has not metits goal are false.  
Whichof the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.The amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jetdivision has not increased significantly since 1994.
B.At least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as hadbeen produced in 1994.
C.Since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions inhazardous waste output that are at least equal to that achieved in thepassenger-jet division.
D.The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jetdivision was not significantly greater last year than it was in 1994.
E.The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was notsignificantly less in 1994 than it was last year.
目标是减少总产量，方案减少了人均产量→不代表总产量减少了
Asp：人数没有变化


作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-23 11:20
比较题怎么操作。不管是than，是as … as …，还是twice之类的词，方法都是统一的：
1. 看到comparison indicator: e.g.“than”, “as… as…”
2. 找到紧接着这个indicator后出现的比较对象B
3. 在这个indicator前面，寻找B可能的counterpart – A，要求A与B的parallelism关系符合语法和逻辑两方面的要求。这样的A是否存在且唯一？
看，这其实就是平行的问题


作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-23 11:25
今天开始复习前又去看了前辈的帖子，受益很多（babybearmm）摘录下让自己有所启发的部分


认识你自己。。。这也是在看了无数心经却一度迷茫后自我感悟到的，如果有什么建议给未入门同学，那就是先别看什么教材选择、复习计划。而是通过信息或者模考去思考 GMAT或者说商学院要什么，你有什么，还缺什么，如何弥补。再由此确定复习长度。别相信什么战线过长伤不起，有些东西的弥补未必一定是靠G相关材料
——by bluether (#58)


在我看来，很多GMAT CR题目都是有逻辑背景的，就那么几个themes——
correlation VS. causality
# vs. %
sample average vs. sample distribution
各种sample-selecting bias （例如：survivorship bias, self-selection bias, self-reporting bias）
past vs. future  (look-ahead bias)
false comparison/analogy
Aristotle三段论
necessary vs. sufficient
faithful representation of indicators （诸如”claim to be”≠actually be; Rule/law in place ≠ compliance to the law/rule;  false  positive/negative; …）


作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-2-23 16:38
34.        Lackinginformation about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energyused by [url=]equipment[/url], such as lights, that are visibleand must be turned on and off and underestimate that [AE1] used by unobtrusive equipment, such aswater heaters.
[url=](A)          equipment,such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate that [/url]
[url=](B)         equipment,such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate it when[/url]
[url=](C)          equipment, such as lights, that is visible andmust be turned on and off and underestimate it[/url] when
(D)          visible equipment, such as lights, that must beturned on and off and underestimate that
(E)          visibleequipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate [url=]it when[/url]
Parallelism; Agreement


[AE2]“that are” doesn’t agree with the single subject “equipment”; “thatare visible” is not parallel to “unobtrusive”


[AE3]“that are” agreement problem; “that are visible” parallelproblem;”it when used by” is not parallel to “the amount … used by”.


[AE4]The same problem as B


[AE5]“it when used by” is not parallel to “the amount … used by”


我对比了D和E，最后选了E，认为it指代the amount use of energy，underestimte it when used by U的意思是when used by U, people tend to underestimate the amount use of energy
为什么that可以和the amount of energy平行，it when不可以？
解释：The key point to remember is that when we are referring to the "something" that was mentioned earlier, then we must use "it" and when we are referring to the something similar or copy of that "something" then we must use "that".
In the above question, "it" will refer to the "amount of energy used by visible equipment" whereas "that" will refer to just "amount of energy".
it指代的是前文出现的，一模一样的东西
that指代和前文出现的同类的东西，“副本”，但是不同一个东西
本题中，the amount of energy used by E和the amount of energy used by U不是同一个东西，所以不能用it





作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-3-4 11:39
that , one的区别:
I. one只能代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用ones; that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用 those。
II. one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人。
作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-3-8 14:05
关于being和having结构：
（1）being在以下情况必错：1>n+being done；2>n+being n/adj；3>there being
（2）you should NEVER start a modifier with "being". in any such modifier, you should always be able to eliminate "being".（以及表达IDENTITY or CHARACTERISTICS时是错误的）
例如：

另注意和其余选项比较，选最优的：
The one time when "being" is grammatically necessary is when having a property is the idea you are trying to describe  描述属性、特性、性质的时候
例如：Being tall is helpful for basketball players.

这也是极特殊两种being可以视为语法正确的结构：1>动名词； 2>进行时的被动语态（eg. Sth is being done）

Many modifying phrases in GMAT sentences are separated by commas from the noun being modified. 被动
Once you find a comparison, identify the two parts of the sentence that are being compared to each other.被动
Whenever you see one of these four words, stop and find the two items being compared.
In the first clause Hugo is being singled out from among a group {our. .. employee(s)), so we must use a superlative {best) to modify employee.

WHILE BEING a child, I delivered newspapers. wrong
AS BEING a child, I delivered newspapers. wrong

RIGHT:
BEING infected does not make you sick.
The judges saw the horses BEING led to the stables.

