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标题: Richard 770 逻辑答题讨论 [打印本页]
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-4 08:50
标题: Richard 770 逻辑答题讨论
逻辑方法要点：
A. 找论点：
下面几个方法帮助看出论点。找论点非常重要。普通题可能就出现一个论点，要找到。推导多一些的可能一进一退，作者探讨别人的论点的好坏，这样要看出别人论点，作者支持的地方和反对的地方。作者可能不一定对别人观点全盘打倒，这个也是很现实理性的评判。
1)Conclusion Language
例如therefore,as a result, in conclusion 这些信号词的出现。
2)Call For Action
提出倡导建议做什么，怎么做
3)Premise Language Adjacent
一些引导词,例如 because, due to,
4)The Why Test
是论点的那句话，在提干中一定有WHY的解释。如果没有说WHY，这些句子是一个拿过来的数据，现象等，而不是论点。
B. 逻辑阅读注意事项：
尤其注意读的句子的含义，不光是WHAT，更重要是WHY. 这句话的目的/作用是什么？和其他几句话之间什么关系？
是说一个客观收集的数据，现象？如果是，是被作者用来做支持还是反对的论据？
还是句子里有作者的意见，反对别人的意见，还是说自己的一个看法？
注意逻辑关键词的出现，带来新的逻辑意义，或变化.
逻辑训练
第一步：
不看选项，只看提干，第一目标完成1-4，琢磨一下5
1.读懂讨论的主题和提干问什么
逻辑阅读总体应该不难，但要读的非常细心，完全读懂意思
2. 找到论点
3. 看出来作者如何支持她的论点
4. 看出来从论据（A)到论点（B)之间有什么不同？
5.试着想如何反驳这个A->B的推导，或是反例，或是对其中一些假设提出疑问。
第5步不需要一定想出来，但是试着想一想有帮助
第二步：看选项做题（注意，只在完成第一步后才去做）
做完题，做对做错，知道正确选项后，琢磨一下，和自己第一步完成的任务有什么比较。第一步你完成的有什么问题。懂了就记一下，给自己下次提个醒。
为什么：
如果第一步没完成好，直接看5个选项，头脑不清楚，需要处理的信息量太大，短时间内不容易有思路，容易误判。
第一步完成好后，有个良好的逻辑思路框架，再考核答案时有的放矢，容易的多。难度低的题目，如果你想到了一些5）的办法，选项可能和你想的一样，或者异曲同工。你会增加很多信心和有fun.
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-8-4 10:35
支持！
哈这个ID让我想到 Veritas家的题
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-4 20:34
谢谢！
先总结点逻辑解题思路。无数大牛已经有很多精彩总结，这里写些简单的思路。
1. 读懂题，找出argument，和逻辑 line of argument。
一定要读出来题目在argue什么。一堆废话后，到底在辩论什么？怎么辩论的？
结论型 - 因为A, 所以B. 或者三级， A,所以B,所以C. 类似。 A->B->C。
目的型 - 想要达到X, 所以Y。 相当于 Y->X。
2. 对逻辑进行严密分析。
这个可以用很多逻辑术语，思路去整理。但是大家其实每天生活工作中都用啊。辩论，挑理，找茬的技巧，其实一样。如果不熟悉逻辑理论，就用自己平时争辩的思路也一样。
上面A和B, X和Y肯定不一样。如果A和B一模一样，A-->B是完全成立的，也不可能找茬辩论。
所以严密分析的注意力就集中在它们哪儿不一样，作者怎么能从不一样的A去争辩B。
然后就是解题了。
Weakening - 找茬： A 和 B 有什么什么不同。A会带来其它结果，到不了B。从A到B还需要这样那样，但这些你没办法证明之类。
Support - 帮作者争辩： 帮助 A 和 B 中间的漏洞补漏。是，它们是有不同，所以中间有假设，那你找到其中之一假设也成立，就是一种增强。任何能帮助补漏的都是增强。
如果把 A 和 B， 想成两座逻辑上的孤岛，Weakening 就是想办法拆散任何可能链接的桥梁，Support 就是搭桥。而且并不需要拆，或者搭所有的桥。
无关选项：
特别容易的无关选项：
和两个孤岛都无关。像权威性（错误，要以理服人
）。
一般的无关选项还是会和A或B有关的。但是它们不帮助链接二者。可能是关于A或B自身的更多背景。就像我们争辩时，我说从A能到B。然后我说A如何如何成立，A如何如何好，都不会有帮助。因为你已经同意假设A成立了，关键是我必须说服为什么从A能到B。反驳也类似。
3. 其它
1和2应该能解决大多数标准逻辑问题。好的考题会在这个范围之内，但难度是在细微之处，考核你这个逻辑推理思考时的严密程度。devil is in the details. 所以这种标准逻辑题，如果不懂，一定要琢磨清楚1和2。这样就会训练自己的逻辑思维更严密。相比理科生，文科生的创新思维好，但思维容易跳跃，更加要注意这个训练。
其它一些考虑：
一些常见逻辑错误，像correlation not causation, 其实抛开术语和套路，用上面的基本逻辑思维，也是可以解决的。只是常见的逻辑谬论，给总结归纳出来一个术语而已。
从A到B的逻辑，前提是A成立。争辩重点是从A到B。偶尔也可能争辩A并不成立。如果A不成立，当然削弱B。
就这么多，以后用实题来应用这些分析。欢迎拍砖
作者: Jez 时间: 2017-8-4 22:07
谢谢楼主的心得分享！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-6 10:08
Springfield Fire Commissioner: the vast majority of false fire alarms are prank calls made anonymously from fire alarm boxes on street corners. Since virtually everyone has access to a private telephone, these alarm boxes have outlived their usefulness. Therefore, we propose to remove the boxes. Removing the boxes will reduce the number of prank calls without hampering people’s ability to report a fire.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the claim that the proposal, if carried out, will have the announced effect?
A.The fire department traces all alarm calls made from private telephones and records where they came from.
B.Maintaining the fire alarm boxes costs Springfield approximately five million dollars annually.
C.A telephone call can provide the fire department with more information about the nature and size of a fire than can an alarm placed from an alarm box.
D.Responding to false alarms significantly reduces the fire department’s capacity for responding to fires.
E.On any given day, a significant percentage of the public telephones in Springfield are out of service.
1. 找出argument & line of argument
每人都有私人电话，取消防火警报箱可以减少假警报，也不会影响火灾报警
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A 私人电话报警
B 减少假警报，也不会影响火灾报警
想像一下，如果和朋友争辩
找茬 - 私人电话报警，也不一定会减少假警报啊。如果私人电话无法跟踪，还是可以假。其它找茬逻辑上也可以说私人电话不方便报警。好比加入坏天气时私人电话容易停之类。
3. 答案
A 增强。把找茬漏洞之一补上
B easy 无关。火警报箱费多少钱，对A->B无关。
C Tricky 无关。私人电话可以告诉更多细节，但是还是和A->B无关。私人电话可以告诉更多细节，但不代表它一定要这么做，而且假火警也可以说很多假的细节。如果私人电话无法跟踪，还是可以报假火警开玩笑。
D easy 无关。假火警不好。但对A->B无关
E really easy 无关。公用电话失灵不影响私人电话。
关键是找到A->B，然后集中逻辑思维在A->B来考核答案
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-6 10:31
OG17 CR662
Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that student-teacher ratios in government-funded scholls not exceed a certain limit. All Vargonian children are entiled to education, free of charge, in these schools. When a recession occurs and average incomes fall, the number of Children enrolled in government-funded schools tends to increase. Therefore, though most employment opportunities contract in economic recessions, getting a teaching job in Vargonia's government-funded schools will not be made more difficult by a recession.
Which of the following would be most importent to determine in order to evaluate the argument?
A Whether in Vargonia there are any schools not funded by the government that offer childern an education free of charge?
B Whether the number of qualified applicants for teaching positions in government-funded schools increases signnificantly during economic recession.
1. 找出argument & line of argument
法律限制政府学校学生/老师比率。经济不好时，政府学校学生人数增加，所以经济不好时政府学校老师工作还是不会更难找。
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A （经济不好时）政府学校老师职位增加（学生人数增加+政府学校学生/老师限制）
B （经济不好时）政府学校老师工作不会更难找。
想像一下，如果和朋友争辩
找茬 - 老师职位是增加，但不一定更好找啊。经济不好时，找工作的人更多
3. 答案
B - 就是这个找茬
A 常见的一个无关。逻辑推理中一般是假设前提已成立，这里就是假设A学生人数增加成立。辩论主要是能否从假设A推到B。偶尔也有找茬说A其实并不成立，但是那样应该说的非常清楚的把A给削弱。
看答案A。即使有别的学校也给免费教学，并不能削弱A。这些别的免费学校平时也是有学生的。经济不好时,去免费学校的学生增加，那可能是所有这些免费学校的学生都会增加。所以假设A还是可以成立的。这个也更符合现实情况。
一般情况下，不要去考虑推翻假设。如果假设都推翻了，那这个辩论不就是浪费时间比较低质量的吗？
关键是找到A->B，然后集中逻辑思维在A->B来考核答案
作者: Jason.S.S 时间: 2017-8-6 11:59
顶楼主！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-7 01:34
谢谢!
再啰嗦两句感受。看了一些同学的问题和分析，感觉有些没有把注意力放在大方向上。其实不必专逻辑思维的牛角尖。精力也不要放在每个题的内容细节上。每次辩论和题目的内容细节都不一样，这些是不可重复没有太多帮助的。精力应该是在琢磨逻辑推理上的细节和培养自己缜密的逻辑思维能力。这种能力是可以举一反三的，也是GMAT培训的目标之一。像三观一样，把逻辑观训练出正道，就好办了。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-7 10:28
1.Which of the following most logically complete the passage？ A recent government study links the high rates of respiratory ailment in Groverston to airborne pollutants released by the Woodco plywood manufacturing plant there. To address the problem， the government imposed strict regulations on emissions which will go into effect in four years. Although Woodco plans to cut its emissions in half two years ahead of schedule， it is unlikely that the rate of respiratory ailments will decline before the regulations go into effect， since＿ .
A.the number of facilities capable of treating respiratory ailments is not likely to increase
B.reducing emissions even further than planned would necessitate decreasing production at Woodco
C.it is difficult to make accurate， long-term predictions about emissions
D.not all respiratory ailments are caused by airborne pollutants
E.three new plywood manufacturing plants are about to go into production in Groverston
1. 找出argument & line of argument
研究表明W厂的空气污染造成G镇呼吸病多发。W厂预计2年内完成政府规定的4年减污指标。似乎G镇呼吸病发病率应该在4年内降低。
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A W厂减少污染
B G镇呼吸病发病率降低
找茬 - (有什么原因A推不到B，正是本题问的) 答案E说新有厂排放污染增加。其它举例，如果说发病率在污染减少下来以后需要额外5年才能降低，同样可以。
3. 答案
E 答案 - 别的厂排放污染增加
D Tricky 无关。
从A->B并不要求所有的呼吸病都由空气污染造成。假设空气污染增加呼吸病发病，引导到降低空气污染减少呼吸病发病。想要削弱必须要从这个推理中找茬。
如果按D举例量化，呼吸病60%由空气污染造成，40%其它。减少空气污染会减少那60%的发病率。目标是the rate of respiratory ailments will decline, 并不是发病率降为0. 所以D并不影响目标。
A easy 无关。治疗呼吸病和A->B无关。
B easy 无关。W厂并没计划超出减污染计划，和A->B也无关。
C 无关。是诱导质疑W厂实现减污的可行性。但是W厂预计是2年内，不算远期。
关键是找到A->B，然后集中逻辑思维在A->B来考核答案。
当你培养出大局正确的逻辑观，无疑E是个很关键的削弱/漏洞，而D不会给你那种明显感觉。有时间时候可以仔细分析D为什么不是，做题训练考试中应该追求正确的逻辑观，这样看到E时你会心里很满意信服，不一定是你想到的逻辑漏洞，但一定会给你类似的感觉。这时应该有信心的选择E, 为其它难题和SC/RC部分节省时间。也有犯错概率，但是良好的逻辑观会给你足够好的准确率。
Richard 770 逻辑答题讨论
http://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1303467&fromuid=1294035
作者: Jason.S.S 时间: 2017-8-8 21:53
非常感谢楼主，真是有心了，现在逻辑确实是一个很大的关卡，
很难搞清楚。
楼主的分析很棒，非常感激。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-9 22:17
谢谢鼓励支持！
回头再找些题目应用，看看这个思路能否比较简单帮助大家。
看下上面几个题目，第一步关键是找出逻辑上两个或多个孤岛（点）。B 一般是结论，或者目地。作者费半天劲想说明什么？A 则是作者说我为什么可以这么说，论据。
逻辑推理的过程就是针对A->B分析，漏洞在哪，这么找茬，或帮助增强，或者哪些信息会帮助我们考核这个A->B（和漏洞会相关）。Again，如果A和B一模一样，就没得分析了。所以分析时紧扣A和B不一样的地方，它们之间的关系来考核答案。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-10 11:28
非OG题
Outsourcing is the practice of obtaining from an independent supplier a product or service that a company has previously provided for itself. Vernon, Inc., a small manufacturing company that has in recent years experienced a decline in its profits, plans to boost its profits by outsourcing those parts of its business that independent suppliers can provide at lower cost than Vernon can itself.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that Vernon's plan will achieve its goal?
