ChaseDream
标题: 【作文6.0小分队】范文分享，回馈CD，祝大家都杀G顺利 [打印本页]
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-10-31 15:30
标题: 【作文6.0小分队】范文分享，回馈CD，祝大家都杀G顺利
鼓励大家每天一篇，不断的总结积累和练习，我会把我收集起来的所有范文全部发出来。
1. Citingfacts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a
downwardtrend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, the author argues
thatOlympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costs and thus maximize profits
in thefuture. In support of this conclusion the author cites the general principlethat "as
organizationslearn how to do things better, they become more efficient." Thisprinciple,
coupledwith the fact that Olympic Foods has had 25 years of experience in the food
processingindustry leads to the author's rosy prediction. This argument is unconvincing
becauseit suffers from two critical flaws.
First,the author's forecast of minimal costs and maximum profits rests on the
gratuitousassumption that Olympic Foods' "long experience" has taught it how todo
thingsbetter. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does theauthor
cite anyevidence to support this assumption. Just as likely, Olympic Foods has learned
nothingfrom its 25 years in the food-processing business. Lacking this assumption, the
expectationof increased efficiency is entirely unfounded.
Second,it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from the color-film processing
industryare applicable to the food processing industry. Differences between the two
industriesclearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than
valid.For example, problems of spoilage, contamination, and timely transportation all
affectthe food industry but are virtually absent in the film-processing industry.
Problemssuch as these might present insurmountable obstacles that prevent lowering
food-processingcosts in the future.
Asit stands the author's argument is not compelling. To strengthen the conclusion
thatOlympic Foods will enjoy minimal costs and maximum profits in the future, the
authorwould have to provide evidence that the company has learned how to do things
better asa result of its 25 years of experience. Supporting examples drawn from
industriesmore similar to the food-processing industry would further substantiate the
author'sview.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-2 16:15
不小心就空了两天。。（出去浪了
） 一回来就感觉来发文章啦！！大家坚持啊~ 杀G练习，不容刻缓！！
In this argument the author concludes that the Apogee Company should dose
downfield offices and conduct all its operations from a single, centralizedlocation
becausethe company had been more profitable in the past when all its operations were
in onelocation. For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing.
First,the author assumes that centralization would improve profitability by cutting
costs andstreamlining supervision of employees. This assumption is never supported
with anydata or projections. Moreover, the assumption fails to take into account cost
increasesand inefficiency that could result from centralization. For instance, company
representativeswould have to travel to do business in areas formerly served by a field
office,creating travel costs and loss of critical time. In short, this assumption mustbe
supportedwith a thorough cost-benefit analysis of centralization versus other possible
cost-cuttingand/or profit-enhancing strategies.
Second,the only reason offered by the author is the claim that Apogee was more
profitablewhen it had operated from a single, centralized location. But is centralization
the onlydifference relevant to greater past profitability? It is entirely possible that
managementhas become lax regarding any number of factors that can affect the bottom
line suchas inferior products, careless product pricing, inefficient production, poor
employeeexpense account monitoring, ineffective advertising, sloppy buying policies
and otherwasteful spending. Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to
diminishingprofits, this argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because one
event(decreasing profits) follows another (decentralization), the second event hasbeen
caused bythe first.
In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that Apogee
shouldclose field offices and centralize. This author must provide a thorough cost-
benefitanalysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than decentralization
thatmight be affecting current profits negatively.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-4 11:04
[范文3] 来了。坚持练习 ！！！
In this argument the author concludesthat the city should allocate some of its arts
fundingto public television. The conclusion is based on two facts: (1) attendance atthe
city's artmuseum has increased proportionally with the increases in visual-arts program
viewingon public television, and (2) public television is being threatened by severecuts
incorporate funding. White this argument is somewhat convincing, a few concerns need
to beaddressed.
Tobegin with, the argument depends on the assumption that increased exposure to
thevisual arts on television, mainly public television, has caused a similarincrease in
localart-museum attendance. However, just because increased art-museum attendance
can bestatistically correlated with similar increases in television viewing ofvisual-arts
programs,this does not necessarily mean that the increased television viewing of arts is
the causeof the rise in museum attendance.
Moreover,perhaps there are other factors relevant to increased interest in the local
artmuseum; for instance, maybe a new director had procured more interesting,exciting
acquisitionsand exhibits during the period when museum attendance increased, in
addition,the author could be overlooking a common cause of both increases. It is
possiblethat some larger social or cultural phenomenon is responsible for greaterpublic
interestin both television arts programming and municipal art museums.
Tobe fair, however, we must recognize that the author's assumption is a special
case of amore general one that television viewing affects people's attitudes and
behavior.Common sense and observation tells me that this is indeed the case. After all,
advertisersspend billions of dollars on television ad time because they trust this
assumptionas well.
Inconclusion, I am somewhat persuaded by this author's line of reasoning. The
argumentwould be strengthened if the author were to consider and rule out other
significantfactors that might have caused the increase in visits to the local art museum.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-5 09:57
[范文4] 尽管是周末，最近上海的天气也是一副春光大好的感觉，貌似好朋友们都出去旅游了...（55555~）但我也要坚持来发范文
In response to a coincidence between calling revenues and delays in manufacturing,the report recommends replacing the manager of the purchasing department.The grounds for this action are twofold. First, the delays are traced to poor planningin purchasing metals. Second, the purchasing manager's lack of knowledge of theproperties of metals is thought to be the cause of the poor planning. It isfurther recommendedthat the position of the purchasing manager be filled by a scientist from theresearch division and that the current purchasing manager be reassigned to thesales department.In support of this latter recommendation, the report states that the current purchasingmanager's background in general business, psychology, and sociology equip him forthis new assignment. The recommendations advanced in the report are questionablefor two reasons.
To begin with, the report fails to establish a causal connection between thefalling revenuesof the company and the delays in manufacturing. The mere fact that falling revenuescoincide with delays in manufacturing is insufficient to conclude that the delayscaused the decline in revenue. Without compelling evidence to support thecausal connectionbetween these two events, the report's recommendations are not worthy of
consideration.
Second,a central assumption of the report is that knowledge of the properties of metals isnecessary for planning in purchasing metals. No evidence is stated in the report tosupport this crucial assumption. Moreover, it is not obvious that such knowledgewould be required to perform this task. Since planning is essentially a logisticalfunction, it is doubtful that in-depth knowledge of the properties of metals would behelpful in accomplishing this task.
In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the recommendation that the managerof the purchasing department be replaced, the author would have to demonstratethat the falling revenues were a result of the delays in manufacturing. Additionally,the author would have to show that knowledge of the properties of metals is aprerequisite for planning in purchasing metals.
作者: banxia903 时间: 2016-11-5 10:59
多谢分享！
作者: HFJ费解 时间: 2016-11-6 00:48
感谢！
作者: 小小叮当猫 时间: 2016-11-7 00:16
duoxie!!
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-7 11:35
上海这个天气，很是不懂，到底过冬还是过夏的，不过财大今天百年校庆，搞什么美食节，我就买一堆来吃起来，安安静静来更贴咯。
【范文5】
A news paper publisher is recommending that the price of its paper, The Mercury,
bereduced below the price of a competing newspaper, The Bugle. This
recommendationresponds to a severe decline in circulation of The Mercury during the
5-yearperiod following the introduction of The Bugle. The publisher's line ofreasoning
is thatlowering the price of The Mercury will increase its readership, therebyincreasing
profitsbecause a wider readership attracts more advertisers. This line of reasoning is
problematicin two critical respects.
While it is clear that increased circulation would make the paper more attractive to
potentialadvertisers, it is not obvious that lowering the subscription price is the most
effectiveway to gain new readers. The publisher assumes that price is the only factor
thatcaused the decline in readership. But no evidence is given to support thisclaim.
Moreover,given that The Mercury was the established local paper, it is unlikely that
such amass exodus of its readers would be explained by subscription price alone.
There are many other factors that might account for a decline in The Mercury's
popularity.For instance, readers might be displeased with the extent and accuracy of its
newsreporting, or the balance of local to other news coverage. Moreover, it ispossible
TheMercury has recently changed editors, giving the paper a locally unpopularpolitical
perspective.Or perhaps readers are unhappy with the paper's format, the timeliness of
itsfeature articles, its comics or advice columns, the extent and accuracy of itslocal
eventcalendar, or its rate of errors.
In conclusion, this argument is weak because it depends on an oversimplified
assumptionabout the causal connection between the price of the paper and its
popularity.To strengthen the argument, the author must identify and explore relevant
factorsbeyond cost before concluding that lowering subscription prices will increase
circulationand, thereby, increase advertising revenues.
作者: like-haha 时间: 2016-11-7 16:14
感谢分享！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-9 13:44
为什么今天风还是这么大啊，上海的妖风真的是要死了。终于稳妥的喝着一点点，坐在了温暖的寝室，来给大家发范文了。
【范文6】 In this argument corporations are urged to consider the city of Helios when
seeking anew location or new business opportunities. To support this recommendation,
theauthor points out that Helios is the industrial center of the region, providingmost of
theregion's manufacturing jobs and enjoying a lower-than-average unemploymentrate.
