ChaseDream

标题: Ashley SC总结日记 [打印本页]
作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-7-29 13:11
标题: Ashley SC总结日记
SC 每日总结知识点

SC思路要改正：
先曼哈顿语法点找出后。再去做题纠正。整理错误知识点！！！
很认真一遍就弄出一个OG语法笔记了
检验：看懂考点 知道为什么选这个选项
要仔细看 每句都去看（简单）带着你的曼哈顿知识点去解题用电脑做题。OG Prep在kkk做。
每天一套GWD（1个半小时）练节奏！！1分 1分 1分半 多做题
2. Grammar & Meaning
3. Sentence Structure      
4. Modifiers
5. Parallelism
6. Comparisons
7. Pronouns
8. Verbs
9. Idioms
10. Meaning, Structure, & Modifiers: Extra
11. Parallelism& Comparisons: Extra
12. Pronouns & Verbs: Extra

切入点：找不同先语法再语义  
EX： 去插入语，主语 修饰语 and
语法点从主到次 prep, OG
整理错误知识点！！！

曼哈顿模考不要做。。
GWDSC偏也可以做练手不用浪费 和OG一致的题可以， 如果是唯一的判断是省略就不用研究了


作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-7-29 13:38
SC 可以比较选项但是更应该是在句子结构正确之上 语义为王。 SC维度语法是基础（曼哈顿 句子结构分析） 语义为王（高分难题语义非常重要）
做题先分析句子结构 ※前面可以用语法搞定 而高分库要看逻辑看语义的！

   句子结构上语义为王 先相对错误会很累的。即最好从绝对错误到相对错误（逻辑意思）
※找出每道题关于语义的点 进行分析（敲黑板：句子意思的理解和整体把握。如果老用排除法而不去找本质，是错误的。）
☆判断语法错误的三个标准
语法准确性 逻辑意思 简洁
思维：1分析长难句结构，get主要意思说什么 2 语法准确绝对错误（下面）3 逻辑意思（相对错误）


绝对错误：主谓一致， 用词， 平行不对等， 比较不对等 相对错误：  主被动  时态一致 代词 修饰
做题步骤
通读整个句子（读主干，跳修饰）理解句意à 比较各选项找差别（开头3词和最后3词）à排除绝对（明显）错误-à 考虑相对错误（逻辑意思和简洁性表达）

      一句话的逻辑结构和重心：长难句抓主要意思关键词:哪些信息能跳读，哪些信息要保留，这是读句子+逻辑重心辨别能力的问题  E:我的问题看了2分钟 太慢了：()可以先不管他
(In a review of 2,000 studies of human behavior thatdate back to the 1940s,) two Swisspsychologists,declaring that since most of the studies had failed to controlfor such variables as social class and family size, none could be takenseriously.

　(D) （officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater and begun in A.D. 69）,( during the reign ofVespasian) it 前面都是修饰~不看






作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-2 15:59
1
作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-2 16:18
句子结构
做题先分析句子结构
※前面可以用语法搞定 而高分库要看逻辑看语义的


SC维度
语法是基础（曼哈顿句子结构分析） 语义为王（高分难题语义非常重要）
※找出每道题关于语义的点 进行分析
先SC长难句分析(曼哈顿)
※平行结构 比较结构 修饰语
句子结构 习惯用语 主谓一致 代词 动词
l  句子结构；有没有主语，动词等
l  动词：时态，主动被动语态


l  两个选项哪个更优

l  曼哈顿允许一定amb存在，代词相对错误比较多，但一上来不要首看代词（指代不明能不能指代）
l  习惯用语自己练
l  平行结构（结构和语义平行！）比较对象一致？和比较对象省略
l  修饰语（同位语，定状从句）；比较结构（1比较对象2平行）
★相对错误/语义：修饰，代词
Meaning 词的搭配表达和位置
Choosingwords                   à placing words     à matching words
1Economic economical          2be more closely修饰紧密 inter
declay to/by了              be closelyinter,,more 联系次数越来越多了               
(avoid redundancy and awkward meaning)
★句子结构：划线部分前面和后面的几个词有没有出现变化


DE 如果宾从没有that就有修饰模糊的情况发生。Indicate 是作用在谁身上？
（如果没有 ，有语义上面是显示了that后面整个事情）
that dolphins have the ability of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered as a sign of self-awareness—and spontaneously graspin我的错项：of 因为平行还是要的；have ability to do；
consider as错；Are capable to do of doing 对
Consider AB; consider sth to be 揣测；consider as X

GWD6-Q27: (第二次3分钟超时）
The results of two recent unrelated studies support the idea that dolphins may share certain cognitive abilities with humans and great apes; the studies indicate dolphins as capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered a sign of self-awareness—and to grasp spontaneously the mood or intention of humans.  
这个解释-也可先不看
that 是显示了后面整个事情
• dolphins as capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered a sign of self-awareness—and to grasp spontaneously
• dolphins’ ability to recognize themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered as a sign of self-awareness—and of spontaneously grasping
• dolphins to be capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered a sign of self-awareness—and to grasp spontaneously
• that dolphins have the ability of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered as a sign of self-awareness—and spontaneously grasping of
• that dolphins are capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered a sign of self-awareness—and of spontaneously grasping  
That； 平行
ABC of doing 和 to do 不平行
ABC显示了海豚和海豚能力不对
and of
固定用法
1  ability to do
capable of doing sth
2 平行结构中，介词of不可省 3 consider to do    Consider that  没有consider as的搭配
18年趋势：习语就可以排除
----