(A) Among the parts of its business that Vernon does not plan to outsource are some that require standards of accuracy too high for most independent suppliers to provide at lower cost than Vernon can.
(B) Vernon itself acts as an independent supplier of specialized hardware items to certain manufacturers that formerly made those items themselves.
(C) Relatively few manufacturers that start as independent suppliers have been able to expand their business and become direct competitors of the companies they once supplied.
(D) Vernon plans to select the independent suppliers it will use on the basis of submitted bids.
(E) Attending to certain tasks that Vernon performs relatively inefficiently has taken up much of the time and effort of top managers whose time would have been better spent attending to Vernon's core business.
1. 找出argument & line of argument
通过把有些部门业务外包到成本更低提供商，来提高公司盈利
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A 把有些部门业务外包到成本更低提供商
B 提高公司盈利
GAP 找茬 - (有什么原因A推不到B) 举几个例子：1）成本低并不代表盈利高。如果外包后质量下降，售价下跌，盈利不会提高。2）如果外包这些部门影响别的部门成本上升，整个公司盈利不一定提高。大家不用在找茬上花太多时间，但一定要清楚看到A和B是不同的两个点。
3. 答案
E 答案 - V公司高层管理现在忙一些低效的业务，她们时间如果花在核心业务上更加有效 -》 这些业务就是可以外包的业务。高层干inefficiently，外包就会降低成本。支持辅助A-》B。商业现实中也经常看到这样的运作。
A- 无关，关于V不打算外包的业务
B- 无关，V向别人提供外包的业务
C- tricky，有一定的支持，但是不太直接。C说独立供应商一般无法通过提供外包业务发展成为直接竞争对手。减少V对盈利的担心（更多市场竞争会带来盈利压力），所以有一定支持。可能不如E直接。另外也说明这个题C选项会引起一定争议。相比之下，OG题目应该更加严格审查过。见下面类似OG题。大家不用钻牛角尖，有争议的题目即使碰到也可能是试验，应该不会计分。
D- 无关。V怎么选供应商来降低费用，都只属于A范围内，无关A-》B。
Richard 770 逻辑答题讨论
http://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1303467&fromuid=1294035
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-10 11:47
OG题目
Outsourcing is the practice of obtaining from an independent supplier a product or service that a company has previously provided for itself. Since a company’s chief objective is to realize the highest possible year-end profits, any product or service that can be obtained from an independent supplier for less than it would cost the company to provide the product or service on its own should be outsourced.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) If a company decides to use independent suppliers for a product, it can generally exploit the vigorous competition arising among several firms that are interested in supplying that product.
(B) Successful outsourcing requires a company to provide its suppliers with information about its products and plans that can fall into the hands of its competitors and give them a business
advantage.
(C) Certain tasks, such as processing a company’s payroll, are commonly outsourced, whereas others, such as handling the company’s core business, are not.
(D) For a company to provide a product or service for itself as efficiently as an independent supplier can provide it, the managers involved need to be as expert in the area of that product or service as the people in charge of that product or
service at an independent supplier are.
(E) When a company decides to use an independent supplier for a product or service, the independent supplier sometimes hires members of the company’s staff who formerly made the product or provided the service that the independent supplier now supplies.
1. 找出argument & line of argument
通过把有些部门业务外包到成本更低提供商，来提高公司盈利
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A 把有些部门业务外包到成本更低提供商
B 提高公司盈利
GAP 找茬 - (有什么原因A推不到B) 举几个例子：1）成本低并不代表盈利高。如果外包后质量下降，售价下跌，盈利不会提高。2）如果外包这些部门影响别的部门成本上升，整个公司盈利不一定提高。大家不用在找茬上花太多时间，但一定要清楚看到A和B是不同的两个点。
3. 答案
B- 答案 - 外包会导致公司机密泄漏到竞争对手手中，影响公司市场竞争。这样有可能影响公司盈利，所以削弱A-》B。大家看这个削弱和我上面举例的找茬有类似之处。做题时一般不会直接预感出答案找的GAP，也用不着花时间预想这么多，但如果你清楚看到A和B的不同，你看到有关答案可以支持或反驳A-》B时会很有信心的选择。
A- 无关。可以解释外包成本低，但那只是既定假设A，无关A-》B
C- 无关 - 什么业务外包，什么业务不外包，无关A-》B
D- 无关，要达到外包商的效率，公司负责人要像外包商那样成为专家。说一点支持可能比较牵强（不用成为那样专家可以省钱时间在别的业务上），但至少不削弱。
E- tricky无关，有一点削弱debatable，但是至少不如 B直接。外包商可能会雇佣公司之前做这些业务的人。如果说削弱，可以讲共识这些人本来是重要的，被挖走，影响公司业务／盈利。但是另外一个角度，外包后公司一般会把这些业务裁员，所以外包商雇佣不雇佣这些被裁的人，根本不影响公司。后者更家符合一般公司外包的实际情况，所以E削弱很牵强。
作者: sherry475 时间: 2017-8-10 15:11
楼主我想问这个题。OG17-604
Coffee shop owner: A large number of customers will pay at least the fair market value for a cup of coffee, even if there is no formal charge. Some will pay more than this out of appreciation of the trust that is placed in them. And our total number of customers is likely to increase. We could therefore improve our net cash flow by implementing an honor system in which customers pay what they wish for coffee by depositing money in a can.
Manager: We're likely to lose money on this plan. Many customers would cheat the system, paying a very small sum or nothing at all.
Which of the following, if true, would best support the owner's plan, in light of the manager's concern?
The new system, if implemented, would increase the number of customers.
By roasting its own coffee, the shop has managed to reduce the difficulties (and cost) of maintaining an inventory of freshly roasted coffee.
Many customers stay in the cafe for long stretches of time.
The shop makes a substantial profit from pastries and other food bought by the coffee drinkers.
No other coffee shop in the area has such a system.
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-11 04:30
OG17-604
Coffee shop owner: A large number of customers will pay at least the fair market value for a cup of coffee, even if there is no formal charge. Some will pay more than this out of appreciation of the trust that is placed in them. And our total number of customers is likely to increase. We could therefore improve our net cash flow by implementing an honor system in which customers pay what they wish for coffee by depositing money in a can.
Manager: We're likely to lose money on this plan. Many customers would cheat the system, paying a very small sum or nothing at all.
Which of the following, if true, would best support the owner's plan, in light of the manager's concern?
A. The new system, if implemented, would increase the number of customers.
B. By roasting its own coffee, the shop has managed to reduce the difficulties (and cost) of maintaining an inventory of freshly roasted coffee.