Moreover,it is argued, efforts are currently underway to expand the economic base o'
the cityby attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative
technologies.This argument is problematic for two reasons.
To begin with, it is questionable whether the available labor pool in Helios could
supportall types of corporations. Given that Helios has attracted mainly industrialand
manufacturingcompanies in the past, it is unlikely that the local pool of prospective
employeeswould be suitable for corporations of other types. For example, the needs of
researchand development companies would not be met by a labor force trained in
manufacturingskills. For this reason, it's unlikely that Helios will be successful in its
attemptto attract companies that focus or research and development of innovative
technologies.
Another problem with the available work force is its size. Due to the lower than
averageunemployment rate in Helios, corporations that require large numbers of
workerswould not find Helios attractive. The fact that few persons are out of work
suggeststhat new corporations will have to either attract new workers to Helios or Day
theexisting workers higher wages in order to lure them away from their currentjobs.
Neitherof these alternatives seems enticing to companies seeking to relocate.
In conclusion, the author has not succeeded in providing compelling reasons for
selectingHelios as the site for a company wishing to relocate. In fact, the reasons
offeredfunction better as reasons for not relocating to Helios. Nor has the author
providedcompelling reasons for companies seeking new business opportunities to
chooseHelios.
作者: maxwellserena 时间: 2016-11-10 15:40
太感谢！同时建议lz把题目也一起贴出来，方便大家练习。
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-11 13:52
不是我不贴题目，而是我只有范文
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-11 13:57
感觉我每天的话题怎么都是天气呀
不过今天上海天气是真的好，很适合拍照啊，哈哈。
暖暖的太阳拍了照，发完帖子就要修片啦
开森！！！
【范文7】
In this argument the author concludes that people trying to lose weight are better
offconsuming sugar than the artificial sweetener aspartame. To support thisconclusion
theauthor argues that aspartame can cause weight gain by triggering food cravings,
whereassugar actually enhances the body's ability to bum fat. Neither of these reasons
providessufficient support for the conclusion.
The first reason that aspartame encourages food cravings is supported by research
findingsthat high level s of aspartame deplete the brain chemical responsible for
registeringa sense of being sated, or full. But the author's generalization based on this
researchis unreliable. The research was based on a sample in which large amounts of
aspartamewere administered; however, the author applies the research findings to s
targetpopulation that includes all aspartame users, many of whom would probably not
consumehigh levels of the artificial sweetener.
The second reason that sugar enhances the body's ability to bum fat is based on
thestudies in which experimental groups, whose members consumed sugar after atleast
45minutes of continuous exercise, showed increased rates of fat burning. Theauthor's
generalclaim, however, applies to all dieters who use sugar instead of aspartame, not
just tothose who use sugar after long periods of exercise. Once again, the author's
generalizationis unreliable because it is based on a sample that clearly does not
representall dieters.
To conclude, each of the studies cited by the author bases its findings onevidence
that doesnot represent dieters in general; for this reason, neither premise of this
argumentis a reliable generalization. Consequently, I am not convinced that dieters are
betteroff consuming sugar instead of aspartame.
作者: 我要做大牛 时间: 2016-11-13 15:11
顶楼主！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-14 10:10
上海，起雾了。
【范文8】
Based upon a survey among workers that indicates a high level of interest in the
topics ofcorporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs, the author
concludesthat workers are not apathetic about management issues. Specifically, it is
arguedthat since 79 percent of the 1200 workers who responded to survey expressed
interestin these topics, the notion that workers are apathetic about management issuesis
incorrect.The reasoning in this argument is problematic in several respects.
First, the statistics cited in the editorial may be misleading because the total
number ofworkers employed by the corporation is not specified. For example, if the
corporationemploys 2000 workers, the fact that 79 percent of the nearly 1200
respondentsshowed interest in these topics provides strong support for the conclusion.
On theother hand, if the corporation employs 200,000 workers, the conclusion is much
weaker.
Another problem with the argument is that the respondents' views are not
necessarilyrepresentative of the views of the work force in general. For example,
becausethe survey has to do with apathy, it makes sense that only less apatheticworkers
wouldrespond to it, thereby distorting the overall picture of apathy among the work
force.Without knowing how the survey was conducted, it is impossible to assess
whetheror not this is the case.
A third problem with the argument is that it makes a hasty generalization about
the typesof issues workers are interested in. It accords with common sense that workers
would beinterested in corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs, since
theseissues affect workers very directly. However, it is unfair to assume thatworkers
would besimilarly interested in other management issues ones that do not affect them or
affectthem less directly.
In conclusion, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To strengthen it, the
authorwould have to show that the respondents account for a significant and
representativeportion of all workers. Additionally, the author must provide evidence of
workers'interest other management topics not just those that affect workers directly.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-16 15:29
今天人大选举呀，爬了个大清早，竟然是去投选票了。我也是被自己的政治觉悟感动了
【范文9】
Based upon a survey among workers that indicates a high level of interest in the
topics ofcorporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs, the author
concludesthat workers are not apathetic about management issues. Specifically, it is
arguedthat since 79 percent of the 1200 workers who responded to survey expressed
interestin these topics, the notion that workers are apathetic about management issuesis
incorrect.The reasoning in this argument is problematic in several respects.
First, the statistics cited in the editorial may be misleading because the total
number ofworkers employed by the corporation is not specified. For example, if the
corporationemploys 2000 workers, the fact that 79 percent of the nearly 1200
respondentsshowed interest in these topics provides strong support for the conclusion.
On theother hand, if the corporation employs 200,000 workers, the conclusion is much
weaker.
Another problem with the argument is that the respondents' views are not
necessarilyrepresentative of the views of the work force in general. For example,
becausethe survey has to do with apathy, it makes sense that only less apatheticworkers
wouldrespond to it, thereby distorting the overall picture of apathy among the work
force.Without knowing how the survey was conducted, it is impossible to assess
whetheror not this is the case.
A third problem with the argument is that it makes a hasty generalization about
the typesof issues workers are interested in. It accords with common sense that workers
would beinterested in corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs, since
theseissues affect workers very directly. However, it is unfair to assume thatworkers
would besimilarly interested in other management issues ones that do not affect them or
affectthem less directly.
In conclusion, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To strengthen it, the
authorwould have to show that the respondents account for a significant and
representativeportion of all workers. Additionally, the author must provide evidence of
workers'interest other management topics not just those that affect workers directly.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-18 13:47
【10】
有题目的作文终于来了，hhhh~
不多说了，直接放文章
On average, middle-aged consumers devote 39% of their retail expenditure to
departmentstore products and services, while for younger consumers the average is
only 25%.Since the number of middle-aged people will increase dramatically within the
nextdecade, department stores can expect retail sales to increase significantlyduring
that period.Furthermore, to take advantage of the trend, these stores should begin to
replacesome of those products intended to attract the younger consumer with products
intendedto attract the middle-aged consumer.
Sample Essay 1:
The argument that department retailsales will increase in the next 10 years and
thusdepartment stores should begin to replace products to attract middle-aged
consumersis not entirely logically convincing, since it omits certain crucial
assumptions
First of all, the argument ignores theabsolute amount of retail expenditure of
middle-agedand younger consumers devoted to department store products and services.
Althoughyounger consumers spend a smaller percentage of their retail expenditure to
departmentstore products than do the middle-aged consumers, they might actually
spendmore in terms of the absolute amount.
Even if middle-aged consumers arespending more than younger ones in
departmentstores, the argument ignores the possibility that the trend may change within
the nextdecade. Younger consumers might prefer to shop in department stores than in
othertypes of stores, and middle-aged consumers might turn to other types of stores,too.
This willlead to a higher expenditure of younger consumers in department stores than
that ofmiddle-aged consumers.
Besides, the argument never addressesthe population difference between middle-
agedconsumers and younger ones. Suppose there are more younger consumers than the
middle-agedones now, the total population base of younger consumers will be bigger
than thatof the middle-aged ones if both of them grow at the same rate in the next
decade.Thus there will be a bigger younger consumer base.
Based on the reasons I listed above, theargument is not completely sound. The
evidencein support of the conclusion does little to prove the conclusion since it does
notaddress the assumptions I have already raised. Ultimately, the argument mighthave
been moreconvincing by making it clear that the absolute population of middle-aged
consumersare higher than that of the younger consumers and the number will continue
to growin the next decade, and that the middle-aged consumers will continue to spend
moremoney in department stores than younger consumers do in the next decade.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-21 12:30
【10】
Sample Essay 2:
The argument that retailers should replace some of the products intended to attract
theyounger consumers with products intended to attract the middle-aged consumersis
notentirely logically convincing, since it ignores certain crucial assumptions.