☆判断语法错误的三个标准
语法准确性 逻辑意思 简洁
思维：1分析长难句结构（刚刚跳跃了前面的叙述），get主要意思说什么 2 语法准确绝对错误（下面）
3 逻辑意思（相对错误）
绝对错误：主谓一致， 用词， 平行不对等， 比较不对等
句子，however，句子 错
相对错误：  主被动  时态一致 代词 修饰
做题步骤
通读整个句子（读主干，跳修饰）理解句意à 比较各选项找差别（开头3词和最后3词）à排除绝对（明显）错误-à 考虑相对错误（逻辑意思和简洁性表达）

句子结构上语义为王
先相对会很累的。sincethen also there 副词不能连接量句子
（简单句并列句复合句
That a buys lipsticks makes XXconfused
The truth Is that..there is no
同位 大多是抽象名词
Where 实际地点
Condition situation 介词加which
As 也是定语从句引导词（限定，非限定）在sC当中as是唯一能够指代句子的
As is known to all of us, 事情句子china has …
2 R is such a boy as/ who is handsome)

SC当中常见的结构错误
1 run-on sentence（SVO, svo）
2 fragment：缺谓语动词，缺主语，缺主句
3 主语重复（colin,he,ismy husband）因为这个不是解释
4 主谓不一致
5 连词连用（although，，but）
6 S。。， andV

我的问题看了2分钟 太慢了：这个可以先不管他
(In areview of 2,000 studies of human behavior that date back to the 1940s,) two Swiss psychologists,declaring that since most of the studies had failed to control for such variables as social class and family size, none could be taken seriously.
       (A) psychologists,declaring thatsince most of the studies had failed to control for such variables as socialclass and family size,
       (B）psychologists, declaring thatmost of the studies failed in not controlling for such variables like socialclass and family size, and
       (C) psychologists declared that sincemost of the studies, having failed to control for such variables as social class and family size,
       (D)psychologists declared that since most of thestudies fail incontrolling forsuch variables like social class and family size,
       (E)psychologistsdeclared that since most of the studies had failed to control for such variables as socialclass and family size,
1AB 没有谓语动词 2 C 原因状从句since句没谓语（跳过having修饰）3 固定搭配拍 such as 没有like；3.2时态不对（重新开贴）
fall in+ N； 不跟动名词
Having done 不能修饰名词，只能修饰句子！！难度低句子结构你排除了
Having done 可以说是主语发出的动作但是不能去修饰主语

去掉修饰双主语
112.Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian（第二次2分钟）
Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian,was completed adecade later,during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with aone-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, andspectacles.
BE是典型的错误。
　　(A) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian,
　　(B) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater,begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
　　(C)which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
　　(D) （officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater and begun in A.D.69）,( during the reign of Vespasian)it 前面都是修饰~不看，it 错的多了主语
　　(E) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, whichwas begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and前面没有谓语动词， known which 都是修饰
相对：Roman Colosseum, which

能从结构排就从结构
Which 看他实际指代哪个Construction of the Roman Colosseum, whichwas officially known as the Flavian
Amphitheater

which 指代逻辑意思更清楚先考虑就近修饰比B 好 然后再考虑跳跃修饰
总结：先用结构排错误是最高效的
In areview of 2,000 studies of human behavior that date back to the 1940s, two Swisspsychologists,declaring that since most of the studies had failed to controlfor such variables as social class and family size, none could be takenseriously.
       (A) psychologists, declaring thatsince most of the studies had failed to control for such variables as socialclass and family size,
       (B）psychologists,declaring that most of the studies failed in not controlling for such variableslike social class and family size, and
       (C) psychologists declared that since most of thestudies, having failed to control for such variables as social class and familysize,
       (D)psychologists declared that since most of thestudies fail in controlling for such variables like social class and familysize,
       (E)psychologists declared that since most of thestudies had failed to control for variables such as social class and familysize,
112.Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian
　　Amphitheater,began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, was completed a decade later,duringthe reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle ofreligious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.
　　(A) whichwas officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during thereign of Vespasian,
　　(B)officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, begun in A.D. 69, during thereign of Vespasian, and
　　(C) whichwas officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during thereign of Vespasian, and
　　(D)officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater and begun in A.D. 69, during thereign of Vespasian it
　　(E)officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, which was begun in A.D. 69,during the reign of Vespasian, and

作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-2 16:21
......不会删帖，而且编辑的时候还没有颜色- -
作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-2 23:09
36. Alongwith the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail salesfigures released today seem like it is indicative that the economy,although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession.


  (A) like it is indicative that （seem like 不是gmat用的）
　　(B) as if to indicate (as if和seem like 重复)
　　(C) to indicate that
　　(D) indicative of     （seem +adj √   svo of svo不对û）第二次没反应过来
　　(E) like an indication of （seem like 不是gmat用的）
sales figures 销售数字

81. Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles Islands.

　　(A) sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, madeX it X the earliest known mammal of

       (B) sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on

　　(C) sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of

　　(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on



Fossils,..., have been dated.., making

先从主谓一致和 逻辑语义（making）排除

Agreement; Logical predication

相对错误 代词：

The subject of the sentence is the plural fossils, not sloth, and therefore requires a plural verb. It therefore does not have a singular antecedent. To clarify the identification of the oldest known mammal, the noun the sloth must be explicitly identified.

A    Because sloth is the object of a preposition and not the subject of the sentence, there is no reasonable antecedent for the pronoun itX; in this construction, the subject of made is fossils, but it makes no sense to say that the fossils made it the earliest known mammal.

B    The introduction of the mysterious they, a pronoun without a reference, adds confusion to this sentence; the singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.

C    The relative clause that was ... is wordy and awkward; the singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.

D    Correct. The plural verb agrees with its plural subject, and the sloth is explicitly identified as the earliest known mammal.


E    The singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.