C. Many customers stay in the cafe for long stretches of time.
D. The shop makes a substantial profit from pastries and other food bought by the coffee drinkers.
E. No other coffee shop in the area has such a system.
之前的回复：
个人理解用排除法。
两人讨论关键区别是收入，这样改变是会多挣，少挣，或者亏钱。
B和E 都无关
A 客户会多 -- 但是如果客户不花钱，没用
C 客户呆时间长 -- 但是如果客户不花钱，还是没用
D 相对最好答案 -- 指出除了咖啡挣钱以外， 点心还挣钱。如果客户增加，点心上挣的钱会增加
套用上面思路再分析一下：
1. 找出argument & line of argument
O:
目的 - 提高盈利。
方法 - 咖啡让客户自由付费
理由 - 大多数客户会自觉付全额甚至更多。这样做增加客户流量->提高盈利
M:
反驳 - 咖啡大多数客户会不付钱或付极少
问题：
support the owner's plan, in light of the manager's concern？
就是说如果M说的对，咖啡大多数客户会不付钱或付极少, 哪个选项会支持O的计划？
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A 咖啡大多数客户付不付足够钱 - 咖啡会不会亏（假设客户人数增加）
B 咖啡馆盈利与否
GAP 找茬：这样一看D正是这样一个连接。除了咖啡以外，咖啡馆还有别的收入。
如果从支持O角度看：
A 咖啡大多数客户不付足够钱 - 咖啡亏，（假设客户人数增加）
B 咖啡馆盈利
就看哪个答案可以帮助A->B. D. 客人额外消费甜点/食物客观，这样人数增加，可以起到支持B作用
其它选项看上面。除了C有潜在的连接可能，其它明显无关。
一般无关选项会基于A或B展开衍生，说一些相关内容Context, 但是和A->B无关。想想如果你出题，如何出混淆选项？这是一个必用的方法来混淆听众，让你觉得每个选项都有点关系。必须理清逻辑，紧紧抓住A->B的推理连接来考核。
作者: sherry475 时间: 2017-8-11 13:04
楼主我终于知道我问题在哪儿了！读问题的时候我直接看了best support the plan,没有关注到in light of the manager's concern。其实这边问的问题应该是 在人们付很少钱的情况下，加强实施这个措施也能达到目的。而不是仅仅只问加强实施措施也能达到目的。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-11 22:09
Glad you figured it out. Devil is in the details
如果读题仔细和逻辑思维严密，逻辑题还是比较好做的。逻辑训练目标应该尽量缩短读懂题之后找出答案的时间。逻辑思维是和语言无关的。这个通过训练是可以和英文母语考生相比不占任何劣势的。这样可以给多点时间去读逻辑题目，做RC／SC，弥补我们语言上的劣势。
作者: YyYyYyyyyYY123 时间: 2017-8-11 22:35
赞楼主！！！！有个问题，就是考试时做逻辑读题总感觉飘着静不下心，题目返回看2,3遍才行很费时间，有时读完题目对前面的内容又留不太深刻的印象还得往回看，这种问题可以通过怎么联系提高呢？
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-12 03:58
谢谢鼓励！
你这个问题很好。我想因人而异，写点个人建议：
首先，听你的问题，我觉得 FOCUS 精力高度集中是关键。练习做题和模考时，不要贪多。一次就做10道逻辑题，但是精力高度集中。累了困了别做。当人高度集中时，人脑的潜能很大，临时记忆能力强，和懒散的做效果完全不同。要多练习这种高质量的学习训练。自己感受一下有否区别，期待听你的感受。
然后具体化，我们把这个挑战分解。可以说两部分。1 阅读看懂。2. 清晰的逻辑分析
1. 先说逻辑分析。像上面分析的简单思路，首先搞清楚讨论的几个逻辑孤岛（一般两个A，B）。然后紧扣A->B来理解正反两方如何声辩A到B，或A到不了B。找到A和B之后，很容易应该意识到它们之间不同，不一定要把漏洞找出来，但当你意识到它们不是一回事，有人告诉你一个漏洞时，你会有“是那么回事”的感觉。这个逻辑分析也会有难易。如果你对每个题都这么搞清楚来训练，会提高自己的逻辑分析能力。
抛开GMAT和英文，可以自己评估一下逻辑数理分析能力。数学好的学生一般思维严密，因为不能跳跃，都得证明。如果你听朋友争辩，你是属于思路敏捷，伶牙俐齿那类，朋友们争辩什么说一大堆，你一下就听出争辩的关键（到底是争什么，即这些逻辑孤岛和它们的联系），还是比较慢，理不出头绪？如果属于后者，逻辑分析能力就有待提高。英文阅读会雪上加霜。
2. 阅读看懂
其实逻辑阅读应该不难。比RC部分要轻松很多。阅读量有限，2-3句话，生难词不多，没有结构变化。而且阅读时不需要考虑很多细节（像RC作者态度，内容细节等等）。
逻辑阅读可以快速扫过，紧扣目标，就是到底是争论什么。因为它一定有这个信息在里面，偶尔读不懂的词或句式可以往这个方向猜，读完一定找到矛盾体。举例假如两方争辩，那反方的话即使你只看懂80%，那另外20%可能不重要的细节可以忽略，如果重要也可能可以根据正方的话猜出来，因为它们必然相反。所以逻辑阅读是紧扣这个找到矛盾／争辩主题读大方向。我看一些同学纠结于个别词汇，思路不对。除非关键词汇像否定或支持这样可以让逻辑意义变化很大的词汇，其它对逻辑分析影响不大。
所以逻辑阅读建议快速扫读，抓大局，找矛盾体。有时如果题目绕，一遍没读懂，再读1-2遍就看明白了。如果这样读，2-3遍花的时间也不长。
读题时，先不要看答案。看不看题干都可以。找到矛盾体和GAP思路之后，哪种题干都好办。
找到矛盾体和GAP思路之后，如果读的太快，细节没花时间，可以再review一下。这时只有和矛盾体或争辩相关的细节才重要。像上面16楼同学漏过的题干中的in light of the manager's concern就是逻辑争辩上的一个重要细节。
之后就是分析答案了。读答案也是一样，如果你看懂了A-B的辩论，看答案是针对性很强地看。看上面一些例题分析，如果选项只关于A， 或B， 但无关A-B，应该是轻松的无关选项，不用花时间读懂细节。如果看完5个，没有正确感强的答案，再读一遍，有可能漏过了一些比较隐蔽的A-B关联解释。 找到正确答案时应该很高兴和自信。
所以逻辑阅读其实应该是目标针对性很强的一种阅读方式。和RC各方面都要照应相比，应该容易不少。
不是太绕的逻辑题，应该在1分多一点，就能有80-90%的把握选择答案，然后move on. 要向这样的目标练习。
啰嗦了这么多，欢迎考虑实践一下，来谈谈感受。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-20 09:50
OG16 CR 38
Budget constraints have made police officials consider reassigning a considerable number of officers from traffic enforcement to work on higher-priority, serious crimes. Reducing traffic enforcement for this reason would be counterproductive, however, in light of the tendency of criminals to use cars when engaged in the commission of serious crimes. An officer stopping a car for a traffic violation can make a search that turns up evidence of serious crime.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument given?
(A) An officer who stops a car containing evidence of the commission of a serious crime risks a violent confrontation, even if the vehicle was stopped only for a traffic violation.
(B) When the public becomes aware that traffic enforcement has lessened, it typically becomes lax in obeying traffic rules.
(C) Those willing to break the law to commit serious crimes are often in committing such crimes unwilling to observe what they regard as the lesser constraints of traffic law.（那些愿意犯严重罪的人经常不愿意遵守他们看起来有较少约束的交通法）
(D) The offenders committing serious crimes who would be caught because of traffic violations are not the same group of individuals as those who would be caught if the arresting officers were reassigned from traffic enforcement.
(E) The great majority of persons who are stopped by officers for traffic violations are not guilty of any serious crimes.
我选答案C。
作者论点- 不应该把交警派去刑侦重罪
逻辑链
重罪犯一般开车作案
如果重罪犯违反交通（注意这个潜在的假设），交警会拦下来，可以同时发现重罪线索
C的支持是
（那些愿意犯严重罪的人经常不愿意遵守他们看起来有较少约束的交通法）
如果用白话说就是
重罪犯一般作案时，根本不屌交通规则。
这个补充很完美：
重罪犯在作案时会违反交通，这样交警就会把他们拦下来了。完美地补上了逻辑链中的一个假设。
答案C如果写这个白话“重罪犯一般作案时，根本不屌交通规则。”，题目难度就会降低一些。出题者有意把这个支持一般化（abstraction, generalization)，这样如果你没有办法看清其中的指代关系，就觉得这个没什么关系。大家应该多熟悉些这种一般化的说法。看玩笑时想想怎样把简单的事，搞得高大上。是一个道理。答案看到这种明显一般化的选项，一定要多读多想一下。 |
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-20 10:09
OG13 CR115
115. Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer’s argument?
(A) The quality of original carpentry in hotels is generally far superior to the quality of original carpentry in other structures, such as houses and stores.
(B) Hotels built since 1930 can generally accommodate more guests than those built before 1930.
(C) The materials available to carpenters working before 1930 were not significantly different in quality from the materials available to carpenters working after 1930.
(D) The better the quality of original carpentry in a building, the less likely that building is to fall into disuse and be demolished.
(E) The average length of apprenticeship for carpenters has declined significantly since 1930.
1. 找出argument & line of argument
1930年前旅馆木工活看上去比之后的旅馆木工活更好，所以1930年前木工干的更好
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A 1930年前旅馆木工活看上去比之后的旅馆木工活更好
B 1930年前木工干的更好
GAP 找茬 - (有什么原因A推不到B) 看完题后一下没有想到明显的gap. 想到如果1930年前木工有什么外力帮助，（更好工具之类），但是不明显。看答案。一般不用想出gap,因为你不知道出题者从哪个角度找gap
3. 答案
D- 答案 - 看到D后发现这个Gap找的角度-1930年前质量不好的旅馆都倒了。所以1930年前旅馆木工活看上去好并没有代表性。那如果辩论较真，你也可以说1930年后质量不好的旅馆也可以倒啊。但是1930后旅馆年限我们是知道的。1930前可以是非常古老的，所以这个还是不同比。其实没必要想这么远。像其它同学说的，这个样本已经没有代表性。另外，看看其它答案，明显无削弱关系，所以选D很明显
C- 这个其实刚好和削弱有相反角度，可以说是补上了一个可能削弱的gap. 就是说1930年前木工干的更好, 并不是因为他们有更好的原材料。原材料一样 were not significantly different in quality
|
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-20 15:33
顶！！！看到大牛的回复了，干脆利落逻辑精简！支持！！！
没想到在CD上能遇见麻省理工大牛的回复。
最近在虐逻辑，会参照大牛的思路
再次支持！！！！
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-20 15:45
楼主我想问：做逻辑的时候虽然对阅读要求没有RC高，但有的时候看完stimulus的内容之后，还要反应一会才能弄清逻辑链，在这过程中三分半很快就过去了，速度怎么也提不上来，怎么办呢？
是继续限时做题还是不限时弄清每个选项出题的意图，或者是先限时做题然后回头做错了再看这题每个选项究竟是什么意思呢？
盼望回复！！！生活愉快~
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-20 20:24
换句话说，也就是：请问大牛，可以根据预测猜出答案的题目，还有必要分析错误选项为什么错吗
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-21 00:55
不客气，谢谢鼓励！
有问题的时候可以发上来，或者私信都可以。很乐意能帮助到同学
条条大路通罗马。逻辑也一样。看个人学习领会方式，哪个合适。可以参照很多牛人总结的各种逻辑思路。我上面写的一些样题分析，不是分类。各种逻辑问题一定是几个逻辑孤岛之间的链接。例如样本代表性，那就是我们分析问题时拿几百上千人的数据，想去估测出所有人的情况。那这两者之间有明显不同。如果样本有代表性，就增强。没有，就削弱。如果没有时间去搞各种逻辑问题分类，可以试着这个根本的练习。读出逻辑孤岛，看都漏洞不一样的地方，来考核答案。（像小李飞刀一样，不用那么多招式名目，只要搞定问题就好）
"做逻辑的时候虽然对阅读要求没有RC高，但有的时候看完stimulus的内容之后，还要反应一会才能弄清逻辑链，在这过程中三分半很快就过去了，速度怎么也提不上来，怎么办呢？"
学习最重要的是反思reflect. 只有你自己最了解自己，也最可能找到自己问题所在。如果你三分半读不出来，你得搞清楚问题在哪.
有没有精力高度集中？如果你全神贯注，大脑的能效是不一样的。不要散漫好时间，而要练习全神贯注思考学习。quality not quantity.
是阅读能力不够？逻辑之外，你的阅读也这样吗，还是光在逻辑上卡壳？
这三分半你是花在什么上面了？
仔细读下我19楼贴，试着练练，有具体问题贴上来。
“可以根据预测猜出答案的题目，还有必要分析错误选项为什么错吗”
学习时可以分析一下错误选项，但不要放重点。CR和SC都一样，重点是训练出你正确的思路。CR是正确严密的逻辑思维。SC中也贯穿这个，是用英文语法去进行准确表达。精力放在如何训练出正确思路。对错误答案重点是看出来作者一般都哪些思路混淆你。上面一些样题我也有距离分析错误答案的方式。
考试时，我的顺序：
CR和SC都会花高质量时间读清楚题目。用时可能40-50%
脑海内短暂评估分析
（CR想下漏洞，有时明显感觉逻辑链weak, 有时觉得说的不错啊，但至少看懂作者在argue什么，她说的原因等等，这样隐约感觉到两个或更多逻辑孤岛的存在。不需要化太多时间预测正确答案，因为漏洞可以有很多角度）。用时可能10%
然后开始考核答案
（如果答案之和一个孤岛有关，不连接它到其它孤岛，可以作为明显无关混淆跳过。
这样5个答案看过，如果看到一个可能正确的答案，我会仔细考核一下这个正确的答案，一定确信，就直接选择，不再回看其它答案。
如果正确答案在前期出现，特别符合逻辑链考核，比较确信，如果时间紧，我会直接选，剩下答案都不一定看或快速扫一下。这样可以给更难的题省点时间。
如果5个答案看过，没看到心中信服的正确答案，再从头看5个答案。排除明显错误，一般剩2个左右，仔细推敲一下，可能2-3次，选自己感觉最好的，move on到下一题。一旦选择到下题，把上题完全忘掉。千万不要纠结。有些试验题，都不一定算分。而且GMAT是自适应型考试，考核难度准确，错题影响分数方式不同。曾经听大牛说他780，后来看答案，好像错了10几个）。用时Varying, 容易题快，难题反复看答案2-3次会多占时间。
有具体问题再讨论吧，建议仔细看看我上面所有样题的分析和思路。
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-21 09:54
79. A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the maximum possible price for such a product. But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities. Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is a consideration raised to argue that a certain strategy is counterproductive; the second presents that strategy.
(B) The first is a consideration raised to support the strategy that the argument recommends; the second presents that strategy.
(C) The first is a consideration raised to help explain the popularity of a certain strategy; the second presents that strategy.
(D) The first is an assumption, rejected by the argument, that has been used to justify a course of action; the second presents that course of action.
(E) The first is a consideration that has been used to justify adopting a certain strategy; the second presents the intended outcome of that strategy.