First, the argument omits the assumption that the business volumes of both the
middle-agedconsumers and the younger consumers are the same. If the business
volume ofthe middle-aged consumers' 39% is smaller than that of the younger
consumers'25%, the retail sales will not increase during the next decade.
Second, even if the business volumes of both the middle-aged consumers and the
youngerconsumers were the same in the last decade, the increase of the middle-aged
people inthe next decade is not same as the increase of the retail expenditure, for the
retailtrade depends more on such factors as the economic circumstances, people's
consumingdesire.
Finally, the argument never assumes the increase of the younger consumers within
the nextdecade. If the younger consumer increase at the same rate and spend the same
amount ofmoney on the goods and services of department stores, the retailers should
neverignore them.
Thus the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of the
conclusionthat the growing number of middle-aged people within the next decade does
little toprove the conclusion-that department stores should begin to replace some of
theirproducts to attract the middle-aged consumers-since it does not address the
assumptionsI have already raised. Ultimately, the argument might have been
strengthenedby making it clear that the business volumes of both types of consumers
are thesame and comparable, that the increase of a certain type of consumers are
correlatedwith the increase of the retail sales, and that the growth rate of the younger
consumersare the same as that of the middle-aged consumers.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-23 14:29
仍然是接着之前那个题目的范文哟~
Sample Essay 3:
Based on an expected increase in the number of middle-aged people during the
nextdecade, the author predicts that retail sales at department stores willincrease
significantlyover the next ten years. To bolster this prediction, the author citesstatistics
showingthat middle-aged people devote a much higher percentage of their retail
expenditureto department-store services and products than younger consumers do.
Since thenumber of middle-aged consumers is on the rise and since they spend more
thanyounger people on department-store goods and services, the author further
recommendsthat department stores begin to adjust their inventories to capitalize on this
trend.Specifically, it is recommended that department stores increase their inventoryof
productsaimed at middle-aged consumers and decrease their inventory, of products
aimed at younger consumers. This argument is problematic for two reasons.
First, an increase in the number of middle-aged people does not necessarily
portendan overall increase in department-store sales. It does so only on the assumption
thatother population groups will remain relatively constant. For example, if the
expectedincrease in the number of middle-aged people is offset by an equally
significantdecrease in the number of younger people, there will be little or no net gain
in sales.
Second, in recommending that department stores replace products intended to
attractyounger consumers with products more suitable to middle-aged consumers, the
authorassumes that the number of younger consumers will not also increase. Since a
sizableincrease in the population of younger consumers could conceivably offset the
differencein the retail expenditure patterns of younger and middle-aged consumers, it
would beunwise to make the recommended inventory adjustment tacking evidence to
support this assumption.
In conclusion, this argument is unacceptable. To strengthen the argument the
authorwould have to provide evidence that the population of younger consumers will
remain relatively constant over the next decade.
作者: 张思男❤️ 时间: 2016-11-23 19:18
stay hungry stay foolish
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-25 13:54
同意！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-25 13:56
我就知道一发出来就会乱，格式得编辑编辑再编辑....
然而还是会有合在一起的地方，辛苦大家将就一下了。
【11】
The conclusion in this argument is that the state legislature need not consider the
views ofprotesting students. To support this conclusion, the author points out thatonly
200 ofthe 12,000 students traveled to the state capitol to voice their concerns about
proposedcuts in college programs. Since the remaining students did not take part inthis
protest,the author concludes they are not interested in this issue. The reasoning inthis
argument is flawed for two reasons.
First, the author assumes that because only one-tenth of the students took part in
theprotest, these students' views are unrepresentative of the entire student body.This
assumptionis unwarranted. If it turns out, for example, that the protesting students were
randomlyselected from the entire student body, their views would reflect the views of
theentire college. Without information regarding the way in which the protesting
studentswere selected, it is presumptuous to conclude that their opinions fail to reflect
the opinions of their colleagues.
Second, the author cites the fact that the remaining 12,000 students stayed on
campus orleft for winter break as evidence that they are not concerned about their
education.One obvious rejoinder to this line of reasoning is that the students who did
notparticipate did so when they that their concerns would be expressed by the
protestingstudents. In any case, the author has failed to demonstrate a logical
connectionbetween the students' alleged lack of concern and the fact that they either
stayed oncampus or left for winter break. Without this connection, the conclusion
reachedby the author that the remaining 12,000 students are not concerned about their
education is unacceptable.
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable,
theauthor would have to demonstrate that the protesting students had some
characteristicin common that biases their views, thereby nullifying their protest as
representative of the entire college.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-28 09:56
【12】
The recommendation endorsed in this argument is that residents of San Perdito
votecurrent mayor Montoya out of office, and re-elect former mayor Varro. Thereasons
cited arethat during Montoya's four years in office the population has decreased while
unemploymenthas increased, whereas during Varro's term unemployment declined
while thepopulation grew. This argument involves the sort of gross oversimplification
andemotional appeal typical of political rhetoric; for this reason it is unconvincing.
First of all, the author assumes that the Montoya administration caused the
unemploymentin San Perdito as well as its population loss. The line of reasoning is that
becauseMontoya was elected before the rise in unemployment and the decline in
population,the former event caused the latter. But this is fallacious reasoning unless
otherpossible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example,
perhaps astatewide or nationwide recession is the cause of these events. Or perhaps the
currenteconomic downturn is part of a larger picture of economic cycles and trends,
and hasnothing to do with who happens to be mayor. Yet another possibility is that
Varroenjoyed a period of economic stability and Varro's own administration set the
stage forthe unemployment and the decline in population the city is now experiencing
under Montoya.
Secondly,job availability and the economic health of one's community are issues
thataffect people emotionally. The argument at hand might have been intentionally
oversimplifiedfor the specific purpose of angering citizens of San Perdito, and thereby
turningthem against the incumbent mayor. Arguments that bypass relevant, complex
reasoningin favor of stirring up emotions do nothing to establish their conclusions;they
are also unfair to the parties involved.
In conclusion, I would not cast my vote for Varro on the basis of this weak
argument.The author must provide support for the assumption that Mayor Montoya has
causedSan Perdito's poor economy. Moreover, such support would have to involve
examiningand eliminating other possible causal factors. Only with more convincing
evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-28 10:00
天气这么好，大家应该学习起来了~
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-30 16:06
【13】
The conclusion of this argument is thatadvertising the reduced price of selected
items inthe Daily Gazette will result in increased sales overall. To support it, theauthor
cites aninformal poll conducted by sales clerks when customers purchased advertised
items.Each time one or more of the advertised items was sold, the clerks askedwhether
thecustomer had read the ad. It turned out that two-thirds of 200 shoppersquestioned
said thatthey had read the ad. In addition, of those who reported reading the ad, more
than half spent over $100 in the store. This argument is unconvincing for two reasons.
To begin with, the author's line of reasoning is that the advertisement was the
cause ofthe purchase of the sale items. However, while the poll establishes a ion
betweenreading the ad and purchasing sale items, and also indicates a correlation,
thoughless significantly, between reading the ad and buying non-sale t does not
establisha general causal relationship between these events. To establish this
relationship,other factors that could bring about this result must be 'red and eliminated.
Forexample, if the four days during which the poll was conducted preceded
Thanksgivingand the advertised items were traditionally associated with this holiday,
then the results of the poll would be extremely biased and unreliable.
Moreover,the author assumes that the poll indicates that advertising certain sale
willcause a general increase in sales. But the poll does not even address the issueof
increasedoverall sales; it informs us mainly that, of the people who purchased sales
items,more had read the ad than not. A much clearer indicator of the ad'seffectiveness
would bea comparison of overall sales on days the ad ran with overall sales on
otherwise similar days when the ad did not run.
In sum, this argument is defective mainly because the poll does not support the
conclusionthat sales in general will increase when reduced-price products are
advertisedin the Daily Gazette. To strengthen the argument, the author must, at the very
least,provide comparisons of overall sales reports as described above.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-11-30 16:09
大家没有回复，我也不知道大家有没有看呀...有在好好学习吗？
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-2 12:22
【14】
In an attempt to sell radio advertising time, this ad claims that radio advertising
will makebusinesses more profitable. The evidence cited is a ten percent increase in
businessthat the Cumquat Cafe has experienced in the year during which it advertised
on thelocal radio station. This argument is unconvincing because two questionable
assumptionsmust be made for the stated evidence to support the authors conclusion.
The first assumption is that radio advertising alone has caused the increase in
businessat the Cumquat Cafe. This assumption is questionable because it overlooks a
number ofother factors that might have contributed to the Cumquat's success. For
example,the Cumquat might have changed owners or chefs; it might have launched a
coupon adcampaign in the local print media; or it might have changed or updated the
menu. Yetanother possibility is that a local competitor went out of business. These are
just afew of the factors that could help explain the Cumquat's growth. Because the
authorfails to eliminate these possibilities, the assumption in question need not be
accepted.
Evenif it is granted that radio advertising is responsible for the Cumquat's
success,another assumption must be made before we can conclude that radio
advertisingwill result in increased profits for businesses in general. We must also
assumethat what is true of the Cumquat will likewise be true of most otherbusinesses.