作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-2 23:10
1
作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-3 11:12
Grammatical construction; Idiom
88. Oftenvisible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons andnitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, reactwith sunlight.
       (A) ozone is formed inthe atmosphere from  （from介词不能加句子 不是连词而后面是句子）
　　(B) ozone is formed in the atmosphere when
　　(C) ozone is formed in the atmosphere, and when （主句 and 从句）
　　(D) ozone, formed in the atmosphere when前面没有谓语
(E) ozone, formed in the atmosphere from
l   ozoneis formed when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides,….,react…
103. ElNino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, a phenomenonin which
changesin the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that hasaccumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.
(A) a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated 主句谓语动词没有了； A better choice would be to follow combine with to allow, showing purpose.
(B) a phenomenon where changes in the ocean and atmosphere are combining toû allow the warm water that is accumulating (同上；一般现在用客观状态真理。)
(C)a phenomenon in which ocean and atmosphere changes combine and which allows the warm water that is accumulated
（ 都是定从 同上；which指代 phenomenon：a phenomenon allows the warm water。。句意不对是海水。。指代错误）
（accumulate VI: =increase增长没有被动；及物收集=collect （水不是收集的））
(a sentence fragment; making a separate clause and which allows... prevents the relationships from being easily understood.）
(D)is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combineto allow the warm water that has accumulated  ;to allow可以表现出目的
(E) is a phenomenon where ocean and atmosphere changes are combining and allow the warm water accumulating
El Nino,…,is a phenomenon in which…
-----
Rhetorical construction;   Agreement
133 Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.
  • RON的意思是。 compliance with laws 是一个整体，但是谓语动词应该是singular这里 因为当with连接两个名词作主语时，主语是with前面的那个词compliance～ 这个跟together 什么的一样～
      A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect  （对的require that S (should ) be ）单复数错了


B. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting


C. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect


D. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting


E. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
（to do的逻辑主语是句子主语 compliance不对 注意 to do的修饰对象，不一定是 紧邻他的 那个名词 B 是对的，law）
local shrimpers held a news conference..., saying that their compliance ....is protecting
requiring VS to require to: 未完成的意思 ing 现在已经
require that S (should ) be

Q41:
Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
Leaching,（the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines), (as a method of the extraction of minerals) 前面是修饰语   it
A as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established (双主语)
B as a method of the extraction of minerals well established （but后面是完整的句子，前面没有谓语.leaching+2个修饰）
C was a well-established method of mineral extraction
D was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was  （that就近指代了 mineral，句意是方法是∴指代有问题  ）
E had been a method of mineral extraction, well established （应该是一般过去，ed修饰了 mineral extraction错误）
第二次做： well established 句意可以修饰method， mineral extraction没有C做形容词去修饰一个好
Being a adjectival phrase it has tendency to attach to closest noun whether you have comma or not.
particularly,in this example noun 'method' two levels away( of ...of..) from the modifying phrase.
Leaching,..., was a well-established method.., but..
------
.Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he thereforerefused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so
Q2
Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so.
•        Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore （两个句子不能用adv来连接）
•        When Charles Lindbergh was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, being very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he （being冗余，因为reluctant形容词是可以直接修饰ming）（逻辑关系不那么紧密 说的两件事情：尝试和拒绝携带）
•       Since he was very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, so Charles Lindbergh （连词连用）
•        Being very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight was the reason that Charles Lindbergh （把句子重心变成强调原因错误：不愿意是做什么事情的原因，而这句话不是想强调原因！这句话想强调两个动作的关系，因为不愿意所以拒绝携带任何东西）
•        Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh（非常不愿意做这个事情所以他携带了）（adj做修饰非常不愿意所以他拒绝比B逻辑更好）

Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed every copy he could find.
　　(A) so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed
　　(B) and was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
　　(C) in his later year he was so embarrassed by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying
　　(D) was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
　　(E) because he was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying
----------------
重做题目

103. El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, a phenomenon in which

　　changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated in

　　the western Pacific to flow back to the east.

　　(A) a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated

　　(B) a phenomenon where changes in the ocean and atmosphere are combining to allow the warm water that is accumulating

　　(C) a phenomenon in which ocean and atmosphere changes combine and which allows the warm water that is accumulated

　　(D) is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated

　　(E) is a phenomenon where ocean and atmosphere changes are combining and allow the warm

       Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with lawsrequiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.
        A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect
        B. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
        C. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect
        D. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting
        E. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
      Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
第二次做： well established 句意可以修饰method， mineral extraction没有C做形容词去修饰一个好
Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed every copy he could find.
　　(A) so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed
　　(B) and was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
　　(C) in his later year he was so embarrassed by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying
　　(D) was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
　　(E) because he was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying


作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-5 12:13
Grammatical construction; Idiom
88. Oftenvisible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons andnitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, reactwith sunlight.
       (A) ozone is formed inthe atmosphere from  （from介词不能加句子 不是连词而后面是句子）
　　(B) ozone is formed in the atmosphere when
　　(C) ozone is formed in the atmosphere, and when （主句 and 从句）
　　(D) ozone, formed in the atmosphere when前面没有谓语
(E) ozone, formed in the atmosphere from
l   ozoneis formed when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides,….,react…
103. ElNino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, a phenomenonin which
changesin the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that hasaccumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.
(A) a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated 主句谓语动词没有了； A better choice would be to follow combine with to allow, showing purpose.
(B) a phenomenon where changes in the ocean and atmosphere are combining toû allow the warm water that is accumulating (同上；一般现在用客观状态真理。)
(C)a phenomenon in which ocean and atmosphere changes combine and which allows the warm water that is accumulated
（ 都是定从 同上；which指代 phenomenon：a phenomenon allows the warm water。。句意不对是海水。。指代错误）
（accumulate VI: =increase增长没有被动；及物收集=collect （水不是收集的））
(a sentence fragment; making a separate clause and which allows... prevents the relationships from being easily understood.）
(D)is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combineto allow the warm water that has accumulated  ;to allow可以表现出目的
(E) is a phenomenon where ocean and atmosphere changes are combining and allow the warm water accumulating
El Nino,…,is a phenomenon in which…
-----
Rhetorical construction;   Agreement
133 Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.
  • RON的意思是。 compliance with laws 是一个整体，但是谓语动词应该是singular这里 因为当with连接两个名词作主语时，主语是with前面的那个词compliance～ 这个跟together 什么的一样～
      A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect  （对的require that S (should ) be ）单复数错了


B. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting


C. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect


D. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting


E. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
（to do的逻辑主语是句子主语 compliance不对 注意 to do的修饰对象，不一定是 紧邻他的 那个名词 B 是对的，law）
local shrimpers held a news conference..., saying that their compliance ....is protecting
requiring VS to require to: 未完成的意思 ing 现在已经
require that S (should ) be

Q41:
Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
Leaching,（the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines), (as a method of the extraction of minerals) 前面是修饰语   it
A as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established (双主语)
B as a method of the extraction of minerals well established （but后面是完整的句子，前面没有谓语.leaching+2个修饰）
C was a well-established method of mineral extraction
D was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was  （that就近指代了 mineral，句意是方法是∴指代有问题  ）
E had been a method of mineral extraction, well established （应该是一般过去，ed修饰了 mineral extraction错误）
第二次做： well established 句意可以修饰method， mineral extraction没有C做形容词去修饰一个好
Being a adjectival phrase it has tendency to attach to closest noun whether you have comma or not.
particularly,in this example noun 'method' two levels away( of ...of..) from the modifying phrase.
Leaching,..., was a well-established method.., but..
------
.Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he thereforerefused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so
Q2
Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so.
•        Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore （两个句子不能用adv来连接）
•        When Charles Lindbergh was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, being very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he （being冗余，因为reluctant形容词是可以直接修饰ming）（逻辑关系不那么紧密 说的两件事情：尝试和拒绝携带）
•       Since he was very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, so Charles Lindbergh （连词连用）
•        Being very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight was the reason that Charles Lindbergh （把句子重心变成强调原因错误：不愿意是做什么事情的原因，而这句话不是想强调原因！这句话想强调两个动作的关系，因为不愿意所以拒绝携带任何东西）
•        Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh（非常不愿意做这个事情所以他携带了）（adj做修饰非常不愿意所以他拒绝比B逻辑更好）

Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed every copy he could find.
　　(A) so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed(双主语）
　　(B) and was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed（and平行，前面是who won，主句残缺只有主语）
　　(C) in his later year he was so embarrassed by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying（双主语）（ing表因果没有D好，还有伴随的意思）
　　(D) was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
　　(E) because he was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying（原因状从，ing不能做谓语动词）
JRJ,...was so embarrassed that..
220. (GWD-6-Q31) 第5天的第1个
句子结构；修饰
The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.
(namely 也就是说如果他后面加句子用that；或直接加名词代词）
A.    The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably（runon）
B.    That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably
（同上；resemble 动词表达优/简洁于A动名词的 resembling ）(while 强对比）
（namely that是同位语从句 主句没有连词才是runon;注意同位语没有that不加逗号的说法 他是解释前面的feature）
C.    With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation
（with句首方式伴随描述主语it,with修饰主语：主语要with谁with指代谁？it指代不明；而且把事实变成了伴随方式状语逻辑改变了）主语是it想指前面的事情而（it是代词只能指单数名词或doing）所以这里it无指代
D.    With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation（that定从指代fact定从 不是，主从要完整）it  是强调句 拿掉it is that剩下原句：强调句是wordy的结构
（with是补充说明句子，而语意上面fact：像和不像，应该是用同位语比较好）      
（with句首对主句进行补充说明，要求with能修饰到主语：主语要with sth 这里it做主语，不可能是it不能是 With some fraternal twins）
E.    Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably（thisthose不优，namely 没有that）run on
That ... highlights an... feature..., namely...
----------------重做题目

103. El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, a phenomenon in which

　　changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated in

　　the western Pacific to flow back to the east.

　　(A) a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated

　　(B) a phenomenon where changes in the ocean and atmosphere are combining to allow the warm water that is accumulating

　　(C) a phenomenon in which ocean and atmosphere changes combine and which allows the warm water that is accumulated

　　(D) is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated

　　(E) is a phenomenon where ocean and atmosphere changes are combining and allow the warm

       Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with lawsrequiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.
        A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect
        B. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
        C. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect
        D. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting
        E. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
      Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
第二次做： well established 句意可以修饰method， mineral extraction没有C做形容词去修饰一个好   发现好问题：主语是it想指前面的事情而（it是代词只能指单数名词或doing）所以这里it无指代
Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed every copy he could find.
　　(A) so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed
　　(B) and was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
　　(C) in his later year he was so embarrassed by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying
　　(D) was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
　　(E) because he was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying


220. (GWD-6-Q31)
The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.
A.    The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
B.    That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably
C.    With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation
D.    With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation        
E.    Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably

作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-8 17:26
本题考点总结：
平行
定位 主语
错选了C
“定位的这个东西解释了三个东西的存在”
Positing an enormous volcanic explosion at the end of the Permian period would explain the presence of aburied crater, account for the presence of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and the presence of quartz having been shattered by high-impact shockwaves.
我错选了B
A. account for the presence of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and the presence of quartz
A and the presence 重复， explain和后面account for啰嗦
（having been done这个结构不能修饰名词，只能修饰动词表示在..之前发生的）
（explain 和accountfor多余了意思一样重复；quartz having been前面一个名词）
B. of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and of quartz
（平行间接性语义都正确； explain the presence of..ofand..of ..,后面两个把相同presence给省略了）
C. the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and explain the presence of quartz having been
（having been done 这个结构不能修饰名词，只能修饰动词表示在..之前发生的）
（explain）
D. the presence of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and explain presence of quartz
（同C 多余and explain 没有必要的）
E. explain the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and the presence of quartz
（同多余）
本题考点总结：
定语从句的修饰 who
固定搭配 employed as
770 简单15
Although a number of excellent studies narrate the development of domestic technology and its impact on housewifery, these works do not discuss the contributions of the women employed by manufacturers and utility companies as product demonstrators and publicists,who（修饰人的） initially promoted new and unfamiliar technology to female customers.   Promote（宣传）