以上是OG16分册的79题。
请问大牛对这种boldface题的思路是什么样子的？
现在开始看以上所有楼的分析思路！！
再次感谢！
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-21 09:55
正确答案是C，我选择了B
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-21 10:56
承蒙大牛指点，我发现自己的问题实际在于阅读理解，还是不到火候。
接下来会重点提高英文阅读能力！
感谢CD，感谢大牛！
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-21 17:09
感谢大牛！
上午听了大牛的指点回头看了一下长难句，刷了一百页单词，
下午做题做的很好了！！时间也控制在1‘40‘’左右！
很高兴遇见你！！！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-22 10:55
"下午做题做的很好了！！时间也控制在1‘40‘’左右！"
很高兴能有所帮助，恭喜恭喜！找到感觉时，要趁热打铁，多连连，把正确逻辑思维感觉确定下来。对题目要敏感，有些题如果思路偏，做错了，也没关系。要找出错的原因，有没有代表性。没有代表性的，就当单个事件对待。注意力集中在有代表性的题型和思路上。
79. A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the maximum possible price for such a product. But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities. Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is a consideration raised to argue that a certain strategy is counterproductive; the second presents that strategy.
(B) The first is a consideration raised to support the strategy that the argument recommends; the second presents that strategy.
(C) The first is a consideration raised to help explain the popularity of a certain strategy; the second presents that strategy.
(D) The first is an assumption, rejected by the argument, that has been used to justify a course of action; the second presents that course of action.
(E) The first is a consideration that has been used to justify adopting a certain strategy; the second presents the intended outcome of that strategy.
思路：
这种题考的主要是抽象思维能力。就是答案中把题目中具体事物给抽象化（generalization, abstraction). 思路是看懂这些指代，一个萝卜一个坑代入。其实数学中很多这样代入的例子，所以不难。
以此题为例：
题目：
a. 技术牛产品可以买高价
BF1. 技术牛很快会过去
BF2. 公司把技术牛产品卖最高价
b. 但是高价高利润更吸引加快竞争（让技术牛更快过去）
c. 所以利润最大化其实应比最高价降低些
可以看出作者这么写，让读者大脑转了两转。看完后，大致感觉 BF2是因为BF1，最后作者结论c 和 BF2不一样，不是完全支持BF2的。
不过这也不算GMAT作者有意刁难，可以看出这个过程也是商业分析的实例之一。因为世界上事物都得辩证地看，像塞翁失马的故事，所以才要Critial Reasoning. 比较健康的角度看，GMAT其实除了考试考核之外，也帮助培训考生出正确思维能力，适应商学院和商务运作的分析需要。
答案
就是把BF1, BF2代入每个答案，看答案说的是不是这么回事
A BF2 is the strategy, BF1 argues against it. 错误。BF1 是支持BF2的。
B BF2是作者结论。错误。作者结论是c - 所以利润最大化其实应比最高价降低些
C 正确。BF2 popular. BF1 is one consideration (reason) why BF2 is popular.
D BF1 is an assumption rejected by the argument. 错误。论题中没有反驳BF1-技术牛很快会过去
E BF2 是the intended outcome of that strategy。错误。Strategy 是公司把技术牛产品卖最高价,就是BF2。the intended outcome of that strategy 其实是想利润最大化。
所以这种题目并不难，就是要会abstract抽象化。可以把这类题集中在一块练习，找到感觉。
生活中也不少见把小屁事说成高大上的例子，一样的。冠冕堂皇和说人话(plain english)的对照。要会用和听懂指代。
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-22 21:26
谢谢！！
还有一个问题，就是还是昨天那道题：
(B) The first is a consideration raised to support the strategy that the argument recommends; the second presents that strategy.
C) The first is a consideration raised to help explain the popularity of a certain strategy; the second presents that strategy.
请问这B/C两个选项，后面都说B2是the strategy，为什么B选项里的B2表示的就是c呢？
如果是B1 is one reason why B2的话为什么不可以说成是B1 support B2呢？
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-22 21:30
再次感谢，顶！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-23 03:49
"为什么不可以说成是B1 support B2呢？"
是可以，这不是错的地方。
错的地方是B2不是作者推荐的。
答案B. the strategy that the argument recommends; the second presents that strategy
但是作者推荐的是
Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price. 利润最大化其实应比最高价降低些
这类题型最重要是把抽象的指代对好号。第一看出几个事物之间的关系，像B1支持B2，但作者推荐的是另一个c. 第二答案中把抽象指代对号题目中的事物。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-23 04:54
OG 18 CR 68
In the past, most children who went sledding in the winter snow in Verland used wooden sleds with runners and steering bars. Ten years ago, smooth plastic sleds became popular; they go faster than wooden sleds but are harder to steer and slow. The concern that plastic sleds are more dangerous is clearly borne out by the fact that the number of children injured while sledding was much higher last winter than it was ten years ago.
Which of the following, if true in Verland, most seriously undermines the force of the evidence cited?
A. A few children still use traditional wooden sleds.
B. Very few children wear any kind of protective gear, such as helmets, while sledding.
C. Plastic sleds can be used in a much wider variety of snow conditions than wooden sleds can.
D. Most sledding injuries occur when a sled collides with a tree, a rock, or another sled.
E. Because the traditional wooden sled can carry more than one rider, an accident involving a wooden sled can result in several children being injured.
1. 找出argument & line of argument
去年儿童滑雪受伤人数高于10年前，（近来塑料滑板比木板更流行），所以塑料滑板比木板更危险
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
a 塑料滑板使用更多造成儿童滑雪受伤人数高于10年前（那时用木板）
b 塑料滑板比木板更危险
GAP 找茬 - (有什么原因a推不到b) 例如，如果去年滑雪儿童人数大大高于10年前。
3. 答案
C - 答案 这个和想到的Gap类似。塑料滑板比木板可用的滑雪天气更广泛。也就是说同样冬天时间，儿童滑雪人次数更多。
如果按归类学习逻辑错误，可以把这个归纳为总量和百分比的类别内。但是底层还是一样，说的是两个不一样的东西。总量和百分比只是这两样东西之间的一个重要区别而已。如果读出这两个东西是什么，想想有什么不一样，看到C时，会比较容易看到C指出的区别。
其它无关答案，A,B,D,都之和a或者b相关，更像context. 好比说塑料滑板如何漂亮，滑雪如何舒适爽快，价格如何之类。或和滑雪安全相关，但并不比较塑料滑板和木板之间的安全。
想想出题者，出安全的错误选项，大部分只能从这些角度找。此外，权威也可以混淆。一个常见错误就是权威不决定逻辑。
E 看似说木板更危险，同时可以有几个孩子受伤。但是1）它不是针对作者论据来反对。题目问undermines the force of the evidence cited。2）不管同时可以有几个孩子受伤，前提假设"去年儿童滑雪受伤人数高于10年前"是成立的。分开受伤或同时受伤，如果总数多，还是可以说更危险。
如果用正确的逻辑思维去聚焦在a和b,以及它们之间的gap上，C是一个明显好很多的答案，所以不用在E这样的答案上过多推敲。考试中更重要的是思路感觉，快速准确地做题，把时间挤出来给更难的题目和部分，像语法。
作者: Martingu 时间: 2017-8-23 21:21
顶楼主！
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-26 17:02
Experts estimate that insurance companies' tardiness in paying doctors for legitimate medical claims adds approximately 10 percent in overhead costs for physicians. Insurance companies counter that the tardiness sometimes results from billing errors made by the doctors themselves. Since dealing with these billing errors costs the insurance companies time and money, it is clear that insurance companies do not have a significant economic incentive to delay claim payments to doctors.
Which of the following pieces of information, if true, weakens the conclusion above?
Some doctors who submit accurate bills to insurance companies still receive tardy payments.
The cost to the insurance companies to process incorrect bills from doctors' offices is roughly equivalent to the increased costs that physicians accrue as a result of tardy payments from insurance companies.
A rising proportion of medical claims submitted by doctors to insurance companies are deemed illegitimate by those insurance companies.
The billing errors made by doctors' offices are typically very minor, such as the submission of a claim with an outdated patient home address.
The overhead costs incurred by doctors as a result of delayed insurance payments result in an increase in the premiums paid by consumers to health insurance companies that far exceeds any increase in the fees paid to doctors by insurance companies.
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-26 17:05
又来麻烦大牛了，今天第一次做曼哈顿模考，错了一半的CR。
感觉在考试计时这种条件下就看不进去题了，看到一个题，两分钟做不出来就开始乱选了。
9.7就考试了。
上面是我模考的时候做错的一道题，但是不知道为什么选E，
现在大脑一片空白，
望指教
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-28 03:21
先读出结论和论据
结论 - 注意 Since。之前两句话都是context。
因为这些延误会让保险公司花钱/时间，保险公司不会因为经济原因来延误给医生的付账
简单看下前面思路：
a 这些延误会让保险公司花钱/时间
b 保险公司不会因为经济原因来延误给医生的付账 （如果不延误，会给保险公司省钱）
答案E填补中间漏洞。延误造成“消费者为保险公司支付的保险金的增加”，超过“保险公司付给医生的费用的增加”。那这样保险公司不是还是有利可图吗？
别的错误答案和以前思路类似，不和a和b之间的连接发生关系，无关。
这段时间上CD不是很勤。有问题也可以私信我。
关于B选项：
bill错误让保险公司多花的费用，和bill延误让医生多花的费用，相当
B是比较“保险公司多花的费用”和“医生多花的费用”。不解决问的问题"保险公司有没有经济动机来延误给医生的付账"。十字路口，往左走，bill错误，保险公司多花费用. 它不干。往右走，bill延误，医生多花费用，而保险公司费用不增加（它没付）。保险公司当然选择延误。这个没有任何削弱
做题中看到E这么好的选项，其它选项可以扫一下就move on.
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-28 09:29
Prep2012-Pack1-CR-064 VCR003810 Hard
Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yarns were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.
C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.
D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.
E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.
我觉得牛牛这个帖子如果一直这么写下去，早晚会被斑竹看到加精的，现在才几天就已经有1000多的浏览量了。
不过如何私信牛牛呢?私信是微信吗？能否方便留下联系方式？
上面的一道题，B选项，我知道是重复了stimulus, 那么assumption题目是不可以重复stimulus吗？
如果把B选项取非了的话，好像直接和stimulus相反，是不可以出现这种情况吗？
感谢！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-28 10:10
先读出结论和论据
结论 - 注意 Therefore。 还要读出kola an okra和主题是无关的信息，因为它们不是staple corps （所以选项D和E可以让容易排出）
论点：找出啥时rice/yarns到西非，就知道西非的农业社会什么时候开始
论据：
1. 农业社会必须要有staple corps
2. 西非被记录的最早的staple corps就是rice/yarns到西非
简单看下前面思路：
a 西非被记录的最早的staple corps就是rice/yarns到西非, 农业社会存在又必须要有staple corps
b 西非的农业社会最早就是从rice/yarns到西非时开始
第一遍读过去感觉逻辑还严密。再仔细看下“被记录的”就是一个漏洞。那如果还有没被记录下的更早的staple corps?
我选答案A. 就是这个gap. 在rice/yarns到西非之前，已经有staple corps，只是后来停了。
注：上面回复我加上了对你B选项的解释
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-8-28 10:24
"In recent years, a village outside Osaka, Japan has taken to hosting a ninja festival, a celebration of Japan’s heritage that reflects on its feudal past while exalting its pop culture driven present. But clearly only children take this festival seriously, for they are the only attendees who bother to dress up as ninjas.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A， Any attendee who dresses up as a ninja takes the festival seriously.
B， No attendee who takes the festival seriously would fail to dress up as a ninja.
C， Anyone who is not dressed up as a ninja is not attending the festival
D，The festival organizers have instituted a ninja-themed dress code.