But thereare all kinds of important differences between cafes and other businesses that
couldaffect how radio audiences react to their advertising. We cannot safely assume
thatbecause a small restaurant has benefited from radio advertising, that any andall
localbusinesses will similarly benefit.
In conclusion, it would be imprudent for a business to invest in radio advertising
solely onthe basis of the evidence presented. To strengthen the conclusion, it must be
establishedthat radio advertising was the principal cause of increased business at the
Cumquat.Once this is shown, it must be determined that the business in question is
sufficientlylike the Cumquat, and so can expect similar returns from investment in
radio adtime.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-5 15:40
【15】
Two yearsago Nova High School began to use interactive computer instruction in
threeacademic subjects. The school dropout rate declined immediately and last year's
graduateshave reported some impressive achievements in college. In future budgets the
schoolboard should use a greater portion of the available funds to buy morecomputers,
and theschools in the district should adopt interactive computer instructionthroughout
thecurriculum.
SampleEssay 1:
The argument that the school board should buy more computers and adopt
interactivecomputer instruction is not entirely logically convincing, since it ignores
certain crucial assumptions.
First,the argument assumes that the decline of school dropout and the
achievementsof last year's graduates' results from the adoption of interactive computer
instruction.However, there are several reasons why this might not be true. For example,
achievementscould have been made in other subjects than the ones with interactive
computerinstruction. Or last years' graduates might not have been given the interactive
computerinstruction. Or the decline of the rate of dropout could be attributed tostricter
discipline applied last year.
Second, even supposing the Nova HighSchool's decline of the dropout and last
year'sgraduates' achievements benefit directly from the usage of interactive computer
instruction,the success of the instruction in one school may not ensure the success in
otherschools. If it does not suit other schools, the instruction will not work.
Finally, even if the decline of the rateof dropout and the achievements of the last
year'sgraduates' are the direct results of the interactive computer instruction, westill do
not knowwhether the school can afford to apply the instruction on all the subjects orto
all thestudents. If the school does not have sufficient fund and has to cut budgets on
other projects such as the library, the quality of the school's education will also
compromise.
Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of the
conclusionthat the dropout rate declined and last year's graduates made impressive
achievementsdoes little to prove the conclusion-that other schools should use a greater
portionof their funds to apply the instruction-since it does not address theassumptions I
havealready raised. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by making
it clearthat the decline of the dropout rate and the achievements of the graduates arethe
directresults of interactive computer instruction, that the instruction is alsoapplicable to
otherschools in the district, and that the instruction is affordable to all the schools in the
district.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-7 13:53
【16】
Sample Essay 2:
The editorial recommends that the school board of Nova High spend a greater
portionof available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adoptinteractive
computerinstruction throughout the curriculum. Two reasons are offered in support of
thisrecommendation. First, the introduction of interactive computer instruction inthree
academicsubjects was immediately followed by a decline in the school dropout rate.
Second,last year's graduates experienced impressive achievements in college. This
argumentis unconvincing for two reasons.
To begin with, this argument is a classic instance of "after this, thereforebecause
ofthis" reasoning. The mere fact that the introduction of interactivecomputer
instructionpreceded the impressive performance of recent graduates and the decline in
thedropout rate is insufficient to conclude that it was the cause of these events.Many
otherfactors could bring about these same results. For example, the school may have
implementedcounseling and training programs that better meet the needs of students
who mightotherwise leave school to take jobs. In addition, the school may have
introduced programs to better prepare students for college.
Secondly,the author assumes that the impressive achievements of last year's
graduatesbear some relation to the introduction of interactive computer instruction at
NovaHigh. However, no evidence is offered to support this assumption. Lacking
evidencethat links the achievements of the recent graduates to the interactive
instruction,it is presumptuous to suggest that the computer instruction was in some way
responsiblefor the students' impressive performance.
In conclusion, the recommendation that Nova High spend a greater portion of
availablefunds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive computer
instructionthroughout the curriculum is ill-founded. To strengthen this recommendation
theauthor would have to demonstrate that the decline in the dropout rate and the
impressiveperformance of recent graduates came about as a result of the use of
computer-interactiveinstruction. All that has been shown so far is a correlation between
these events.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-9 13:06
【17】
This political advertisement recommendsre-electing governor Adams because he
has aproven leadership role in improving the state's economy. In support of thisreason
theauthor cites these statistics: in the past year, most state workers' wages havegone up;
5,000 newjobs have been created; and six corporations have located in the state.
Anotherreason offered for re-electing Adams is a recent poll, which indicates thatmost
respondentsbelieve the state economy would continue to improve if he were re-elected.
Finally,the author claims that rival Zebulon would harm the state's economy because he
disagreeswith Adams' fiscal policies. This argument is fraught with vague,
oversimplified and unwarranted claims.
To begin with, the statistics are intended to support the main claim that thestate is
economicallybetter off with Adams as governor. But these statistics are vague and
oversimplified,and thus may distort the state's overall economic picture. For example,
stateworkers' pay raises may have been minuscule and may not have kept up with cost
of livingor with pay for state workers in other states. Moreover, the 5,000 new jobs may
have beentoo few to bring state unemployment rates down significantly; at the same
time,many jobs may have been lost. Finally, the poll indicates that six newcorporations
located in the state, but fails to indicate if any left.
Next,the poll cited by the author is described in the vaguest possible terms. The
ad doesnot indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or how the poll was
conducted.Until these questions are answered, the survey results are worthless as
evidencefor public opinion about Adams or his economic policies.
Finally,while we have only vague and possibly distorted evidence that the state is
betteroff with Adams, we have absolutely no evidence that it would be worse off with
Zebulon.Given that the state economy is good at the moment, none of the author's
reasonsestablishes that Adams is the cause of this. And neither do they establish that
the state wouldn't be even better off with someone else in office.
In conclusion, this argument is weak. To strengthen the argument, the author must
provideadditional information about the adequacy of state workers' pay raises, the
effect ofthe 5,000 jobs on the state's employment picture, the overall growth of
corporationsin the state, and other features of the state economy. Also, the author must
supportthe claims that Adams' actions have caused any economic improvement and
that inthe future Adams will impart more economic benefit than would Zebulon.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-12 15:15
【18】
Demographic trends that indicate an increase in the number of college-aged
peopleover the next ten years lead the author to predict an improved job market forall
peopleseeking college-level teaching positions in their academic disciplines.Moreover,
theauthor argues that since Waymarsh University students with advanced degrees had
anespecially difficult time finding teaching jobs in the past, these trendsportend better
timesahead for Waymarsh graduates. This argument is problematic in three important
respects.
First, the author assumes that an increase in the number of college-aged people
over thenext decade will necessarily result in an increase in the number of people who
attendcollege during this period. While this is a reasonable assumption, it is by no
means acertainty. For example, a world war or economic depression in the next decade
would certainly nullify this expectation.
Second,even if we grant the preceding assumption, we must also consider the
additionalassumption that increased university enrollments will lead to an increase in
teachingpositions in all fields. However, it might turn out that some teachingspecialties
are ingreater demand than others in the future, resulting in a disproportionatenumber of
teachingpositions available in various fields. Consequently, persons trained in some
fields might find it more difficult, if not impossible, to find teaching jobs in thefuture.
Finally,little can be foretold regarding the employability of Waymarsh graduates
in thefuture based on the information provided in the argument. Lacking information
about thereasons why Waymarsh graduates had an especially difficult time finding
teachingjobs, it is difficult to assess their prospects for the future. It is probable,
however,that since Waymarsh has had an especially hard time placing graduates in the
past, themere fact that more jobs are available will not, by itself, ensure thatWaymarsh
graduates will have an easier time finding teaching jobs during the next decade.
In conclusion, this argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument, the
authormust provide evidence that the only major trend in the next decade will be an
increasein the number of people reaching college age. Regarding the future prospects
forWaymarsh graduates, the author must provide evidence that there were no
idiosyncratic reasons that prevented them from finding jobs in the past.
作者: Lucy07569 时间: 2016-12-12 21:47
感谢分享！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-14 14:52
【19】
This ad recommends non-prescription Acid-Ease over non-prescription Pepticaid
forrelief of excess stomach acid. The only reason offered is that doctors havewritten 76
millionmore prescriptions for the full-strength prescription form of Acid-Ease thanfor
full-strengthPepticaid. While this reason is relevant, and provides some grounds for
preferringAcid-Ease over Pepticaid, it is insufficient as it stands because it depends on
three unwarranted assumptions.
The first assumption is that the prescription form of Acid-Ease is more popular
amongdoctors. But this might not be the case, even though doctors have written 76
millionmore prescriptions for Acid-Ease. Acid-Ease may have been available for
severalmore years than Pepticaid; and in the years when both products were available,
Pepticaid might have actually been prescribed more often than Acid-Ease.