A. by manufacturers and utility companies as product demonstrators and publicists,
（只有A.who前面紧跟着两个人的， BCDE都没有即使有跳跃修饰，我们肯定会优先选择没有跳跃修饰的情况把对吧 A好）
B. to be product demonstrators and publicists by manufacturers and utility companies,
（who修饰了companies,修饰错误）(employee as 不能用to be)
C. to demonstrate and publicize their products by manufacturers and utility companies(变成动词了- -人呢;to doû)
D. by manufacturers and utility companies to be demonstrators and publicists of their products(to beû)
E. by manufacturers and utility companies to demonstrate and publicize their products（同C）

16 本题考点总结：
修饰
Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates价格 the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.不需要监管者的同意在保税的时候
正确
）ADE是补充说明可以的；BCit不行company是复数；need 不能用by,用from 特别是D里说的是by，y由regulators所需要的û比Bapproval by regulators的语义还要糟糕 ）
A. needing no approval from regulators before raising说明
B. and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
（逻辑改变；it代词错  ，and连接了两个主句那他们在结构上就是平行的，第二个代词应该指到第一个主句的主语insurance companies，it不行they）
C. and needing no approval from regulators before they raised（前面没有doing平行时态不平行了，they？regulators or companies）
D. with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
（approval，不是by regulators 语义有问题是company需要同意不是人；they）
E. with no approval needed from egulators before the raising of（raising动词优于名词不要复杂）（结构啰嗦 approval needed from 不要 needed ）
请问before 引导状语从句省略的主语不是应该和主句主语一样吗？这样的话不就成了companies are raising 而不是government 了呀？         就是说公司抬价不需要得到政府的同意呀

with和doing在句尾修饰的区别是什么，doing在句尾可以表示因果或者伴随；with在句尾只是单纯的对句子做一个补充说明，逻辑关系不强。
needing这种用法做解释说明，修饰前面的主句
D和E直接用without就可以了吧？with no不优
17本题考点总结：
unlike比较
Unlike the automobile company,whose research was based on crashes involving sport utility vehicles, the research conducted by the insurance company took into account such factors as adriver’s age, sex, and previous driving record .
A. company, whose research was based on
unlike和主句主语具有可比性的，中间修饰不用管它！比较对象ABC排除
B. company, which researched 比较对象
C. company, in its research of比较对象
D. company’s research, having been based on
（having done和having been done结构不能修饰名词research只能修饰动词表示在主句的动作之前发生；啰嗦结构，用based on，E介词on 修饰research；时态变了，不对）
E. company’s research on正确

Aû/E
本题考点总结：
修饰
单词用法
Gusty westerly winds will continue to usher in a seasonably cool air mass into the region, as a broad area of high pressure will build and bring fair and dry weather for several days.
A. to usher in a seasonably cool air mass into the region, as a broad area of high pressure will build and
B. ushering in a seasonably cool air mass into the region and a broad area of high pressure will build that
C. to usher in a seasonably cool air mass to the region, a broad area of high pressure building and
D. ushering a seasonably cool air mass in the region, with a broad area of high pressure building and
E. to usher a seasonably cool air mass into the region ,while a broad area of high pressure builds, which will



作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-9 07:37
本题考点总结：
平行
Positing an enormous volcanic explosion at the end of the Permian period would explain the presence of aburied crater, account for the presence of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and the presence of quartz having been shattered by high-impact shock waves.

A. account for the presence of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and the presence of quartz having been
B. of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and of quartz
C. the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and explain the presence of quartz having been
D. the presence of the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and explain presence of quartz
E. explain the element iridium (originating deep within the earth), and the presence of quartz


本题考点总结：
定语从句的修饰
固定搭配
Although a number of excellent studies narrate the development of domestic technology and its impact on housewifery, these works do not discuss the contributions of the women employed by manufacturers and utility companies as product demonstrators and publicists,who initially promoted new and unfamiliar technology to female customers.
A. by manufacturers and utility companies as product demonstrators and publicists,
B. to be product demonstrators and publicists by manufacturers and utility companies,
C. to demonstrate and publicize their products by manufacturers and utility companies
D. by manufacturers and utility companies to be demonstrators and publicists of their products
E. by manufacturers and utility companies to demonstrate and publicize their products



本题考点总结：
修饰
Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.

A. needing no approval from regulators before raising
B. and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
C. and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
D. with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
E. with no approval needed from egulators before the raising of



本题考点总结：
unlike比较
Unlike the automobile company,whose research was based on crashes involving sport utility vehicles, the research conducted by the insurance company took into account such factors as adriver’s age, sex, and previous driving record .
A. company, whose research was based on
B. company, which researched
C. company, in its research of
D. company’s research, having been based on
E. company’s research on

本题考点总结：
修饰
单词用法

Gusty westerly winds will continue to usher in a seasonably cool air mass into the region, as a broad area of high pressure will build and bring fair and dry weather for several days.
A. to usher in a seasonably cool air mass into the region, as a broad area of high pressure will build and
in 是冗余的 把一个带进地方；逻辑歧义这里是三件事情
B. ushering in a seasonably cool air mass into the region and a broad area of high pressure will build that
C. to usher in a seasonably cool air mass to the region, a broad area of high pressure building and
D. ushering a seasonably cool air mass in the region, with a broad area of high pressure building and
E. to usher a seasonably cool air mass into the region ,while a broad area of high pressure builds, which will