E， If an attendee is not dressed as a ninja, then that attendee will not be taken seriously by other attendees."
楼主请问下这道题！看看怎么思考的哈！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-28 11:02
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-8-28 10:24
"In recent years, a village outside Osaka, Japan has taken to hosting a ninja festival, a celebratio ...
我会选B
论点论据，注意for
clearly only children take this festival seriously, for they are the only attendees who bother to dress up as ninjas.
这个要读出必要关系。
只有children do 1（take this festival seriously），因为只有children do 2（dress up as ninjas）
言下之意，
所有do 1（take this festival seriously）的人，必须要do 2（dress up as ninjas）
同样
只有do 2（dress up as ninjas）的人，才算do 1（take this festival seriously）的人
2 是 1 的必要条件。
A 2是1 的充分条件，没有这个假设
B 没有一个do 1（take this festival seriously）的人,会不do 2（dress up as ninjas）
和
所有do 1（take this festival seriously）的人，必须要do 2（dress up as ninjas）
是同一个意思
C 不do 2的人，脱离这个必要关系，无关
D 无关
E that attendee will not be taken seriously by other attendees. 和do 1（take this festival seriously）无关
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-8-28 12:40
答案对的！还是有问题
1，我觉得原文的逻辑，是 dress--》seriously
所以选项A就顺着推了。
2，开始搞不懂充分必要了。。之前做assumption的题，完全没想过具体充分必要条件的定义。只是在想这个选项有没有必要出现，A-B成立是否需要它。
其实有一种挑一个选项，补gap的感觉呢。 A--B A+任意选项--B
这样的情况下，正确选项不该是充分条件吗。。
现在倒还弄混了。
谢谢！
作者: 小仙女rachel 时间: 2017-8-28 16:56
我刚开始这个题也选的C（第一遍看的时候），后来看到大牛的解释发现C选项attend festival和take festival seriously完全不是一码事。
你的问题我有些没看懂，期待大牛的回复。
大家在一起交流，这个帖子会造福越来越多的人，
再次感谢牛牛！
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-8-29 08:35
哈 我没选C哟。我只是说平时推理的话，A-B，加任意一个条件或选项 ，代号C 改改～
我当时选的A。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-29 08:58
But clearly only children take this festival seriously, for they are the only attendees who bother to dress up as ninjas.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A， Any attendee who dresses up as a ninja takes the festival seriously.
B， No attendee who takes the festival seriously would fail to dress up as a ninja.
C， Anyone who is not dressed up as a ninja is not attending the festival
没明白你们问题在哪。
只有children 1（take this festival seriously），因为只有children 2（dress up as ninjas）
这个必要关系要先确定。
举个例子，我们那时大学毕业要过英文四级才能拿毕业证。所以过英文四级， 是拿毕业证的必要条件。这个可以几种表达：
只有这些人可以拿毕业证，因为只有他们过了英文四级。
或
只有过了英文四级，才能拿毕业证
或
所有拿毕业证的人，一定英文过了四级
或
没有一个拿毕业证的人，英文没过四级 （这个就和答案B是一样的说法）
1 是2的充分条件 == 1-》2 但不保证 2-》1
2是1的必要条件==1-》2 但不保证 2-》1
C是无关, not attending the festival和take this festival seriously 逻辑范畴不一样，题中没说。
所谓逻辑漏洞，如果增强或减弱，就是补充或找出漏洞。
如果题目让我们从已给条件推导，我们的思维就不能跳跃，一定是像三段论那样推导，例如1 是2的充分条件 , 拿我们可以从1 推到2.
这个题目说法的假设就是 2是1的必要条件。
也不知道说清楚了没有，try 了
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-8-29 12:23
谢谢楼主！
充分啊必要啊，时不时一左一右已经拎不清了。没习惯这个方法。
所以。还是采用一招致命，取反搞定！今天想起搜搜这题，有了～
取反：Not every attendee who dresses up as a ninja takes the festival seriously.
Here, it is still possible that the children dressed as ninjas are the only attendees who take the festival seriously.
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-30 10:37
取反思路是对的，可以帮助理解。
看下这个图，表达这个题的必要关系。里面小框是外面大框的充分条件，外面大框是里面小框的必要条件。
为什么说"Dress up"是“take seriously"的必要条件呢？
题目说：只有孩子“take seriously"， 因为他们"Dress up".
第一个"只有"表达了必要的关系，后面给出的原因是必须要满足的。否则就没有前面的”只有“了。
如果取反理解，就是说： 如果人不"Dress up",就不“take seriously"。用图来理解，在外面大框外面，自然不可能在小框里。所以大框是小框的必要条件。
但是大框不是小框的充分条件，因为还是可以有"Dress up"的人，并不“take seriously"。
尽管这个题目说事实上只有孩子"Dress up",没有提到其它"Dress up"的人, 所以题目中没说这些人会不会“take seriously",但逻辑上没有表达这个充分关系，也不需要这个充分关系。答案问的是作者这么推论，逻辑上需要什么假设？必要关系就是这个假设了。
作者: 半夏冬忍 时间: 2017-8-31 11:21
你好楼主~
想请教您一道题
The gill lining of lobsters in which the disease-causing parasite An. haemophila resides is completely regenerated every 30 days. The An. haemophila parasite typically produces moderate discoloration of the gills of infected lobsters, and can occasionally lead to more chronic symptoms. However, because these parasites cannot transfer directly from infected gill lining to newly generated gill lining in their host lobster, any discoloration appearing on the gills of lobsters more than 30 days after they have been moved to parasite-free water is not due to infection by An. haemophila.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Other parasites are found more frequently in lobsters than An. haemophila.
(B) Lobsters that remain in parasite-rich waters can be re-infected by new An. haemophila parasites once newly generated gill lining
has been produced.
(C) An. haemophila can also cause digestive and respiratory distress in infected lobsters.
(D) In some cases An. haemophila migrates from the gill lining to the stomach, where it can then re-infect its original host.
(E) Once infected by a particular parasite, lobsters frequently develop a strong immunity to that parasite allowing them to better resist re-infection.感觉这道题原文涉及的信息非常多，虽然看了答案能够理解，可是第一遍做题的时候应该怎么才能快速的理清逻辑关系呢？
请楼主指教谢谢
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-8-31 23:23
答案是D?
个人意见：
此题应该是难题。目标可以是不看答案2-3分钟做出来。题目比较难读懂，但读懂之后，答案选项中还是比较好排出。
我也是题目读了几遍才读清楚里面的逻辑链。读题是看这些关键信息：
gill is regenerated every 30 days
parasite A discolors the gill
parasite A can't transfer directly from infected gill to newly generated gill
30 days after in parasite-free water.
把这些关键信息在脑海里一块分析，可以理解作者的论点，论据
论点：
30 days after in parasite-free water, the discoloration on the gills is not due to parasite A.
龙虾放在无虫水域中30天后，gills上产生的褪色不是虫造成的
论据/逻辑链：
gill 每30天重生-> 30天后的gill是新产生出来的
parasite A can't transfer directly from infected gill to newly generated gill -> 虫不能直接从已感染gill爬到新产生出来的gill
两个条件结合->在无虫水中，原来可以有虫在gill上，但gill30天后会新长出（原来有虫的gill不管，可能会死掉），而虫又不能直接爬到新gill上，所以新gill上应该没虫->褪色不是虫的原因
找茬：
读出逻辑链后，琢磨一下，好像漏洞不明显，看答案
D 针对的是假设中的直接parasite A can't transfer directly from infected gill to newly generated gill
D说：虫可以从gill爬到胃里，然后再爬回gill里。那这样就可以从病gill爬到胃里，新gill产生后，在从胃里爬到新gill.
没有反对作者假设(不能直接从病gill爬到新gill)，但指出一种可能性让作者的假设无法推到结论.
其它答案无关特性明显，和之前帖子分析类似，从逻辑链中事物之一往别的方向衍生，而和逻辑链思路无关。
总结：
这种难读懂的题应该会多花时间，所以把简单题做快做准，多点时间给这种题。
如果想做出来，肯定要读懂作者的论点和论据（逻辑链，为什么论据可以推到论点）。读题时要有敏感，什么是相关信息，什么不是可以忽略，第一遍不一定看出来，可以逐步筛选。把逻辑相关信息看明白了结合想其中逻辑。
作者: 半夏冬忍 时间: 2017-9-1 09:13
是的答案是D 谢谢详细的解答 感觉这道题逻辑链的提取有点难，原文提供的信息太丰富了就不知道怎么取舍了……
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-2 00:16
这题，再写一下如果没读懂怎么排除：
The gill lining of lobsters in which the disease-causing parasite An. haemophila resides is completely regenerated every 30 days. The An. haemophila parasite typically produces moderate discoloration of the gills of infected lobsters, and can occasionally lead to more chronic symptoms. However, because these parasites cannot transfer directly from infected gill lining to newly generated gill lining in their host lobster, any discoloration appearing on the gills of lobsters more than 30 days after they have been moved to parasite-free water is not due to infection by An. haemophila.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Other parasites are found more frequently in lobsters than An. haemophila.
(B) Lobsters that remain in parasite-rich waters can be re-infected by new An. haemophila parasites once newly generated gill lining has been produced.
(C) An. haemophila can also cause digestive and respiratory distress in infected lobsters.
(D) In some cases An. haemophila migrates from the gill lining to the stomach, where it can then re-infect its original host.
(E) Once infected by a particular parasite, lobsters frequently develop a strong immunity to that parasite allowing them to better resist re-infection.
1. 至少看到结论部分, 注意结论型关键词because
However, because these parasites cannot transfer directly from infected gill lining to newly generated gill lining in their host lobster, any discoloration appearing on the gills of lobsters more than 30 days after they have been moved to parasite-free water is not due to infection by An. haemophila.
2. 看出结论中谈论事物：
discoloration... parasite-free water... not due to infection by An. haemophila.
答案要涉及这几个事物之间的关系
3. 筛选答案
A- Other parasites vs An. haemophila 无关
B- Lobsters ... in parasite-rich waters 无关 （结论说的是parasite-free water)
C- An. haemophila cause other problem in lobsters 无关 (结论说的是discoloration)
E- lobsters ... immunity ... better resist re-infection 和怎么导致discoloration无关
D- An. haemophila migrates from the gill lining to the stomach, where it can then re-infect its original host.
不能明显看出相关，但不像其它答案明显无关。至少这里谈虫A转移地方，和结论中作者用的证据相关。
所以没时间时就选D了。这里也可以看出，题目本身难，出题人在选项上可能会配以容易排出的答案。如果读不出整个逻辑链，没时间了，也可以试着排除。
作者: Sueyu 时间: 2017-9-2 10:03
谢谢~ 有个逻辑题想要请教一下，谢谢~
First-time computer buyers buying PXC home computers typically buy models that cost much less and have a smaller profit margin per computer than do PXC computers bought by people replacing their computers with more powerful models. Last year PXC's profits from computer sales were substantially higher than the previous year, although about the same number of PXC computers were sold and the prices and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged.
If the statements above are true, which of the following is most strongly supported by them?
A
PXC's competitors raised the prices on their computers last year, making PXC computers more attractive to first-time computer buyers.
B
The number of people buying PXC computers who also bought PXC computer-related products, such as printers, was larger last year than the previous year.
C
Among computer buyers who bought a PXC computer to replace their existing computer, the proportion who were replacing a computer made by a competitor of PXC was greater last year than the previous year.
D
The proportion of PXC computers bought by first-time computer buyers was smaller last year than the previous year.
E
PXC's production costs for its computers were lower last year than they had been the previous year.