The second assumption is that doctors prefer the prescription form of Acid-Ease
for thereason that it is in fact more effective at relieving excess stomach acid.However,
doctorsmay have preferred Acid-Ease for reasons other than its effectiveness. Perhaps
Acid-Easeis produced by a larger, more familiar drug company or by one that
distributesmore free samples. For that matter, the medical community may have simply
beenmistaken in thinking that Acid-Ease was more effective. In short, the number of
prescriptions by itself is not conclusive as to whether one product is actually better than
another.
The third assumption is that the milder non-prescription forms of Acid-Ease and
Pepticaidwill be analogous to the full-strength prescription forms of each. But this
might notbe the case. Suppose for the moment that the greater effectiveness of
prescriptionAcid-Ease has been established; even so, the non-prescription form might
notmeasure up to non-prescription Pepticaid. This fact must be established
independently.
In conclusion, this ad does not provide enough support for its recommending non-
prescriptionAcid-Ease over non-prescription Pepticaid. To strengthen its argument, the
promoterof Acid-Ease would have to show that (1) the comparison between the number
ofprescriptions is based on the same time period; (2) its effectiveness is themain reason
moredoctors have prescribed it, and (3) the comparative effectiveness of the two non-
prescription forms is analogous to that of the prescription forms.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-16 13:07
【20】
In thisargument, the head of a government department concludes that the
departmentdoes not need to strengthen either its ethics regulations or its enforcement
mechanismsin order to encourage ethical behavior by companies with which it does
business.The first reason given is that businesses have agreed to follow the
department'sexisting code of ethics. The second reason is that the existing code is
relevantto the current business environment. This argument is unacceptable for several
reasons.
Thesole support for the claim that stronger enforcement mechanisms are
unnecessarycomes from the assumption that companies will simply keep their promises
to followthe existing code. But, since the department head clearly refers to rules
violationsby these same businesses within the past year, his faith in their word is
obviouslymisplaced. Moreover, it is commonly understood that effective rules carry
with themmethods of enforcement and penalties for violations.
Toshow that a strengthened code is unnecessary, the department head claims that
theexisting code of ethics is relevant. In partial clarification of the vague term
"relevant,"we are told that the existing code was approved in direct response to
violationsoccurring in the past year. If the full significance of being relevant is thatthe
coderesponds to last year's violations, then the department head must assume thatthose
violationswill be representative of all the kinds of ethics problems that concern the
department.This is unlikely; in addition, thinking so produces an oddly short-sighted
idea ofrelevance.
Sucha narrow conception of the relevance of an ethics code points up its
weakness.The strength of an ethics code lies in its capacity to cover many different
instancesof the general kinds of behavior thought to be unethical to cover not only last
year'sspecific violations, but those of previous years and years to come. Yet thisauthor
explicitlyrejects a comprehensive code, preferring the existing code because it is
"relevant"and "not in abstract anticipation of potential violations."
Insum, this argument is naive, vague and poorly reasoned. The department head
has notgiven careful thought to the connection between rules and their enforcement, to
whatmakes an ethics code relevant, or to how comprehensiveness strengthens a code.
In thefinal analysis, he adopts a backwards view that a history of violations should
determinerules of ethics, rather than the other way around.
作者: HonTintin 时间: 2016-12-18 11:42
感谢分享！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-19 15:19
【21】
Recent social changes in the country of Spiessa lead the author to predict a
continuedsurge in growth of that country's restaurant industry. Rising personal incomes,
additionalleisure time, an increase in single-person households, and greater interest in
gourmetfood are cited as the main reasons for this optimistic outlook. All of these
factorsare indeed relevant to growth in the restaurant industry; so the predictionappears
reasonableon its face. However, three questionable assumptions operative in this
argument bear close examination.
The first dubious assumption is that the supply of restaurants in Spiessa will
continueto grow at the same rate as in the recent past. However, even in the most
favorableconditions and the best of economic times there are just so many restaurants
that agiven population can accommodate and sustain. It is possible that the demandfor
restaurantshas already been met by the unprecedented growth of the past decade, in
whichcase the recent social changes will have little impact on the growth of the
restaurant industry.
A second assumption is that the economic and social circumstances cited by the
authorwill actually result in more people eating out at restaurants. This assumptionis
unwarranted,however. For example, increased leisure time may just as likely result in
morepeople spending more time cooking gourmet meals in their own homes. Also,
singlepeople may actually be more likely than married people to eat at home than togo
out formeals. Finally, people may choose to spend their additional income in other
ways—onexpensive cars, travel, or larger homes.
A third poor assumption is that, even assuming people in Spiessa will choose to
spendmore time and money eating out, no extrinsic factors will stifle this demand.This
assumptionis unwarranted. Any number of extrinsic factors—such as a downturn in the
generaleconomy or significant layoffs at Spiessa's largest businesses—may stall the
currentrestaurant surge. Moreover, the argument fails to specify the "socialchanges"
that haveled to the current economic boom. If it turns out these changes are politically
driven,then the surge may very well reverse if political power changes hands.
In conclusion, this argument unfairly assumes a predictable future course for both
supplyand demand. To strengthen the argument, the author must at the very least show
thatdemand for new restaurants has not yet been exhausted, that Spiessa can
accommodatenew restaurants well into the future, and that the people of Spiessa
actuallywant to eat out more.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-21 15:06
【22】
Laboratory studies show that Saluda Natural Spring Water contains several of the
mineralsnecessary for good health and that it is completely free of bacteria. Residents
ofSaluda, the small town where the water is bottled, are hospitalized lessfrequently
than thenational average. Even though Saluda Natural Spring Water may seem
expensive,drinking it instead of tap waster is a wise investment in good health
Sample Essay 1:
The argument that drinking Saluda Natural Spring Water instead of tap water is a
wiseinvestment in good health is not entirely logically convincing, since it lacks certain
supporting factors.
Firstly, the argument assumes thatSaluda Natural Spring Water is the major
reasonwhy residents of Saluda are less frequently hospitalized than the nationalaverage.
However,there is little evidence that this water is the only difference between thisplace
and therest of the country. And the reason why people in other places are more
hospitalizedare numerous and varied. There are so many other factors that would bring
people in other places to hospitals, such as accidents, food contamination, illnesses,etc.
Secondly, the argument also assumes that the minerals in Saluda National Spring
Water arethe key minerals for the good health of the residents of Saluda. However, this
may notbe true. We need not only minerals to keep good heath but also various
vitamins.Besides, our body needs more minerals than those contained in Saluda Natural
Spring Water.
Finally, even if the Saluda water is the major reason why the residents of Saluda
are lesshospitalized, the argument still omits the fact that there is more than one wayto
keepdrinking water free from bacteria. For instance, the most common practice is to
boilwater up to 100 degree Celsius and keep it at that degree for more than 5minutes.
Therefore drinking Saluda water to keep good health is not the only alternative.
Thus,the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of the
conclusionthat the Saluda residents are less hospitalized does little to prove the
conclusion-thatdrinking Saluda Natural Spring Water is a wise investment in good
health-sinceit omits the assumptions I have just raised. The argument might have been
strengthenedby making it plain that Saluda Natural Spring Water is the major reason
why theresidents of Saluda are less hospitalized, that the water contains all themajor
minerals essential for the human body, and that there is no other way to keep water from
bacteria.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-23 11:26
【23】
Sample Essay 2:
In this argument the author concludes that drinking Saluda Natural Spring Water
(SNSW) ispreferable to drinking tap water. Three reasons are offered in support of this
conclusion:SNSW contains several of the minerals necessary for good health, it is
completelytree of bacteria, and residents of Saluda—the town where it is bottled—are
hospitalizedless frequently than the national average. This argument is unconvincing
because it relies on a variety of dubious assumptions.
The first questionable assumption underlying this argument that tap water does
notcontain the minerals in question and is not completely free of bacteria. This
assumptionis not supported in the argument. If tap water is found to contain the same
mineral sand to be free of bacteria, the author's conclusion is substantiallyundermined.
A second assumption of the argument is that the water residents of Saluda drinkis
the sameas SNSW. Lacking evidence to the contrary, it is possible that Saluda is notthe
source ofthe bottled water but is merely the place where SNSW is bottled. No evidence
is offered in the argument to dispute this possibility.
Finally,it is assumed without argument that the reason residents are hospitalized
less frequentlythan the national average is that they drink SNSW. Again, no evidence is
offeredto support this assumption. Perhaps the residents are hospitalized lessfrequently
becausethey are younger than the national average, because they are all vegetarians,or
becausethey exercise daily. That is, there might be other reasons than the one citedto
account for this disparity.
In conclusion, this is an unconvincing argument. To strengthen the conclusion that
SNSW ismore healthful than tap water, the author must provide evidence that tap water
containsharmful bacteria not found in SNSW. Moreover, the author must demonstrate
that theresidents of Saluda regularly drink the same water as SNSW and that this is
why they are hospitalized less frequently than the national average.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-26 15:55
【24】
The conclusion of this editorial is that the government should lower property taxes
forrailroad companies. The first reason given is that railroads spend billions peryear
maintainingand upgrading their facilities. The second reason is that shipping goods by
rail iscost-effective and environmentally sound. This argument is unconvincing for
several reasons.