作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-10 09:11
Modifiers (节选)
从他的考点就可以知道选择会怎么出。这就是找到作者思路本质
作为大MJ，果然是要先建立框架然后补充基础知识和做题纠正
1. Noun Modifiers
       -nonessential modifier; essential modifier
        e.g. The cat, which…, is very noisy.   (nonessential n. m.)                        
                The cat that … is very noisy.       (essential n. m.)
       -the closer, the better!
        e.g. A worker, the project was managed by Sue.     (X)
                A worker, Sue managed the project.                  (√)ing分词加了逗号就做状语，不加才做名词就是语
2. Adverbial Modifiers 状语性质修饰语可以修饰除名词外的所有东西，包括整句句子
分词可以做名词修饰语又可以做状语修饰语。区别是加了逗号就是状语修饰语不能是名词；不加逗号就可以修饰名词
ing句子
    e.g. Exhausted from her job, she bought a lottery.(√)   ，ed是状语不修饰she 作为状语修饰整个动作的（或句子） 两者得是有关系的
            Exhausted from her job, she has red hair.        (X) 这前后是没有关系的
3. Which vs. the Present Participle –ing
4. Modifier vs. Core




作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-8-10 11:35
摘录：
1.The SC Process：
→ 做题步骤增加take a first glance（5th为：read the original sentence carefully）；
→ 明确SC timing session，即SC平均做题速度保持在1min20S/题；


分析：
→ 做题步骤因人而异，养成自己良好的做题习惯即可，无须纠结；
→ 最新明确的SC平均做题时间对很多同学来说是一个比较大的挑战。


2.Grammar & Meaning
→ 该部分新增对于常见语法术语的科普，例如什么是“clause, dependent clause”等；


分析 ：
→ GMAT不会专门test语法术语，此处对于语法术语理解的唯一目的在于：更好的读懂/理解OG的解释，比如 run-on sentence/sentence fragment.


[hide]
3. Sentence Structure
→ 该部分新增“Building Complex Sentence”即一个简单的句子是如何添加各种成分从而变成一个长难句；

分析：
→ “语法基础”较薄弱的同学通过该部分的学习能够加速分析长难句的速度。

5. Parallelism
→ 关于“and”的语法点重新进行了整理，更加全面，分析and的各种使用方法（conjunction, compound verb, parallelism）; 指出“平行不需要时态一致”


分析：
→ 关于and的使用方法需要熟练掌握。


10.Meaning, Structure, & Modifiers: Extra
→该部分删除concision部分的verb ＞adjective ＞noun

分析：
→ 这个删除是非常有必要的，这一点从来就不是一个有效的split！反而会作为trap来迷惑考生，希望引起同学们的注意！
作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-9-4 15:45
标题: Ashley每日阅读训练（TPO为主）
插播我的RC日记。
三个核心思想不要搞框架小安阅读法费时间
最难核心思想1st
1st 读懂！！  字面意思（主谓宾+修饰）
               词汇+语法     
                     理解意思（深层的还原积极阅读法语文功力！简单来说！）
2rd 选择！ 问题（利用好问题不要只用来定位可惜了哈 4大题型对问题利用是不同的：4大题型答案的正错选项特征也是不同的！）（注意出题的时候，包括题目的这个选项 他都是词和词之间的关系。ex:你有water你也有peperl两个词,你要看他说的两者方向是不是一致的：都说有水还是有pepperor还是说有水但没有P,你要根据他出题的选项来。）
                 选项 VX选择和排除（使用：排除为主啊）（正确答案和错误答案）
                        （正确答案：不要用文章关键去定位好吗！要么关键词出现在文中好几句话，要么就不是答案所在句。对正确答案选择是定位找对的难难难 N让我们转换思维吧SAT和last的文难）
                        （找错找错 这样阅读才能提高！！why 主谓停修饰停？因为句子：SVO+修饰∴看好主谓和修饰，句子意思就搞定了把每个选项做到--主谓停 修饰停把选项拆成很多块去分析）
                        （错误项没有对应（意思）的内容:1没有对应实质性意思的V,N, adj, adv(ex：tend to，describe，occurs没有实质性) 2 没有对应的比较（than as as，隐含比较:different，seem，v contrast, compare）3 没有对应的极端信息（never any the most）） 打叉最快排除点（逻辑，阅读）违背原文(原文说1有A 选项说不是1没有A）修饰错误(我有兰书和红尺子 选项说我有红书和蓝色的尺子）
         如何选选择 怎么提高速度和正确率！
*就上面3个错误点（没有其他错误选项特征了）
3   读哪里（这个只能提速）通读？关键句读？不读？（每个题型读文章哪个地方可以提速 减少读的量么么）  ABC//efg 出题原理去提速  做题前要去读文章的哦
不用把文章画框架和结构！不会托福不会对整篇文章框架理解有什么ideas的（考整篇文章框架和观点之间关系，是GMAT的RC！不是考能力概要类的）（整篇文章概要框架论点之间关系中心句之间关系是如何递进推进不是托福考的哦）

三核心之一读懂
不认识怎么处理？

直译后理解能力++什么词修饰谁。句子读懂了意思 EI词汇OK句子插入OK阅读理解OK

作者: 珍妮王小钰    时间: 2017-9-4 15:46
JJJ back!
主谓+修饰
谓语动词前重复主语
SVO+ 修饰
找对修饰的对象
修饰成分前重复修饰对象+是+修饰的内容
航空公司是   that

Adj 1. 单个的形容词
     2.doing， done，to do（TODO除了修饰名词之外，还能表示整句话目的）
     3.定从
     4. 同位语，以及同位语从句
     5. 介词词组
修饰对象往往在修饰成分的前面或者后面
Adv. 1.单个副词
       2.介词词组
（3.to do 表示整句话系表结构，前提是找不到合理的动作发出者/有动作发出者做形容词）

