ChaseDream

标题: 几道GWD求答疑 [打印本页]

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-2 17:12
标题: 几道GWD求答疑
昨天做的一套错的稀里哗啦惨不忍睹搞得我一整天心情都不好TAT但还是想把错的都搞懂

In one state, all cities and most towns have antismoking ordinances, a petition entitled “Petition for Statewide Smoking Restriction” is being circulated to voters by campaign workers who ask only, “Do you want to sign a petition for statewide smoking restriction?” The petition advocates a state law banning smoking in most retail establishments and in government offices that are open to the public.
Which of the following circumstances would make the petition as circulated misleading to voters who understand the proposal as extending the local ordinances statewide?

A. Health costs associated with smoking cause health insurance premiums to rise for everyone and so affect nonsmokers.
B. In rural areas of the state, there are relatively few retail establishments and government offices that are open to the public.
C. The state law would supersede the local antismoking ordinances, which contain stronger bans than the state law does.
D. There is considerable sentiment among voters in most areas of the state for restriction of smoking.
E. The state law would not affect existing local ordinances banning smoking in places where the fire authorities have determined that smoking would constitute a fire hazard.

这题。。对不起我没太懂。。

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-2 17:14
In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.
The argument above requires which of the following assumptions?

A. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.
B. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increases was due to a smaller tax increase.
C. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase.
D. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.
E. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.

答案是D，我选的是A，是否是我没搞明白这个税后价和税前价之间的关系？

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-2 17:17
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientists’ entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is the position that the argument as a whole depends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that evidence.
B. The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.
C. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.
D. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.
E. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation.

最让我无语的是这道。。我记得我以前做过但是当时没错诶，但是昨晚看了好久都不能理解，我觉得我可能是中邪了

先说下我的思路：首先这两个都是事实，并且逻辑关系是反向的吧。于是我就很干脆的选了E。。。
没选C的理由是，a competing explanation that the argument defends，是说文章反对的另外一种解释？这里面就两种观点（也就是对这个问题的两种解释）吧，一个是argument的，另一个是它反对的common one，那个competing explanation在哪里。。。

作者: Fiona09 时间: 2017-3-2 18:29
第一题是有些争议的一道题，http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-839725-1-1.html 楼主参考研究吧

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-3 17:20
Some species of Arctic birds are threatened by recent sharp increases in the population of snow geese, which breed in the Arctic and are displacing birds of less vigorous species. Although snow geese are a popular quarry for hunters in the southern regions where they winter, the hunting season ends if and when hunting has reduced the population by five percent, according to official estimates. Clearly, dropping this restriction would allow the other species to recover.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A. Hunting limits for snow geese were imposed many years ago in response to a sharp decline in the population of snow geese.
B. It has been many years since the restriction led to the hunting season for snow geese being closed earlier than the scheduled date.
C. The number of snow geese taken by hunters each year has grown every year for several years.
D. As their population has increased, snow geese have recolonized wintering grounds that they had not used for several seasons.
E. In the snow goose’s winter habitats, the goose faces no significant natural predation.

想知道B是如何削弱的？D错在哪里？dropping this restriction是说要取消restriction的意思吗？

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-4 02:14
。。

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-4 02:18
太谢谢楼主了感觉分享的题很经典。第一题我不太会等研究明白了再来告诉你。

作者: RRZZR 时间: 2017-3-4 08:04
这题基本上都是对于英文concept的理解。
最重要的概念就是misleading，字典里的解释”giving the wrong idea or impression”，那你就找一个和题目里说的和”禁烟”背道而驰的condition，即“有可能不禁，或禁的弱了”的condition
C说petition里说的 state law会取代local ordinance （说明local ordinance和state law就是从属关系），而且local ordinances比state law严格。那也就是state law会使禁令“禁的弱了”，符合misleading，选C

作者: RRZZR 时间: 2017-3-4 08:32

穆汐寒发表于 2017-3-2 17:14
In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of c ...

你认为的pre-tax和after-tax之间的关系是什么样的〉？

作者: RRZZR 时间: 2017-3-4 08:36

穆汐寒发表于 2017-3-2 17:17
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought tha ...

because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.是作者要反对的观点。
is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.是作者自己要支持的观点。

在文章的语境里，competing explanation不是说compete with author's own explanation，而是compete with the previous explanation(第一个黑体字)

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-4 09:30

RRZZR 发表于 2017-3-4 08:36
because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.是作者要反对的观点。
is not due t ...

明白了，其实是我弄反了defend 的意思

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-4 09:34

RRZZR 发表于 2017-3-4 08:32
你认为的pre-tax和after-tax之间的关系是什么样的〉？

税后价格就是征税直接在价格上的体现吧，这题是说增税影响了价格上涨，然后销量就低了，然而还是不能理解A和D。。

作者: RRZZR 时间: 2017-3-4 10:08

穆汐寒发表于 2017-3-4 09:34
税后价格就是征税直接在价格上的体现吧，这题是说增税影响了价格上涨，然后销量就低了，然而还是不能理解 ...

“税后价格就是征税直接在价格上的体现吧” 不一定，不要脑补。
after-tax price = pre-tax price + tax ， pre-tax price是烟草商自己定的（题里没有其他信息的条件下，烟草商有权随便定pre-tax price）。

“这题是说增税影响了价格上涨” 文章里没有说。

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-4 18:05

RRZZR 发表于 2017-3-4 08:04
这题基本上都是对于英文concept的理解。
最重要的概念就是misleading，字典里的解释”giving the wrong ide ...