First of alt, the argument depends upon a misleading comparison between railroad
and truckcompany expenditures. Although trucking companies do not pay property tax
on roadsthey use, they do pay such taxes on the yards, warehouses and maintenance
facilitiesthey own. And while trucking companies pay only a portion of road
maintenancecosts, this is because they are not sole users of public roads. Railroad
companiesshoulder the entire burden of maintenance and taxes on their own facilities
and tracks; but they distribute these costs to other users through usage fees.
In addition, the author assumes that property taxes should be structured toprovide
incentivesfor cost-effective and environmentally beneficial business practices. This
assumptionis questionable because property taxes are normally structured to reflect the
value ofproperty. Moreover, the author seems to think that cost-effectiveness and
environmentalsoundness are equally relevant to the question of tax relief. However,
these areseparate considerations. The environmental soundness of a practice might be
relevantin determining tax structuring, but society does not compensate a business for
its cost-efficiency.
Splitting the issues of cost-efficiency and environmental impact highlights an
ambiguityin the claim that railway shipping is more appropriate. On the one hand, it
may be appropriate,or prudent, for me to ship furniture by rail because it is cost-
effective;on the other hand, it might be appropriate, or socially correct, to encourage
morerailway shipping because it is environmentally sound. The argument thus trades
on anequivocation between social correctness on the one hand, and personal orbusiness
prudenceon the other.
In sum, this argument is a confusion of weak comparisons, mixed issues and
equivocalclaims. I would not accept the conclusion without first determining: (1) the
factorsrelevant to tax structure, (2) whether specific tax benefits should accrue to
propertyas well as to income and capital gains taxes, (3) whether railway shipping
reallydoes provide greater social benefits, and (4) whether it is correct to motivatemore
railway shipping on thisbasis.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-28 13:13
【25】
The conclusion in this argument is that increased vigilance by drug enforcement
authoritieshas resulted in an increase in the illegal use of cocaine. The author reaches
thisconclusion on the grounds that drug traffickers have responded to increased
enforcementefforts by switching from bulkier and riskier drugs to cocaine. Presumably,
theauthor's reasoning is that the increased enforcement efforts inadvertentlybrought
about anincrease in the supply of cocaine which, in turn, brought about the observed
increasein the illegal use of cocaine. This line of reasoning is problematic in two
important respects.
In the first place, the author has engaged in "after this, therefore becauseof this"
reasoning.The only reason offered for believing that the increased vigilance caused the
increasein cocaine use is the fact that the former preceded the latter. No additional
evidencelinking the two events is offered in the argument, thus leaving open the
possibilitythat the two events are not causally related but merely correlated. This inturn
leavesopen the possibility that factors other than the one cited are responsible forthe
increasein cocaine use.
In the second place, the author assumes that an increase in the supply of cocaineis
sufficientto bring about an increase in its use. While this is a tempting assumption, itis
aproblematic one. The presumption required to substantiate this view is thatdrug users
are notparticular about which drugs they use, so that if marijuana and heroin are not
available,they will switch to whatever drug is available—cocaine in this case. The
assumptiondoes not seem reasonable on its face. Marijuana, heroin, and cocaine are not
alike intheir effects on users; nor are they alike in the manner in which they are
ingestedor in their addictive properties. The view that drug users' choice of drugs is
simply afunction of supply overlooks these important differences.
In conclusion, the author has failed to establish a causal link between increased
enforcementefforts and the observed increase in illegal cocaine use. While the
enforcementactivities may have been a contributing factor, to show a clear causal
connection the author must examine and rule out various other factors.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2016-12-30 14:54
【26】
This speaker draws the conclusion that there is no need to substantially increase
fundingfor Einstein High School. To support this conclusion, the speaker claims that
Einsteinhas improved its educational efficiency over the past 20 years, even though
fundinglevel s have remained relatively constant. His evidence is that two-thirds of
Einstein'sgraduates now go on to college, whereas 20 years ago only half of its students
did so.This argument suffers from several critical problems.
To begin with, we must establish the meaning of the vague concept"educational
efficiency."If the term is synonymous with the rate of graduation to college, then the
statisticscited would strongly support the argument. But, normally we are interested in
somethingmore than just the numbers of students who go on to college from a high
school;we also want to know how well the school has prepared students for a
successfulcollege experience—that is, whether the school has provided a good
secondaryeducation. Thus, for the speaker the term "educational efficiency"must
essentially carry the same meaning as "educational quality."
Given this clarification, one of the speaker's assumptions is that the rate of
graduationto college has increased because Einstein is doing a better job of educating
itsstudents. However, the fact that more Einstein graduates now go on to collegemight
simplyreflect a general trend. And the general trend might have less to do with
improvedsecondary education than with the reality that a college degree is now the
standard of entry into most desirable jobs.
But even if the quality of education at Einstein had improved, would this be a
compellingreason to deny Einstein additional funding? I don't think so. It is possible
that theschool has managed to deliver better education in spite of meager funding.
Teachersmay be dipping into their own pockets for supplies and other resources
necessaryfor doing their job well. Perhaps the quality of education at Einstein would
improve even more with additional financial support.
In sum, this argument does not establish the conclusion that additional fundingfor
Einsteinis unnecessary. To do so, the speaker would have to provide evidence that the
qualityof education at Einstein has improved. This could be done by examining student
assessmentscores or by tracking students through their college careers to see how many
successfullygraduate and find jobs. In addition, the speaker would also have to show
thatEinstein is doing a good job with adequate financial support, and not merely in
spite of insufficient funding.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-2 12:21
【27】
The customer-service division of Mammon Savings and Loan recommends that
the bestway for the bank to attract new customers and differentiate itself fromits
competitorsis to improve its service to customers—specifically, by reducing waiting
time inteller lines, opening for business 30 minutes earlier, and closing an hourlater.
Theseimprovements, it is argued, will give the bank the edge over its competitorsand
make itappear more customer-friendly. For the most part this recommendation is
well-reasoned;a few concerns must be addressed, however.
First,the author assumes that Mammon's competitors are similar to Mammon in
allrespects other than the ones listed. In fact, Mammon's competitors may be more
convenientlylocated to customers, or offer other services or products on more attractive
termsthan Mammon. If so, Mammon may not gain the edge it seeks merely by
enhancing certain services.
Secondly,the author assumes that the proposed improvements will sufficiently
distinguishMammon from its competitors. This is not necessarily the case. Mammon's
competitorsmay already offer, or may plan to offer, essentially the same customer-
servicefeatures as those Mammon proposes for itself. If so, Mammon may not gain the
edge itseeks merely by enhancing these services.
Thirdly,the author assumes that Mammon can offer these improved services
withoutsacrificing any other current features that attract customers, in fact, Mammon
may haveto cut back other services or offer accounts on less attractive terms, all to
compensatefor the additional costs associated with the proposed improvements. By
renderingits other features less attractive to customers, Mammon may not attain the
competitive edge it seeks.
In conclusion, Mammon's plan for attracting new customers and differentiating
itselffrom its competitors is only modestly convincing. While improvements in
customerservice generally tend to enhance competitiveness, it is questionable whether
the specific improvements advocated in the recommendation are broad enough to be
effective.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-4 14:58
【28】
The author concludes that City L has good schools, affordable housing, friendly
people,flourishing arts and a safe environment. To support this claim the author citesan
annualsurvey that ranks cities according to quality of life. Two years ago City L was
listed14th in this survey. As it stands this argument is unconvincing.
First,the author fails to indicate what individual characteristics of cities were used
ascriteria for the ranking. To the extent that the criteria used in the surveywere the
same asthe features listed by the author in the conclusion, the conclusion would b
warranted.On the other hand, if the survey employed entirely different criteria—for
example,outdoor recreational opportunities or educational achievement levels of adult
residents—then the author's conclusion would be wholly unwarranted.
Secondly,the author provides no indication of how each characteristic was
weightedin the ranking. For example, City L may have far and away the most
flourishingarts scene among the cities surveyed, but it may have poor schools,
unfriendlypeople, and an unsafe environment. The extent to which the survey
accuratelyreflects City L's overall quality of life in this case would depend largely on
the relative weight placed on the arts as a factor affecting quality of life.
Thirdly,the author fails to indicate how many cities were included in the survey.
Th morecities included in the survey, the stronger the argument—and vice versa. For
example,if 2,000 cities were surveyed, then City L would rank in the top one percent in
terms ofquality of life. On the other hand, if only 14 cities were surveyed then City L
would rank last.
Finally,the author's conclusion depends on the questionable assumption that the
conditionslisted by the author have remained unchanged in City L since the survey was
conductedtwo years ago. Admittedly, had ten years elapsed the argument would be
evenweaker. Yet two years is sufficient time for a significant change in theoverall
economy,the city's fiscal policies, its financial condition, or its political climate.Any of
these factors can affect the quality of schools, the extent to which art isflourishing, or
the cost of housing.