全新找主谓的方式：修饰从上述几个特征词开始到标点符号或孤独的谓语动词前结束
1．The airline company, (following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing service), announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some unneeded operations, and it grounded twenty-two planes.（it might 不孤独）
2．The list(of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e.,claw, paw, or foot))has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.（that主exhibits 是从句的谓语动词）（前面的foot明显不能做他的主语嘛）
3.- Many (of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India) date from the time of the Kushan empire,fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharangrey schist.
          形容词做名字 many images of the …两个相同名词省略了一个:
Many (students) of students, some (students)of students, one student of students, a few student of students, 56 percent(students) of students, certain (students) of students, none student of students
Possible long-termconsequences( of the “greenhouse effect,” the gradual warming of theEarth’s climate), may include melting the polar ice caps and arising sea level
The quality (of earlier pieces of blown glass excavated不是谓语 in Italy and Western Europe by far)surpass those of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only interms of the variety of shapes represented, but also interms of decorative techniquesand functionality
主谓不一致

主谓倒装句子：
修辞前置
倒装谓语动词必须是主语
14. （Among the reasons for the decline of New Englandagriculture in the last three decades）were the high cost of land, the pressure of housing and commercial development, and basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and California.
(A) basingûa marketing and distribution system on importingproduce from Florida andCalifornia
(B) basingû  a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of FloridaandCalifornia
(C) basingû  a systemof marketing and distribution on the import of produce from FloridaandCalifornia
(D) a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida and California
(E) a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and、
GMAT的虚拟不是必须的考点 不懂也能做题

首先看结构写的 1重复主谓对不对 2重复修饰意思对不对
分析主谓和修饰对象
直译出声音
谓语动词前重复主语 把修饰对象（在修饰成分的前面或后面的词），重复一下。新的找主谓的方式：人工括号；
代词常见方式三重复 1主语呼应the early trading companies….. They。。。. They …句子之间主语呼应；逻辑课句子出现指代内容一定要往前读完整的；（写的好的文章全文代词指代很少的）2 同一个代词优先考虑同一个指代对象the early trading companies…..They。。。.their。。。. They …