想知道C和D之间 为什么最后选D
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-2 22:29
此题没给论点，陈述一些事实。但其中有逻辑关系
First-time computer buyers - smaller profit margin per computer
People replacing their computers - higher profit margin per computer
Last year profits from computer sales were substantially higher 尽管其它都没变 the same number of PXC computers were sold，the prices and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged。卖的数量不变。每台卖的电脑价格利润没变。
问必然推导出什么？
顺着这些逻辑关系，必然推导出去年买主中有更多的People replacing their computers。如果这个也没变，不好解释为什么利润增加。
就是D The proportion of PXC computers bought by first-time computer buyers was smaller last year than the previous year. 换了一个说法 - 去年买主中有更少的 first-time computer buyers.
看下C的问题
Among computer buyers who bought a PXC computer to replace their existing computer, the proportion who were replacing a computer made by a competitor of PXC was greater last year than the previous year.
1. 逻辑推理中我们不能跳跃。没有条件让我们去判断在People replacing their computers这个范围内是什么情况，所以任何关于这个范围内的猜测都是无法从题干中得到的。2. C的逻辑也不对。在People replacing their computers中，这些人原本是用PXC还是竞争对手，都没有关系，她们带给PXC的利润都是一样的。题干中并没有说原本用PXC的买电脑有优惠。
简单说下别的答案问题：
A 前提已说the same number of PXC computers were sold， 和销量无关
B 无关，考核的是profits from computer sales were substantially higher，其它销售无关
E 前提已说profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged， 和成本无关
广告一下：Richard 770 语法解题方法答疑
https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1304934&fromuid=1294035
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-3 12:59
来一题～
Capital punishment is a barbaric and outdated practice. If it were possible to ascertain guilt without a shadow of doubt， certain situations would surely warrant the death penalty; as it is, however, capital punishment is never justified _______
(A) because out legal system offers alternative punishments.
(B) because it eliminates the possibility of rehabilitation.
(C)considering the cultural and political implications of the death penalty.
(D) as long as the possibility exists of convicting an innocent party.
(E) due to our culture's lack of uniform morality.
===
这题，一来意思就没看懂。death penalty 跟capital punishment 没联系上来呀。谢谢！OA：D
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-3 23:46
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-3 12:59
来一题～
Capital punishment is a barbaric and outdated practice. If it were possible to ascertain gu ...
我选D
death penalty 跟capital punishment 是同一个意思 - capital 这里指的是人头 （经常看到大家说这个词那个用法没看懂。其实capital punishment这个说法我以前也没见过，但是从句中语义逻辑来猜，应该这两个是同一意思。可以按这个假设去解题，不应该被一个用法或词语挡住。capital我们常见资本，首都，都是重要的东西，那读过这句话，发现还有capital punishment这样说法，可以看这样语言符合逻辑，我们就学习了这个语言用法，而不是卡壳在这。）
Conclusion: 死刑不好。
Logic：
1.
a. 如果能完全确认，
b. 一些情况可以完全适用(warrant)死刑。
2) 但是，在现实中(as it is )死刑从来都不能被完全合理化(justified), 因为?
1中a->b是充分条件。要反驳，必须得反驳1a. D就是指出现实不能完全确认，有错判的可能性。
如果辩论的话，应该看到D是针锋相对，而其它答案都没有。
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-4 10:35
嗨呀谢谢！恁是没有去搜那个词。原来如此。一来就傻傻以为是罚钱！
维基如下：Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
这样这道题瞬间通了～ 其实是个削弱题，找”不能完全确认“
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-4 12:06
但是重点是要能根据上下语义猜出它的意思，你懂的
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-5 13:51
Columnist: In these times of fiscal correctness, it is heresy to call for expansionary fiscal policy to revive the economy. Yet sound economic principles call for such a prescription, even if it sounds like the wild cry of a slump-struck corporation bothered only about its bottom line.
Which of the following, if true, would most support the author’s views on fiscal policy?
A. In the past, most governments have adopted a conservative attitude in the face of an economic slump.
B. An expansionary fiscal policy would be welcomed by companies that have been overwhelmed by the slump.
C. An expansionary fiscal policy leading to more expenditure would encourage the revival of a depressed economy
D. Sound economic principles suggest that to increase fiscal expenditure during a depression would raise the import bill and adversely affect the trade deficit.
E. Fiscal policy is often used to provoke a reaction in the market.
OA :C楼主，这题又是读不懂题意
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-5 15:26
这道题，楼主看选啥？看了答案 不服～！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-6 10:40
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-5 13:51
Columnist: In these times of fiscal correctness, it is heresy to call for expansionary fiscal policy ...
我选C
heresy to call for expansionary fiscal policy
即使不知道heresy意思，看下句Yet...，可以猜测它有一定负面，保留
Yet sound economic principles call for such a prescription
sound这个词要会，是好的意思
然而,合乎逻辑的economic principles会建议这样做
even if it sounds like...
即使这样做听起来像..(后面是负面的信息)
这样看下来，作者是正面支持expansionary fiscal policy的。那看答案哪个会帮助支持这个expansionary fiscal policy
C 有这个意思。expansionary fiscal policy , leading to more expenditure, encourage the revival of a depressed economy
A - most governments have adopted a conservative attitude 无关expansionary fiscal policy
B- welcomed by companies 无关revive the economy
D- import, trade deficit 无关revive the economy, 而且方向相反
E- reaction in the market 无关revive the economy
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-6 10:49
答案E?
答案必须要解释为什么main networks广告收入下降，而对比local channels财政没受影响.
A - 只谈了main networks. 没有解释这个对比。而且降低单价，并不一定降低总体收入。
B, D - 也包括A。如果local channels收入来源相同，可以影响main networks的任何因素，都可以影响local channels. 至少答案中没有给出任何解释为什么它们没有影响到local channels，所以无法解释题干矛盾。
C- local channels今年和去年， 无关
E- 则指出一个显著区别- local channels 不是靠广告赚钱，所以main networks广告收入下降，而对比local channels财政没受影响.
作者: Sueyu 时间: 2017-9-6 14:57
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-3 12:59
来一题～
Capital punishment is a barbaric and outdated practice. If it were possible to ascertain gu ...
好的 谢谢您~
作者: ai559031 时间: 2017-9-6 23:30
蠻有趣的題目～
請問這些是哪裡的邏輯題啊？曼哈頓嗎？？
如果是我的話會這解釋A選項：
今天如果： P--> Q
但是卻無法 Q--> P
舉例來說 男人-->人類; 但是卻不能反過來說 人類-->男人
所以回歸題目
take festival seriously (P) --> dress up (Q)
無法反推dress up就會take festival seriously, 所以A是錯的
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-10 15:52
是veritas家的题哈～
虽然对原文的逻辑链，按照你的缩写的话，我觉得是，Q-P？
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-10 15:56
3Q！ 了解了～
自己再试了下。确实是，到现在最后corportion slump啥的还是觉得看不懂。
但运用转折，关键词啊确实能理清主旨。
然后找支持那个policy的，好像也可以做对诶。
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-10 15:59
谢谢！对的！ 答案E
当时AE徘徊。
A解释得棒！
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-11 09:19
这就对了，我也到没特别看corportion slump啥意思。阅读做题要注意看大局，必要的细节再深入确认。Veritas Prep对阅读理解提到STOP Scope, Tone, Organization & Purpose. 这里Tone, 可以说是感情色彩，在逻辑中和阅读中作者有论点意见时是很重要的信息。要能读出来。像中文听人说话，不只是字面意思，可以听出话中有话，言下之意。人类语言有很多共同的地方，汉语英语都有类似的表达需要。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-15 00:14
再贴一个这种思路解题例子
CR-7f112k (not sure what this means)
The number of applications for teaching positions in Newtown's public schools was 5.7 percent lower in 1993 than in 1985 and 5.9 percent lower in 1994 than in 1985. Despite a steadily growing student population and an increasing number of teacher resignations, however, Newtown dose not face a teacher shortage in the late 1990's.
Which of the following, if true, would contribute most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy above?
- AMany of Newtown's public school students do not graduate from high school.
- BNew housing developments planned for Newtown are slated for occupancy in 1997 and are expected to increase the number of elementary school students in Newtown's public schools by 12 percent.
- CThe Newtown school board does not contemplate increasing the ratio of students to teachers in the 1990's.
- DTeachers' colleges in and near Newtown produced fewer graduates in 1994 than in 1993.
- EIn 1993 Newtown's public schools received 40 percent more applications for teaching positions than there were positions available.
1. 找出argument & line of argument 或矛盾体
applications 5.7 percent lower in 1993 than in 1985, 5.9 percent lower in 1994 than in 1985
growing student population and an increasing number of teacher resignations, however, not face a teacher shortage
2. 分析逻辑
两个逻辑事物
A applications lower
B teacher shortage
找茬 - 这两个事物是有分别的。如果要解释这个看上去矛盾体，要聚焦在两者之间的区别。好比，尽管applications lower， 如果申请人质量高，录取雇佣率高，也可以解释这个apparent discrepancy
3. 看答案
看到E时，它说的解释类似，也是关于两者之间的区别。1993 40 percent more applications than positions available.
在1993年，applications 5.7 percent lower in 1993 than in 1985， 这样情况下，申请还是多于需要雇佣的教师40%。那当然不会因为申请数量下降导致教师位置招不够人。
关键是找到A->B，然后集中逻辑思维在A->B来考核答案。
每个逻辑题都有一些要琢磨的地方。但如果用标准思路来训练，会sharper逻辑思维能力，不光能解决标准题型，也更容易应用于不是那么标准的题型中。
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-15 10:45
又来一题！ Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.
B. Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.
C. X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.
D. The he1aling of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.
E. Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bone other than ankle bones.
OA：C
OG上的解释
But was the x-ray data truly representative of orthopedists generally? After all, some orthopedists—perhaps more experienced, better-trained, or employed at a facility with better staff or facilities—may be much better than others at judging ankle fractures. If we add the information that the data for the conclusion comes from many orthopedists working at many different hospitals, we have greater assurance that the x-ray data is representative, and the argument will be made much stronger.
C Correct. This shows that the sample of x-ray data examined was probably sufficiently representative of cases of ankle fracture judged to be stable by orthopedists.
====
我还是觉得超级牵强！ 这个选项想讲的是，样本多了。
可是，大家都这样做，跟浪不浪费没关系嘛。比如说，一个小医院里存在浪费，其他大医院也一样浪费
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-15 22:52
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-15 10:45
又来一题！ Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are ...
这题用排除应该很好解决。但我想你在问答案C为何正确。
结合我上面说的，如果把逻辑思维训练敏感了，就容易看出漏洞(或假设)
看题
结论 Therefore, no need for follow-up x-rays
论据 a number of follow-up x-rays reviewed & no problem are found
找茬：
a number of X 并不是all of X. 中间是由区别的。常见逻辑分类把它叫样本和总体。就是这些样本有没有代表性。
如果答案中削弱这个代表性，就削弱。反之，增强这个代表性，就增强。
C的意思正是增强这个代表性。样本来自很多医院的很多不同医生诊断的病人。
举个例子，如果相反，样本来自个别大牛的医生，那就不具有代表性。他们诊断水平好，看完的病人follow-up x-rays都没问题。但junior医生水平可能不够有误判。所以说要看样本中是否有代表性。
和浪费不浪费没关系，follow-up x-rays is a waste of money.. 但这里争论的深沉是有没有这个必要。没必要当然就不用浪费了，有必要就无关浪费。但关键是有没有必要。
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-17 11:14
嗯 谢谢哟！
想想，有时候加强论据就好了。不用非带上结论。
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-19 09:16
"A survey of entrepreneurs who started companies last year shows that while virtually all did substantial preparatory research and planning, only half used that work to produce a formal business plan. Since, on average, the entrepreneurs without formal plans secured the capital they needed in half the time of those with plans, these survey results indicate that, in general, formal plans did not help the entrepreneurs who produced them to secure the capital they needed.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Companies started by entrepreneurs who had used formal business plans to attract investment were on the whole as profitable in their first year as were companies started by entrepreneurs who had not produced such plans.