In conclusion, the author does not adequately support the conclusion. To
strengthenthe argument, the author must show that the criteria used in the survey were
the sameas the features listed in the conclusion and were weighted in a way that does
notdistort the picture in City L. To better assess the argument, we would alsoneed more
informationabout the cities included in the survey, as well as what changes in City L
have occurred during thepast two years.
作者: bigbabysmell 时间: 2017-1-6 13:59
顶楼主！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-6 18:22
谢谢，谢谢，我一定每天坚持找范文，坚持发下去
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-6 19:29
【29】
The following appeared in a memorandum from a member of a financial management
and consulting firm.
"We have learned from an employeeof Windfall, Ltd., that its accounting
department,by checking about ten percent of the last month's purchasing invoices for
errorsand inconsistencies, saved the company some $10,000 in overpayments. In order
to helpour clients increase their net gains, we should advice each of them toinstitute a
policy ofchecking all purchasing invoices for errors. Such a recommendation could
also helpus get the Windfall account by demonstrating to Windfall the rigorousness of
our methods."
SampleEssay 1:
The argument that checking allpurchasing invoices for errors will not only
increasethe net gains of the clients but also help the firm get the Windfall account isnot
entirely logically convincing, since it ignores certain crucial assumptions.
First, the argument assumes thatinstituting a policy of checking all purchasing
invoicescan help find out the errors and inconsistencies. There are a number of reasons
why thismight not be true. For example, the people who check the accounts will
probablymake mistakes as anyone else, intentionally or unconsciously. If they do,
checking purchasing invoices will not help avoid errors and inconsistencies.
Second, even if the checking can helpavoid errors and inconsistencies, it will not
necessarilysave money for the company, for it is also likely that the accounting
departmentmakes no mistakes. If they have no errors, how can the checking save
money forthe company.
Finally, even supposing the checkingdoes save money for the company, the
argumentignores the fact that the checking itself costs the company money. If the cost
is morethan the gains from the errors, the company will lose money.
Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of the
conclusionthat the checking of last month's invoices has saved the company $10,000
doeslittle prove the conclusion-that checking all purchasing invoices for errorswill
increasethe net gains of the clients but also help the firm get the Windfallaccount-since
it doesnot address the assumptions I have already raised. Ultimately, the argument
mighthave been strengthened by making it plain that checking all invoices willsurely
help findout errors, that all the invoices are bound to contain errors, and that the
checking itself will not cost much.
作者: wttlll 时间: 2017-1-8 20:51
楼主 可以建立一个互助群吗 大家互相该改作文？ 要是可以的话 非常感谢呢~~
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-9 13:02
【30】
SampleEssay 2:
In this argument a member of a financial management and consulting firm reasons
thatsince Windfall Ltd. increased its net gains by checking 10 percent of itspurchasing
invoicesfor errors, it would be a good idea to advise the firm's clients to institutea
policy ofchecking all purchasing invoices for errors. Two potential benefits are
foreseenfrom this recommendation: it could help the firm's clients increase their net
gains,and it could help the firm land the Windfall account. The member's argument is
unconvincing for a couple of reasons.
The main problem with the argument is that the conclusion is based upon
insufficientevidence. The fact that some of Windfall's purchasing invoices contained
errorsmight simply be attributable to the sloppy accounting practices of Windfall's
suppliers.Thus, rather than indicating a general problem, the invoice errors might
simply beindicative of a problem that is specific to Windfall Ltd. In other words, the
evidencedrawn from Windfall's experience is insufficient to support the conclusion that
all purchasing invoices are subject to similar errors.
Secondly,the evidence offered in the argument suggests only that companies
purchasingfrom the same suppliers that Windfall purchases from are likely to
experiencesimilar problems. If the firm's clients do not purchase from Windfall's
suppliers,checking for errors might turn out to be a monumental waste of time.
In conclusion, the author's argument fails to provide good grounds for instituting
thepolicy of routinely checking purchasing invoices for errors. To strengthen the
conclusionthe author would have to provide evidence that this is a widespread problem.
Specifically,what is required are additional instances of purchasing invoices containing
errorsthat are drawn from various companies.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-9 13:03
可以啊，我建吗？放个二维码会不会被封....我还有点担心
作者: 灰暖暖 时间: 2017-1-9 18:31
感谢分享！
作者: wttlll 时间: 2017-1-9 22:43
好呀好呀 要不然建一个QQ群 ？？ 十分感谢呀 ~~
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-11 14:58
好嘞，我才创建了一个QQ群，我直接放在下面啦，，
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-11 15:02
创建了一个GMAT的作文互改群，感兴趣的就加入进来吧。。可以共享一些作文素材资料啊什么的
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-11 15:05
【31】
Based upon a correlation between increases in movie violence and crime rates in
cities,the author argues that to combat crime in cities we must either censor moviesthat
containviolence or prohibit people who are under 21 years of age from viewing them.
Theauthor further argues that because legislators failed to pass a bill callingfor these
alternatives,they are not concerned with the problem of crime in our cities. The author's
reasoning is unconvincing, since it suffers from two critical problems.
To begin with, the author's solution to the problem rests on the claim that
portrayalsof violence in movies are the cause of crime in the cities. However, the
evidenceoffered is insufficient to support this claim. A mere positive correlation
betweenmovie violence and city crime rates does not necessarily prove a causal
relationship,in addition, all other prospective causes of city crime such as poverty or
unemploymentmust be ruled out. As it stands, the author's solution to the problem is
based upon an oversimplified analysis of the issue.
Another problem with the argument is that the author's solution assumes that only
personsunder 21 years of age are adversely affected by movie violence. Ultimately,this
meansthat the author is committed to the view that, for the most part, theperpetrators
of crimein cities are juveniles under 21. Lacking evidence to support this view, the
author's solution cannot be taken seriously.
In conclusion, the best explanation of the failure of the bill calling for theactions
proposedin this argument is that most legislators were capable of recognizing the
simplisticanalysis of the problem upon which these actions are based. Rather than
providinga demonstration of a lack of concern about this issue, the legislators' votes
reveal anunderstanding of the complexities of this problem and an unwillingness to
accept simple solutions.
作者: wttlll 时间: 2017-1-11 23:03
非常感谢群主呀~~
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-13 14:47
不用谢啦，只能坐等大家来加入了~
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-13 14:56
The author concludes that the local transit company must either reduce tares for
theshuttle buses that transport people to then- subway stations or increaseparking fees
at thestations. The reasons offered to support this conclusion are that commuter useof
thesubway train is exceeding the transit company's expectations, while commuteruse
of theshuffle buses is below projected volume. This argument is unconvincing because
the author oversimplifies the problem and its solutions in a number of ways.
To begin with, by concluding that the transit company must either reduce shuttle
fares orincrease parking fees, the author assumes that these are the only available
solutionsto the problem of limited shuttle use. However, it is possible that other
factors-suchas inconvenient shuttle routing and/or scheduling, safety concerns, or an
increasein carpools—contribute to the problem. If so, adjusting fares or parking fees
would might not solve the problem.
In addition, the author assumes that reducing shuttle fees and increasing parking
fees aremutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author provides no reason for
imposingan either/or choice. Adjusting both shuttle fares and parking fees might
producebetter results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that parking
fees andshuttle fees are the only possible causes of the problem, then the mosteffective
solutionmight include a complex of policy changes—for example, in shuttle fares,
parkingfees, rerouting, and rescheduling.
In conclusion, this argument is weak because the author oversimplifies both the
problemand its possible solutions. To strengthen the argument the author must examine
allfactors that might account for the shuttle's unpopularity. Additionally, theauthor
shouldconsider all possible solutions to determine which combination would bring
about the greatest increase in shuttle use.
作者: MMMM25 时间: 2017-1-15 16:15
我感觉我定型了，我写了近20篇了。不论是找网上的打分软件，还是真的参加考试，都是4. 我好伤心，什么时候我才可以是6呀。
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-16 17:08
么么，要不要找个人帮你看看你的几篇文章，帮你找找看，是不是有定式
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-16 17:11
【33】
This speaker argues that farmers who invested in organic farming equipment
shouldresume synthetic farming because it is financially unwise to continue organic
farming.The speaker cites studies showing that farmers who switched to organic
farminglast year had tower crop yields. Based on these studies, the speaker concludes
that therelatively inexpensive investment in organic farming equipment cannot justify
continuingto farm organically. The speaker also claims that continuing to farm
organicallyis financially unwise because it is motivated by environmental, not
economic,concerns. The argument suffers from three problems.
One problem with this reasoning involves the vague comparative claim that
farmerswho switched to organic farming fast year had lower crop yields. We are not
informedwhether the survey compared last year's organic crop yields with yields from
previous yearsor with those from synthetic farms. Moreover, the author provides no
evidenceabout how the survey was conducted. Lacking more information about the
survey,we cannot accept the speaker's conclusion.