谢谢RRZZR热情解答。

这道题的难点对我来说并不是逻辑，而是对问题的理解。下面这个问题里有2个as，已经把我搞晕了。
Which of the following circumstances would make the petition as circulated misleading to voters who understand the proposal as extending the local ordinances statewide?

我的翻译：下面哪个情景会使作为传播的请愿引起投票者误会，当把地方法令延伸到州的时候。

第一个as可以翻译成“作为”， circulated misleading 相当于名词？觉得不对
第二个as是当。。的时候？

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-4 18:16

穆汐寒发表于 2017-3-2 17:14
In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of c ...

哇，又是一道好题。绕死我了。

条件说：香烟要增税8%，而购买的人就减少了。因此可以说香烟的销量逾税后价格息息相关。
问题：请为这个论点选前提条件。

A：香烟的税前价格没有增加。
D：香烟的税前价格没有减少8%。

假设题的验证方法是取非后，如果论点不成立，这个条件就是正确答案。
比如我们把A取非，就是香烟的税前价格增加了。->原论点依然成立。
D取非，香烟的税前价格减少8%。->论点不再成立。

因此，A是无关紧要的信息，D才是让论点成立的假设条件。

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-4 18:28

穆汐寒发表于 2017-3-2 17:17
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought tha ...

这道题挺经典的。目的是让我们找出句子成分。需要找出哪句是要反驳的旧的论点，哪句是真正的论点。

前两句是原来的论点。从第3句however开始，要注意，开始反驳原来论点了。第4句的前半句给了原因，后半句给了真正论点。

辅助解释
原来的论点：科学家40岁后创造力会变低，因为变老。
新的论点：科学家40岁后创造力变低的真正原因是他们从事相同的工作的时间太长了。
支持新的论点的论据：新的研究对40岁后还有创新的科学家进行研究，发现他们入行时间比较短。而且40岁前创新的科学家，也是在入行之后短时间内有了创新的。

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-4 18:41

穆汐寒发表于 2017-3-3 17:20
Some species of Arctic birds are threatened by recent sharp increases in the population of snow gees ...

前辈的解释：（学到了！

）

雪鹅数量增加，北极鸟受到威胁。
应该大力捕杀雪鹅来挽救北极鸟。
但是现在的限令说，如果捕杀的雪鹅数量占到了总雪鹅的5％，必须停止捕杀。
所以结论的建议是把限令提高一点，来捕杀更多雪鹅，挽救北极鸟。

减弱的是B
限令提高是个好主意，但是如果最近几年，人们连5％的限令都没有用完，提高限令又有什么作用呢（i.e.减少更多的雪鹅）---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
我最开是没明白的原因，B说closed earlier, 我还以为是人们猎鹅速度太快呢。没想到另一种理解是没有人猎。
不知道是我想太多，还是出题者不太严谨。

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-5 05:49
穆同学，你一般正确率都是多少呀。我感觉自己的正确率忽高忽低。好了70，不好了50。
总是到不了90%

桑心

很喜欢你传的题，都挺有意思的。遇到难题继续来讨论哈。

作者: RRZZR 时间: 2017-3-6 04:35
据说想到750，CR和RC对75%就可以了

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-6 10:48

lisiberry 发表于 2017-3-5 05:49
穆同学，你一般正确率都是多少呀。我感觉自己的正确率忽高忽低。好了70，不好了50。
总是到不了90% 桑 ...

我也不稳定

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-6 10:55

lisiberry 发表于 2017-3-4 18:41
前辈的解释：（学到了！）

雪鹅数量增加，北极鸟受到威胁。

dropping this restriction是提高限令的意思？这到底是怎么样在变化呀。。
另外B我也以为是说人们捕得速度太快以至于比预期提前close了

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-6 11:01

RRZZR 发表于 2017-3-6 04:35
据说想到750，CR和RC对75%就可以了

一开始做OG的时候感觉错误率还挺低的。。结果最近越错越多。。就是不知道该怎么调整

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-6 11:04

lisiberry 发表于 2017-3-4 18:41
前辈的解释：（学到了！）

雪鹅数量增加，北极鸟受到威胁。

这题我又要看了眼，削弱点其实就是：限制的放宽不等于捕杀更多，选项里必须暗示到这一点，有同时提到的只有B，另外几个都无关。
B这个选项乍一看以为是加强，但确实可能会有另外一种你说的可能性

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-6 11:08

lisiberry 发表于 2017-3-4 18:16
哇，又是一道好题。绕死我了。

条件说：香烟要增税8%，而购买的人就减少了。因此可以说香烟的销量逾税后 ...

这题就是用取非看的，但还是不能理解。。。能否详细解释一下D取非是如何削弱的？A取非又如何是不削弱的？

作者: 穆汐寒 时间: 2017-3-6 11:12

lisiberry 发表于 2017-3-4 18:16
哇，又是一道好题。绕死我了。

条件说：香烟要增税8%，而购买的人就减少了。因此可以说香烟的销量逾税后 ...

哦不对。。。我似乎又懂了。。。可以直接带公式进去看哈哈。。

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-3-7 02:14

穆汐寒发表于 2017-3-6 11:12
哦不对。。。我似乎又懂了。。。可以直接带公式进去看哈哈。。

明白了就好

作者: getcosmic 时间: 2018-9-20 00:26
看了好久了，写一点自己的理解
after-tax price=pre-tax price+tax
price 变高--sales 下降
Tax（8 cent）--？-- after-tax price上升----sales下降

A. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.(要确定的仅仅是现在的after-tax价格，和以前的价格的高低对比，这个上升的幅度不能够和8cent一起去量化)
B. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increases was due to a smaller tax increase.
C. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase.
D. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.（总价格没有涨，说明不成立）
E. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.

欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/)