10. The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street's estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.
(A) The computercompany reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall计算机公司去报道强烈的第二季度的收入，这个收入超过了华尔街的估算
Street's estimatesand announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.而且计算机公司会 去宣布说一系列的第一步措施在一系列的价格削减中 而这个价格削减是被设计去增加销售进一步的
(B) The report ofthe computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings,
surpassing WallStreet's estimates, and they announced the first in a series of price cuts that they intend to increase sales further. 这个报告，报告是属于计算机公司的，报告展示了第二季度强烈的收入，这个收入是超过了华尔街的估算的，and they？report不对 没指代了û
(C) Surpassing Wall Street's estimatesû, 报告超过华尔街预算不对排除the reportû of the computer company showed strongsecond-quarter earnings, and, forthe purpose of increasing sales further, they announced the first in a series ofprice cuts.
(D) The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings,while announcing修饰了earings不对the first in a series of price cuts for the purpose of increasing sales further that surpass Wall Street's estimates. 计算机公司去报道强烈的第二季度的收入 与此同时还宣布了
(E) The computer company, surpassing Wall Street's estimates公司超过了预测不对, reported strongsecond-quarter earnings, whileannouncing that to increase sales further, there would bethe first in a seriesof price cuts.
要单独判断每个选项所表达的意思，不要受其他项干扰自认为
27. On Earth,among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the ratethattrees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.
(A)[size=14.6667px]ûOn Earth后面没有名词即没有修饰对象, among介词 the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed tobe the rate thattrees grow
(B)[size=14.6667px]û On Earth同上不要自己去跳跃到一个遥远的词，一个句子写的好结构要反馈出意思的among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it isbelieved, the rate oftree growth而SC是要去判断他写的好不好（根据他写作的结构来判断他的意思）
(C) On Earth修饰率,the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles“在地球上的树生长的率”
(D) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles修饰
,（done的修饰）believed被动 to be the tree growth rate
没有主语没有谓语believe sth to be说明是被动
(E) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles 修饰）is believed to be谓语 the rate主语 at which trees grow“在最确信的暗示线索当中在地球上属于太阳黑子周期的” 太阳黑子周期的最明显的线索在地球上 E更好和C比较，E有主语
That's because you've ignored the part after the underline (as seen in the rings..........). What is seen in the rings? The tree growth rate right. C makes it look as if the sunspot cycles are seen in the rings[size=14.6667px]û. E gets it right.
解题方式很多 倒过来，
三重复   SVO+
J在没有原则语法错误情况下选择结构清晰直接的，意思比较合理清楚的选项。
考点研究之前哪些做题的习惯：
直译（三重复）
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
第二章： 原则语法错误
J考点是怎么去把一句话说的清楚，好（5句话选一个）才能成为一个正确答案。（一句话说的好是没有上限的）
1. 主谓不可缺一 7.27
Among the surest indications on Earth ofsunspot cycles修饰
,（done的修饰）believed被动 to bethe tree growthrate
没有主语没有谓语
2. 主谓单复数一致
主谓离开很远，中间插有修饰
3. Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally under way,any economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.
9. The quality of earlier pieces of blown glass excavated in Italy and Western Europe by farsurpass those of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only interms of the variety of shapes represented, but also in terms of decorative techniquesand functionality. 通过重复来判断主谓
(A) by far surpassthose of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not onlyin terms of
(B) surpasses by farthose from the eastern Mediterranean, with regard not only to
(C) far surpass thatof pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only regarding
(D) far surpassesthat of the eastern Mediterranean, with regard to not only
(E) far surpassesthat of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only with regard to
39. Not one of the potential investorsis expected to make an offer to buy First InterstateBankuntil a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties ifthe deal were not to be concluded
DE are错误
标志：主语出来后面插入修饰 一定是考主谓的哦（its 单数）
GMAT J线外比重↑越来越大 看线外哦
1. 错误的句型
SVO，SVO
ûSVO and SVO   √SVO, and SVO /SVO， but SVO/ SVO； SVO/  SVO；SVO；SVO；SVO
SVO, SVO, and SVO
对选项进行进一步（比如排除掉）
28. Joplin’s faith重复能正确get到句子意思 in his opera “Tremonisha” was unshakable; in 1911 hepublished thescore at his own expense and decided on staging it himself.
2. Manufacturersrate batteries in watt-hours生产商评定电池，评定是按照瓦特小时的方式来评定的; ifthey rate the watt-hour higher, the longer thebattery can be expected to last.\
只看： O,SV /andSV
4.  The airlinecompany, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing service, announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing someunneeded operations, and it groundedtwenty-two planes.
(A) closing someunneeded operations, and it grounded
(B) closing someunneeded operations, and grounding
(C) was closing someunneeded operations, while it grounded
(D) it closed someunneeded operations and grounded 逗号主谓 不对
(E) it was closingsome unneeded operations, and grounding
21. The federalrules aimed at protecting human subjects of medical experiments were established to ensure that patients must be warned of potential risks and an independent panel would evaluate the experiment before it was conducted.
(A) must be warnedof potential risks and an independent panel would 前面有两个完整的主谓了 没有逗号
(B) must be warnedof potential risks and that an independent panel
(C) are warned aboutpotential risks and that an independent panel
(D) will be warnedabout potential risks and an independent panel would 看句子看快点，get重点！判分中速度
(E) would be warnedof potential risks and that an independent panel would
4. adj修饰名词 adv修饰动词和形容词
修饰成分是紧贴着修饰对象的
52. The Quechuansbelieved that all things participated in both the material level andthemystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.
adv只能修饰形容词或动词修饰对象一定要放在前面或者后面去 不能远了（Ifinally get）adv不能修饰介词
A. contact with itûdirectly ûwith
B.adj direct 不对contactN∵have所以是名词（如果是Vto have contacted） with it一个写的好多句子代词是越少越好by way of代词少表达意思就清楚直接语感
C. contact with the last∵N directly (修饰错误了哈无修饰)through词性是出题人的结构说了算的
D. direct contact对的 with the latter by means of
E. contactN directlyadv with介词 the mysticallevel due to 不对
5.less little much 修饰不可数，即+单数
Few fewer many 修饰可数
9. In 1979 lack ofrain reduced India’s riceproduction to about 41 million tons, nearly 25percent less than those of the1978 harvest.
(A) less than thoseof the 1978 harvest those一看就复数排除
(B) less than the1978 harvest我答对了
(C) less than 1978 比年份？
(D) fewer than 1978
(E) fewer than thatof India’s 1978 harvest
83. A report by theAmerican Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded
that much of thecurrently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposedcomes fromthe incineration of wastes.
(A) much of thecurrently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes
(B) much of thecurrently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to come
(C) much of thedioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposedtocomes
(D) many of thedioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are主谓不对了哦exposedtocome 很多毒素，毒素是 重复。记住SVO 要执行到位贯彻到位
(E) many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed修饰come谓语   
很多未受控的毒素，对于这些毒素美国正在被暴露着 看到and就要警觉
6. which不可以指人，也不能指一个句子（可以,但是GMAT很少去考的哦  which suggests that she work hard）
Mr.Lee is my mathteacher which left for shanghai yesterday(which 不行，whothat)
7.意思重复
50. A decade（省略介词）（修饰：after（修饰10年不合适，ing可以修饰后面哦） initiatingthe nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismokingprogram）,percapita ûconsumptionûof cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packsannually per person toabout 60, a drop more than twice as great as in the nation as a cwhole.
A. per capita consumption of cigarettes inCalifornia declined from over 125 packs annuallyper person to about 60, a dropmore than twice as great as
B. annual per capita consumption ofcigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs toabout 60, more thantwice as great as that
C. California'sannual per capita consumption of cigarettes declined from over 125 packsperperson to about 60, more than twice as great as the drop
D. California has seen percapita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packsannually to about60, a drop more than twice as great as that
加州已经预见人均的消费属于香烟 香烟的消费是下降了 下降是从超过125包每一年 到差不多60包 超过2倍之多 和下降一样多 在全国作为一个整体
E. California has seen annual per capita consumption ofcigarettes decline from over 125packs per person意思重复了 to about 60, more than twice as great as that
比较难的意思重复：
6. Possiblelong-term consequences of the “greenhouse effect,” the gradual warming of the Earth’s climate, may include melting the polar ice caps and a risingsea level.
直译读出声：可能的长期的结果 属于温室效应 温室效应是指逐渐的变暖 变暖是属于地球气候 可能包括
A. may 每个不一样的地方都有考点include melting the polar ice caps and a rising sea level
B. may include themelting of polar ice caps and the rising sea level
C. may include polarice caps that are melting and sea levels that are rising
D. include meltingthe polar ice caps and sea levels that are rising
E. include meltingof the polar ice caps and a rise in sea level
Whether是否 or not 翻译出来是重复的
J 修饰 谓语动词 代词都高亮 然后再直译句子（高亮要重复）理解句子
8 句子头重脚轻
35. Five hundredmillion different species of living creatures have appeared on Earth, nearly
99 percent of themvanishing.
(A) Five hundredmillion different species of living creatures have appeared on Earth, nearly
99 percent of themvanishing.
(B) Nearly 99percent of five hundred million different species of living creatures that
appeared on Earthhave vanished.
(C) Vanished arenearly 99 percent of the five hundred million different species of living
creatures thatappeared on Earth.
(D) Of five hundredmillion different species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth,
nearly 99 percent ofthem have vanished.
(E) Of the fivehundred million different species of living creatures that have appeared on
Earth, nearly 99percent have vanished.




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