B. In surveys of entrepreneurs who have attempted without success to raise sufficient capital, more than half of the respondents indicate that they have produced a formal business plan.
C. Among the entrepreneurs surveyed, those who did not produce formal business plans sought and received a much larger proportion of their capital from investors with whom they had a long-standing business relationship.
D. The entrepreneurs surveyed who did not produce a formal business plan spent nearly as much time doing preparatory research and planning as the entrepreneurs who produced plans.
E. The entrepreneurs who produced business plans generally reported later that the process of writing the plan had increased their confidence that their company would success
OA C
原文是在说，两种企业家获取资金的速度嘛。
所以觉得C都有点无关了。因为C ”一类企业家从可以通过xx方式，获得更多的资金“。 这不是跟时间相关的。
这个怎么理解呢？谢谢
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-19 10:52
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-19 09:16
"A survey of entrepreneurs who started companies last year shows that while virtually all did substa ...
看题
结论 商务计划书没帮助创业者融资
论据 没做商务计划书的创业者融资比有商务计划书的创业者融资更快
找茬：
如果我们争辩，你为什么可以从这个论据去到那个结论？没做商务计划书的创业者,和，有商务计划书的创业者,又不是同一群人，他们融资也不是同一件事，可比吗？
如果你接着提出可比的信息，就是增强了。
如果我说不可比的信息，就反驳你了。例如，如果这些做商务计划书的创业者，他们没那么牛，经验背景相比弱，那你怎么能说商务计划书没帮助他们？
答案C就是这个思路
没做商务计划书的创业者，路子广，融资从商业伙伴熟人那里融的多。
A,E, 无关融资。成功，盈利等，是有意误导。must have a razor sharp view on what is being debated to not get distracted
B. 没融到资的人，无关
D. 无关融资, 计划准备时间等
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-19 11:05
好的 3Q！～～那是他因咯
虽然根本没有削弱到论据：计划书是否与融资快慢有关。
但削弱了结论：计划书其实有帮助创业融资。
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-19 23:03
我不确定同意你的总结
这里是削弱了论据，或者说论据推到结论的关系。
文章推理： 因为“没做商务计划书的创业者融资比有商务计划书的创业者融资更快”，所以“商务计划书没帮助创业者融资”。
如果"没做商务计划书的创业者融资"不可比，例如走后门搞的钱，那怎么能推出结论呢？
这答案没有直接说"比有商务计划书的创业者融资"有什么什么情况表明他们就是“商务计划书帮助融资”。那样当然也可以反对这个逻辑。所以逻辑中有漏洞时，有各种各样的挑错或补充方法，最有效的根本是看准漏洞是啥，逻辑上为什么这是个漏洞。像这里"没做商务计划书的创业者融资"和“有商务计划书的创业者融资”不一样，就是个逻辑上的漏洞。
另外，为什么我们会聚焦在这个漏洞上呢？因为这是文中的主要论据。想作者凭什么说“商务计划书没帮助创业者融资”? 又没有告诉我们任何关于"有商务计划书的创业者融资"并没得到帮助的信息。就只说“没做商务计划书的创业者融资比有商务计划书的创业者融资更快”,言下之意，没做计划书比作计划书更好融资，那我们当然要问这两者可比吗？
我个人不感冒逻辑这些归类方法解题。我喜欢训练出好的严谨逻辑思维，可以看到推理过程中的思维跳跃点(gap),考核这些地方来判断逻辑解题。
逻辑归类做法的问题是，把思路僵硬化了，看题先想这是哪一类。但如果看不出来是哪一类，看错了，亦或看对了类别之后又如何找答案呢？
作者: 会长美美哒 时间: 2017-9-19 23:22
哈好的。
---“这里是削弱了论据，或者说论据推到结论的关系。”---
同意后边的。 “削弱推到结论的关系“，因为金额跟时间没关系，论据单独这削弱不了咯。
其实和这个我理解的他因是一样的意思。
PS这他因啥的，并不是CD里面流传得特别广泛的Her%l逻辑。
嗯那。我也不归类的，太冗杂了。题目分清论据，结论就好。
作者: rabbithere 时间: 2017-9-21 21:27
楼主~我现在有点困惑...1.og里的逻辑题都自然有思路了，但我不知道怎样才算是真正掌握了GMAC要求的逻辑思维，或者说我担心这样做对题也只是因为记住了答案
2.用电脑刷题的时候感觉自己看文段的速度很慢， 问一下，逻辑题是需要每句话都看懂的吗，以及有什么快速读题的方法吗？
谢谢楼主~
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-22 02:11
欢迎！试着回答我的看法
1. 你的顾虑确实有可能。我看很多人做逻辑题，精力放在理解每个题的逻辑细节。没错，但是更重要的是能否从中提取出逻辑思维能力，用于解决新的逻辑题。
你可以读读我3楼写的方法，和之后好几楼举例的分析，可以看到用同一种思路去解决各种问题。看看你对这个思路怎么评价。这个有点像通用思路，不用具体归纳，不能解决所有的问题，但可以训练出一个基本良好的逻辑思维能力。
2. 看下19，25楼的答复。有问题我们再讨论
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-24 02:52
贴一个回复
To avoid a hostile takeover attempt, the board of directors of Wellco, Inc., a provider of life and health insurance, planned to take out large loans and use them to purchase
a publishing company, a chocolate factory, and a nationwide chain of movie theaters. The directors anticipated that these purchase initially would plunge the corporation deep into debt, rendering it unattractiveto those who wanted to take it over, but that steadily rising insurance rates would allow the company to pay off the debt within five years. Meanwhile, revenues from the three new businesses would enable the corporation as a whole to continue to meet its increased operating expenses. Ultimately, according o the directors’ plan, the diversification would strengthen the corporation by varying the sources and schedules of its annual revenues.
Which of the following, assuming that all are equally possible, would most enhance the chances of the plan’s success?
(A) A widespread drought decreases the availability of cacao beans, from which chocolate is manufacture, diving up chocolate prices worldwide.
(B) New government regulations require a 30 percent across-the-board rate rollback of all insurance companies, to begin immediately and to be completed within a five-year period.
(C) Congress enacts a statute, effective after six months, making it illegal for any parent not to carry health insurance coverage for his or her child.
(D) Large-screen televisions drop dramatically in price due to surprise alterations in trade barriers with Japan; movie theater attendance dwindles as a consequence.
(E) A new, inexpensive process is discovered for making paper pulp, and paper prices fall to 60 percent of their former level.
1. 读懂题，找出argument & line of argument
买3家不同业务，达到不少商业目的
1）贷款借债 -> 避免被收购
2）依靠保险费上升 -> 5年付清债务
3）新业务的营收 -> 帮助支付经常开支
4）不同业务多元化 -> 营收多元化
问哪个答案支持这个商业运作（考虑它要达到的目的）？
2. 分析逻辑/找茬漏洞
上面4小项都有两个逻辑事物，左边推到右边。如果推敲，每个都有一定漏洞假设。如果答案中哪个可以帮助填补漏洞假设，就增强，反之削弱
1）贷款借债 -> 避免被收购：假设 购买方在乎你借多少债务
2）依靠保险费上升 -> 5年付清债务 ：假设 保险费上升
3）新业务的营收 -> 帮助支付经常开支 ：假设 新业务的营收带来部分够
4）不同业务多元化 -> 营收多元化 ：假设 这些业务确实营收多元化
GMAT商务逻辑，上面有些假设其实现实是大部分成立的。就看出题人从哪个角度找有一定合理的漏洞做文章了。
3. 答案
C 答案 - 关于1）保险营收上升(孩子上保险比例上升)，增强。
A- 无法判断或削弱，关于3）咖啡原材料上涨，不好说咖啡厂营收如何受影响，至少题中给的信息无法判断
B- 削弱，关于1）保险营收下降
D- 削弱， 关于3）影院营收下降。
E- 无法判断或削弱，关于3）纸价格下降，不好说出版商营收如何受影响，至少题中给的信息无法判断。
做好逻辑我看有几个重点要求：1.高度精力注重细节，尤其逻辑思维细节 2. 阅读能力要一定好，能读懂读清楚逻辑关系。3. 知道阅读中如何提取出逻辑信息。4. 训练出良好的逻辑思维能力，来找茬和考核答案。
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-24 22:53
哈哈 楼主我会经常骚扰你的，直到我的逻辑正确率能够达到70%为止
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-24 23:29
孤岛的方式真得是大道至简了！谢谢分享
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-24 23:42
楼楼好，我今天做了prep 的08-test 2 69-79 题 好多题目做过，但是！ 我用孤岛的思维做题 感觉思路清楚了不少，抛弃掉各种复杂的分类方式，我觉得那些分类方式 真得不适合我， 尤其是今天看到herl前辈的，感觉脑子转不过来。
不过我每题都是有认真按照步骤来，认真找孤岛，思考文本的信息为何这样排兵布阵，思考转折是怎么把孤岛中的桥给切断的，然后做得很慢，但是发现认真读 是能够完全精准预测到选项的。而且也能更加清楚地说出来 到底为什么是无关的，这个桥怎么搭不出来。
其实之前自己做题目的时候，有过类似的思路，但是没有这么具体 想不明白，所以这样形象化之后有趣很多～
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-24 23:45
Comcorp Shipping Clerk: Last week, no shipments of building supplies were sent out on Friday. The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday, and each of those specially ordered shipments consisted entirely of building supplies. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, none of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk's statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
AAll of Comcorp's shipments of building supplies last week were specially ordered.
BNone of Comcorp's shipments sent on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
CNone of the shipments sent by Comcorp to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
DNone of Comcorp's shipments sent on Thursday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
EAll of Comcorp's shipments of building supplies last week were sent out on Thursday.
楼楼这个题目我会觉得很绕 不知道该怎么思考
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-24 23:48
很高兴你认同！尽管骚扰 可以一起讨论帮助大家
写了那么多遍，就是希望能帮助大家能看到这个大道至简的道理。生活工作中大家逻辑思维能力都不错，要不也上不了大学，还要出国留学，不要被GMAT唬住了。分类不是不可以，但重要是分类后能提炼出来，不能被埋在细节里。
学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。只分类不思考是做不好的。
再补充一点：
我们练习做题目的是训练大脑思维。训练的东西越精简，训练的效果越好。我看除了语法有些基本的语法点需要积累之外，阅读，逻辑，语法剩下训练的都应该是一个正确的思考解题过程。逻辑分类如果不能提炼精简出来，做题训练时要求大脑训练的东西多好几倍，难度更大。相反，如果大家训练大脑细心，对题目中逻辑事物之间的关联转折等，这样训练的东西少很多。一开始慢慢琢磨，不着急，假以时日，大脑会训练出这个良好敏感的逻辑思维，再解题时就容易多了。
很多阅读，包括逻辑中，不光是读懂what its saying, 更重要的是why it is saying this. 逻辑中每句话或多或少都有功能，要不是结论，要不是论据，反面顾虑，反驳反面顾虑等。逻辑上两个方向的来回推敲。在生活商业中也是常见的。一个项目方案的考核，列出考虑到的问题，然后找数据来评判这些问题的可能性。建议大家要能把其它学习工作中的逻辑思维能力运用上来。GMAT 不是一个孤立的一帮怪人故意捉弄考生，要不世界上最好的商学院哪能认可这个考试方式。它是一个考核实际逻辑思维能力，同时也会帮助大家通过备考训练这个能力。
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-24 23:51
Kitchen magazine plans to license the use of its name by a line of cookware. For a magazine, licensing the use of its name for products involves some danger, since if the products disappoint consumers, the magazine's reputation suffers, with consequent reductions in circulation and advertising. However, experts have evaluated the cookware and found it superior to all other cookware advertised in Kitchen. Therefore, Kitchen can collect its licensing fee without endangering its other revenues.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
ANo other line of cookware is superior to that which will carry the Kitchen name.