SUSPECT:
BEING an advocate of reform, I would like to make a different proposal.
Note: The word BEING is often wordy or awkward.


（3）Having必错：1>n+havingdone；2>n+havingbeen done，即不可用做限定性修饰
（4）Having done 和 having been done都不是动名词，因此不能充当名词成分。
（5）Having done可以做非限定性修饰，短语中表达的内容发生在主句动作之前。
（6）When having done 结构一定错，因为不应该有 when。单是 Havingdone 就够了。原因是 havingdone 是过去，而 when 是当时，所以有冲突。同样的after having done也是错误的结构（同理的after/before A do sth.when B do sth.或者after/beforewhen，这样的结构都是不好的。）

作者: Doris707    时间: 2018-12-25 15:21
OG2019的文章
It is an odd but indisputable fact that the seventeenth-century English women who are generallyregarded as among the forerunners of modern feminism are almost all identifiedwith the Royalist side in the conflict between Royalist and Parliamentariansknown as the English Civil Wars. Since Royalist ideology is often associatedwith the radical patriarchalism of seventeenth - century political theorist Robert Filmer - a patriarchalismthat equates family and kingdom and asserts the divinely ordained absolutepower of the king and, by analogy, of the male head of the household - historianshave been understandably puzzled by the fact that Royalist women wrote theearliest extended criticisms of the absolute subordination of women in marriageand the earliest systematic assertions of women`s rational and moral equalitywith men. Some historians have questioned the facile equation of Royalistideology with Filmerian patriarchalism; and indeed, there may have been noconsistent differences between Royalist and Parliamentarians on issues offamily organization and women`s political rights, but in that case one wouldexpect early feminists to be equally divided between the two sides.

Catherine Gallagher argues that Royalism engendered feminismbecause the ideology of absolute monarchy provided a transition to an ideologyof the absolute self. She cites the example of the notoriously eccentric authorMargaret Cavendish (1626-1673), duchess of Newcastle. Cavendish claimed to beas ambitious as any woman could be, but knowing that as a woman she wasexcluded from the pursuit of power in the real world, she resolved to bemistress of her own world, the "immaterial world" that any person cancreate within her own mind-and, as a writer, on paper. In proclaiming what shecalled her "singularity," Cavendish insisted that she was aself-sufficient being within her mental empire, the center of her ownsubjective universe rather than a satellite orbiting a dominant male planet. Injustifying this absolute singularity, Cavendish repeatedly invoked the model ofthe absolute monarch, a figure that became a metaphor for the self-enclose,autonomous nature of the individual person. Cavendish`s successors among earlyfeminists retained her notion of woman`s sovereign self, but they also soughtto break free from the complete political and social isolation that herabsolute singularity entailed.

一开始做的时候简直被玩疯了，后来仔细分析了一下，理清楚了很多。
最重要的是active reading，搞清楚文章结构：

总结来说文章就是先给了一个现象的背景和大家的看法，着重讲一个人对这个现象的看法，以及她如何论证她的看法。
这样的文章结构其实非常简单，但是因为对题材的不熟悉，以及文章的长句太长，造成我理解困难。


作者: Doris707    时间: 2019-2-23 11:42
标题: SC的练习方法以及考场思维
经过了很长一段时间在SC上的挣扎略有一些感悟，记录下来供大家参考
SC的练习方法
按步骤：
1、烂熟语法知识
此时先不做真题，多阅读正确的短句，重点放在句子基本构成以及句子各部分名称定义使用方法的学习和熟练；
原因：在语法基础知识薄弱的情况下，看长难句或做真题尤如登天，挫败感带来内耗严重并且对提升解题能力没有帮助，地基打牢才能盖房子
句子基本结构：句子→主谓宾
除了基本结构以外的部分：修饰→定语、状语、同位语
2、用简单的真题练习
练习抽主干，判断动作发出者
原因：一个句子正确的首要前提是句子完整、无run-on、主谓一致，先把重中之重拿下
3、用有难度的真题练习抽主干，并提高对句子不完整、run-on、主谓不一致的敏感性
原因：很多选项其实带来了上述三个问题，很好排除
4、加入识别判断其他考点的练习
练习全盘考虑考题意图，杀选项的前提是判断出了考点，不在非考点上浪费时间（有些split不是真考点或者这样的split排除起来非常困难）
5、建立适合自己的解题步骤【考场思维】
目前为止，我认为比较能识别考点的步骤是看到题目先观察选项split，看出考点主线，提前预测自己需要在看原句的时候注意哪几方面，再看原句，看原句的时候重点理解句意，最后再进入到选项排除；
在没有大错、不确定能否排除时，尽量看到多个点用的不好，作为排除依据

在考场上不可能看到所有点再做选择，这样会时间不够，在平常的练习中，经常插入考试模拟练习会比较有帮助，帮助自己发现薄弱，调整解题步骤和临场反应

作者: oeky    时间: 2019-6-9 10:45
顶楼主！               



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