BKitchen will not license the use of its name for any products other than the line of cookware.
CMakers of cookware will not find Kitchen a less attractive advertising vehicle because the magazine's name is associated with a competing product.
DConsumers who are not regular readers of Kitchen magazine will be attracted to the cookware by the Kitchen name.
EKitchen is one of the most prestigious cooking-related magazines.
楼楼这题目我选了 b，因为我一开始是想着要去找一个能够让已经架起来的桥更稳的答案，看到b之后觉得 嗯 蛮像答案的，因为题目的桥已经稳了，所以添加一个附属的premise 可以更稳。所以选了b。
看了答案之后，发现是在考虑桥能不能够架起来的问题 C 如果maker 不选择杂志的话，也就没有架桥一说了。
所以我感觉我的问题是 默认桥已经架起来了，其实应该是找可以把桥拆掉的因素。 对吗 233333333
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-25 00:16
Comcorp Shipping Clerk: Last week, no shipments of building supplies were sent out on Friday. The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday, and each of those specially ordered shipments consisted entirely of building supplies. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, none of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk's statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
A. All of Comcorp's shipments of building supplies last week were specially ordered.
B. None of Comcorp's shipments sent on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
C. None of the shipments sent by Comcorp to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
D. None of Comcorp's shipments sent on Thursday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
E. All of Comcorp's shipments of building supplies last week were sent out on Thursday.
这种题像离散数学里，各个集合，题目有时考这些逻辑集合的交集，并集或反面等。做题方法是在纸上把每个集合写清楚，然后看答案考核。
提炼：
(all) 5 special order were on Thursday and only have building supplies
4 shipment to TC, none of them has building supplies
Friday: no shipment of building supplies
看答案
A. Not necessarily，上面任何一个条件都没给这个
B. Not necessarily, 4 shipment to TC could be on Friday
C. True - only 5 special order building supplies, and they consisted entirely of building supplies. 正确
答案是C吗？
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-25 00:36
Kitchen magazine plans tolicense the use of its name by a line of cookware. For a magazine, licensingthe use of its name for products involves some danger, since if the productsdisappoint consumers, the magazine's reputation suffers, with consequentreductions in circulation and advertising. However, experts have evaluated thecookware and found it superior to all other cookware advertised in Kitchen.Therefore, Kitchen can collect its licensing fee without endangering its otherrevenues.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A. No other line ofcookware is superior to that which will carry the Kitchen name.
B. Kitchen will not licensethe use of its name for any products other than the line of cookware.
C. Makers of cookware willnot find Kitchen a less attractive advertising vehicle because the magazine'sname is associated with a competing product.
D. Consumers who are notregular readers of Kitchen magazine will be attracted to the cookware by theKitchen name.
E. Kitchen is one of themost prestigious cooking-related magazines.
1. 读懂题，找出argument & line of argument
杂志考虑授名权给cookware。
顾虑：cookware disappoint consumers -> reductions in circulation and advertising
验证：专家说cookware superior -> 言下之意， 不会reductions in circulation and advertising(消费者带来影响)
结论：可以授权收licensing fee，而且不会 endangering its other revenues.
2. 分析逻辑/找茬漏洞
细心点上面我们可以看到好几个逻辑思维上的漏洞或孤岛
1)专家说cookware superior ->反驳->cookware disappoint consumers ： 漏洞：专家结论不一定反应顾客使用效果，superior 的东西不一定不会disappoint
2)不会reductions in circulation and advertising(消费者带来影响) ->不会 endangering its other revenues： other revenues 比(消费者带来影响)的advertising revenue 范围要大，有个跳跃
第一遍看题不见得会看到所有漏洞。考核答案时要细心，从答案角度回到题面里来看答案是不是一个漏洞，搭桥。
3. 答案
C 答案，指出上面2.2中假设漏洞。 说杂志授名权给一家cookware, 别的cookware厂家也不会不来登广告。如果这个假设不成立，就会 endangering its otherrevenues。漏洞就在于，哪怕消费者没意见/杂志销量不降低(这些都是题干里论据支持的)，还是有别的影响会endangering its otherrevenues。
A- 无关，重复前提，专家已经认定。
B- tricky 无关。这个我明白你为什么选。避免这个错误，关键是明白 辩论的中心议题。这里说的辩论框架是 杂志授权给cookware。辩论中心是这样会不会降低营收。如果辩论框架是如何做帮助杂志增加收入，B 就在逻辑范围内了。
D，E - easy 无关
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-25 09:17
对哒～楼楼说得超级棒！哇 一大早起来看到满满一屏超级感动
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-25 09:34
哦哦 楼楼c 是怎么指出2.2的假设漏洞的呢？不是说cookware 方面考虑说，虽然kitchen 的名字和他们竞争者类似，但吸引力不减的，这不是在评估can collect its licensing fee 这个部分吗？without endangering its otherrevenues. 并没有评估吧
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-25 10:15
没说仔细，上面补充了
C 说杂志授名权给一家cookware, 别的cookware厂家也不会不来登广告。如果这个假设不成立，就会 endangering its otherrevenues。
漏洞就在于，哪怕消费者没意见/杂志销量不降低(这些都是题干里论据支持的)，还是有别的影响会endangering its otherrevenues。
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-25 19:29
我今天做了20题，每题都做得很慢，4min 一题 ，正确率是16/20 虽然有一些题目做过。有些题目用richard 的思路，感觉能够猜到答案，有些题目 看起来推理蛮严谨的，想不出来，就直接看答案，找最合适的一个。
早上richard 给我讲得题目 还没有来得及消化，哈哈等会仔细消化一下，但是挺有用的，我之前理解是题目是两座孤岛，现在发现，其实题目是一座孤岛接着一座孤岛，题干的语气中 如果有probably，might，likely 那必然是要找茬的，如果是肯定的事实，就只能当作事实去看待，不要去找茬。
而且题干中的每个信息，尤其是看似毫无联系的不是背景的新信息，夹在argument 中间的，很有可能在选项中揭露出为什么题干要这样设置。
在我慢慢地慢慢地 做题的过程中，我发觉 逻辑好像比以前有趣了，因为想到可以训练自己的严谨细心 所以就没有很烦躁了。
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-26 12:15
Because of steep increases in the average price per box of cereal over the last 10 years, overall sales of cereal have recently begun to drop. In an attempt to improve sales, one major cereal manufacturer reduced the wholesale prices of its cereals by 20 percent. Since most other cereal manufacturers have announced that they will follow suit, it is likely that the level of overall sales of cereal will rise significantly.
Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in evaluating the argument?
A Whether the high marketing expenses of the highly competitive cereal market led to the increase in cereal prices
B Whether cereal manufacturers use marketing techniques that encourage brand loyalty among consumers
C Whether the variety of cereals available on the market has significantly increased over the last 10 years
D Whether the prices that supermarkets charge for these cereals will reflect the lower prices the supermarkets will be paying the manufacturers
E Whether the sales of certain types of cereal have declined disproportionately over the last 10 years
正确答案：D 楼楼这题目可以听听你的解析吗？我问的问题 好像和这道题目的正确答案没有关系，但我在读题目的时候会考虑因为大家整体的价格调低，demand 应该会增加，但overall sales 是quantity*price，其实是很难预测的。我看答案的意思是考虑说，manufacturer 的价格 不一定可以反映到零售端，也就是说，销售量不一定会大幅度增加，这样overall sales 也就很难增加了，我感觉题目的意思和我自己已有的知识相互矛盾了。。premise 的意思是Because of steep increases in the average price per box of cereal over the last 10 years, overall sales of cereal have recently begun to drop. 价格升高，overall sales 就会下降，所以premise 照理说应该打消我前面的疑虑对吧。。我有些困惑。。premise 这个because of ，XXX 是孤岛和孤岛 有漏洞的那种吗？
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-26 23:35
读题时，我会觉察到一个gap：
cereal销量下降就是因为cereal价格上升造成的。之所以这里有gap是，可能还有别的原因导致cereal销量下降。
然后说现在wholesale下降，销量会上升。
看答案，没有出我觉察到的这个gap
但看到答案D, 我们看那是另一个 gap. wholesale 和 retail 价格。
因为答案没有考核我看到的gap, 我们假设cereal销量下降就是因为cereal价格上升造成的。这里价格应该是retail价格。那如果retail价格下降，可以期望销量回升。可是manufacturer wholesale 和 retail 价格是不一样的。这是答案指出的两个孤岛。D 说的意思就是超市买的retail价格是否会跟随wholesale价格。所以正确。
读逻辑题干，就像拿一把尺子，衡量作者逻辑论述的每一句话。关于某事物，一旦逻辑范畴变化，要看出来，就有机可乘了。这里wholesale vs retail 我看题干也没看出来，但看到答案D，如果敏感，就能看出来原来这里也有一个事物变化，从retail销售价格到wholesale.
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-27 10:24
哇 讲解超级清晰！因为我自己看because 后面的时候也是怀疑的，但没有考虑到那个gap 哈哈，在richard 的带领下 希望自己培养大脑细心的习惯～我相信会受益匪浅的～
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-27 10:25
悄悄报告进展，早上起来做了14题： ）8/14 每题要4min 哈哈
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-27 11:13
加油！基本功的训练不会白费的。对GMAT和将来的学习工作都会有帮助
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-27 14:35
谢谢 richard～
作者: 鱼丸要考700 时间: 2017-9-28 18:21
报告进展 14/20 prep 2012 1-20题～ 02.43s 有1-2题需要读两遍，确认选项需要回文，有2题 get 不到答案的点，但发现，答案跟文本的相关性很高： ）
作者: RichardVeritas 时间: 2017-9-29 02:22
贴一个例题
To reduce waste of raw materials, the government of Sperland is considering requiring household appliances to be broken down for salvage when discarded. To cover the cost of salvage, the government is planning to charge a fee, which would be imposed when the appliance is first sold. Imposing the fee at the time of salvage would reduce waste more effectively, however, because consumers tend to keep old appliances longer if they are faced with a fee for discarding them. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) Increasing the cost of disposing of an appliance properly increases the incentive to dispose of it improperly.
(B) The fee provides manufacturers with no incentive to produce appliances that are more durable.
(C) For people who have bought new appliances recently, the salvage fee would not need to be paid for a number of years.
(D) People who sell their used, working appliances to others would not need to pay the salvage fee.
(E) Many nonfunctioning appliances that are currently discarded could be repaired at relatively little expense.
逻辑链：
目标：政府想减少废弃
方案：要求家电被拆开回收。从市民收取拆开回收费用
两个细节方案比较：
1 卖电器时收费
2 回收电器时收费
作者说2更好，考虑到2鼓励市民推迟电器回收时间(来推迟交回收费时间)
找茬：
乍一看，好像挺严谨，没什么问题。可是问题是要我们weaken, 所以再细心衡量这个逻辑链的每一步。那可以看到方案2比1多了一个漏洞，就是假设市民们会去走正常渠道回收。
方案1钱是买时就扣了，没有这个漏洞。
方案2市民可能会想办法逃避，不走正常渠道回收也不付这个回收费。这样政府不能达到最终目标 - 想减少废弃。答案A正是指出这个漏洞。方案2这个漏洞在生活中也是非常实际的。
几个感想：
1. GMAT 出题并不是搞古怪逻辑。如果有这样感觉，可能是逻辑基本功不扎实，没办法看清楚逻辑链和漏洞。
2. 训练逻辑基本功很重要，是基本，可以和各样技巧性做题结合，帮助或相辅相成。
这个题如果一步一步细心衡量作者要从方案2到最终目标，可能经过几个逻辑孤岛，看到答案A时，我们应该可以看出它针对的是其中一个桥梁/假设，所以正确。
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