Secondly,the speaker assumes that the low crop yields for first-time organic
farmerslast year are representative of crop yields for organic farmers overall.However,
moreexperienced organic farmers might have had much better crop yields last year.
Also, thefirst-time organic farmers might improve their own crop yields in future years.
Moreover,last year's yield may have been unusually low due to poor weather or other
factors,and thus not indicative of future yields.
Finally,in asserting that organic farming is financially unwise because it is
motivatedby environmental instead of economic concerns, the speaker unfairly assumes
that apractice cannot be both environmentally and economically beneficial. It is
possiblethat, in the long run, practices that help protect the environment will alsoresult
ingreater economic benefits. For instance, organic farming methods may betterprotect
soil fromdepletion of the elements that contribute to healthy crops, providing an
economic benefit in the long run.
In conclusion, the speaker's argument is poorly supported and is short-sighted. To
betterevaluate the argument, we would need more information about the how the
surveywas conducted, especially about the comparison the survey makes. To strengthen
theargument, the speaker must present evidence that last years' crop yields fromfirst-
timeorganic farmers are representative of yields among organic farms in general.The
authormust also provide evidence that environmentally sound practices cannot be
economically beneficial as well.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-17 15:47
最近找文章真是越来越艰难了，好得我是个不怕艰难的人，嘿嘿！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-17 15:49
【34】
In this argument prudent investors are advised to stop investing in hotels and
investinstead in hospitals and nursing homes. The author cites two related trends—an
agingpopulation and a decline in hotel occupancy—as grounds for this advice. To
illustratethese trends, the author refers to another region of the country, where 20
percentof the population is over 65 years old and where occupancy rates in resorthotels
havedeclined significantly during the past six months. This argument is unconvincing
in acouple of important respects.
In the first place, the author provides no evidence to support the claim that the
populationas a whole is aging and that the hotel occupancy rate in general is declining.
Theexample cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warranttheir truth
becausethere is no reason to believe that data drawn from this unnamed region is
representativeof the entire country. For example, if the region from which the data was
gatheredwas Florida, it would clearly be unrepresentative. The reason for this is
obvious.Florida is populated by a disproportionate number of retired people over 65
years oldand is a very popular vacation destination during the winter months. Moreover,
resorthotel occupancy in Florida typically declines significantly during the summer
months.
In the second place, the author has provided no evidence to support the claim that
thedecline in hotel occupancy is related to the aging of the population. Theauthor
appearsto believe that the decrease in occupancy rates at resort hotels is somehow
caused bythe increase in the number of people over age 65. However, the example cited
by theauthor establishes only that these two trends are correlated; it does notestablish
that thedecline in hotel occupancy is due to an increase in the number of people over
the age of 65.
In conclusion, the author's investment advice is not based on sound reasoning. To
strengthenthe conclusion, the author must show that the trends were not restricted to a
particularregion of the country. The author must also show that the cause of the decline
in hotel occupancy is the increase in the number of people over 65.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-19 16:17
【35】
In this argument a consulting firm recommends the transfer of investments from
Cola Locato Early Bird Coffee because, during the next 20 years, coffee demand will
increasewhile cola demand will decrease. This prediction is based on the expectation
that thenumber of older adults will significantly increase over the next 20 years,
togetherwith statistics, reportedly stable for the past 40 years, indicating thatcoffee
consumptionincreases with age while cola consumption declines with increasing age.
For threereasons, this financial advice may not be sound.
First,the argument assumes that relative supply conditions will remain unchanged
over the next twenty years. However, the supply and cost of cola and coffee beans, as
well as other costs of doing business as a producer of coffee or cola, may fluctuate
greatlyover a long time period. These factors may affect comparative prices of coffee
and cola,which in turn may affect comparative demand and the value of investments in
coffeeand cola companies. Without considering other factors that contribute to the
value ofa coffee or cola company, the firm cannot justify its recommendation.
Secondly,the argument fails to account for the timing of the increase in coffee
consumption.Perhaps the population will age dramatically during the next five years,
thenremain relatively flat over the following 15 years. Or perhaps most of theincrease
inaverage age will occur toward the end of the 20-year period. An investor hasmore
opportunityto profit over the short and long term in the first scenario than in thesecond,
assumingthe investor can switch investments along the way. If the second scenario
reflectsthe facts, the firm's recommendation would be ill-founded.
Finally,the firm unjustifiably relies on the studies that correlate coffee and cola
consumptionwith age. The firm does not provide evidence to confirm the reliability of
thestudies. Moreover, while the phrase "studies suggest" may appear tolend credibility
to theseclaims, the phrase is vague enough to actually render the claims worthless, in
theabsence of any information about them.
In conclusion, the firm should not transfer investments from Cola Loca to Early
BirdCoffee on the basis of this argument. To better evaluate the recommendation, we
wouldneed more information about the study upon which it relies. We would also need
more detailed projections of population trends during the next 20 years.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-23 13:42
【36】
In this argument the author concludes that West Cambria can increase revenues
andprovide better care to accident victims by disbanding the volunteer ambulance
serviceand hiring a commercial one. The author reasons that this change would yield
additionalrevenues because service fees could be imposed for ambulance use. The
authoralso reasons that the city would provide better service to accident victims
because acommercial service would respond more quickly to accidents than a volunteer
service would. The author's argument is flawed in two respects.
To begin with, the author's plan for raising revenue for West Cambria is
questionable.Unless the service fees are considerable or the accident rate is extremely
high, itis unlikely that significant revenues will be raised by charging a fee for
ambulanceuse. Consequently, revenue generation is not a good reason to disband the
volunteer service and hire a commercial service.
Next, the author's belief that better patient care would be provided by a
commercialambulance service than by a volunteer service is based on insufficient
evidence.The fact that the commercial service in East Cambria has a lower average
responsetime than the volunteer service in West Cambria is insufficient evidence forthe
claimthat this will be the case for all commercial services. Moreover, the author's
recommendationdepends upon the assumption that response time to an accident is the
onlyfactor that influences patient care. Other pertinent factors—such as ambulance-
crew proficiency and training, and emergency equipment—are not considered.
In conclusion, this argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the
authorwould have to show that substantial revenue for the town could be raised by
chargingservice fees for ambulance use. Additionally, the author would have to provide
moreevidence to support the claim that commercial ambulance services provide better
patient care than volunteer services.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-25 20:40
【37】
The author of Perks Company's business plan recommends that funds currently
spent onthe employee benefits package be redirected to either upgrade plant machinery
or buildan additional plant. The author reasons that offering employees a generous
packageof benefits and incentives year after year is no longer cost-effective given
currenthigh unemployment rates, and that Perks can attract and keep good employees
withoutsuch benefits and incentives. While this argument has some merit, its line of
reasoning requires close examination.
To begin with, the author relies on the reasoning that it is unnecessary to pay
relativelyhigh wages during periods of high unemployment because the market will
supplymany good employees at lower rates of pay. While this reasoning may be sound
in ageneral sense, the particular industry that Perks is involved in may not be
representativeof unemployment levels generally. It is possible that relatively few
unemployedpeople have the type of qualifications that match job openings at Perks, if
this is the case, the claim that it is easier now to attract good employees at lowerwages
isill-founded.
Secondly,the argument relies on the assumption that the cost-effectiveness of a
wagepolicy is determined solely by whatever wages a market can currently bear. This
assumption overlooks the peripheral costs of reducing or eliminating benefits. For
example,employee morale is likely to decline if Perks eliminates benefits; as a result,
some employees could become less productive, and others might quit. Even if Perkscan
readily replace those employees, training costs and lower productivity associated with
high turnover may outweigh any advantages of redirecting funds to plantconstruction.
Moreover,because the recommended reduction in benefits is intended to fund the
retrofitting of an entire plant or the building of a new one, the reduction would
presumably be a sizable one; consequently, the turnover costs associated with the
reduction might be very high indeed.
In conclusion, this argument is not convincing, since it unfairly assumes that a
broad employment statistic applies to one specific industry, and since it ignores the
disadvantages of implementing the plan. Accordingly, I would suspend judgment about
the recommendation until the author shows that unemployment in Parks' industry is
high anduntil the author produces a thorough cost-benefit analysis of the proposed plan.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-27 17:26
首先祝大家鸡年大吉大利，新春快乐！
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-27 17:33
【38】
In this argument the author concludes that the Easy Credit Company would gain
several advantages over its competitors by donating a portion of its profits to a well-
known environmental organization in exchange for the use of the organization's logoon
their credit card. The author reaches this conclusion on the basis of a recent pollthat
shows widespread public concern about environmental issues. Among the advantages of
this policy, the author foresees an increase in credit card use by existing customers,the
ability to charge higher interest rates, and the ability to attract new customers.While the
author'sargument has some merit, it suffers from two critical problems.
To begin with, the author assumes that the environmental organization whose logo
is sought is concerned with the same environmental issues about which the poll shows
widespread concern. However, the author provides no evidence that this is the case. It is
possible that very few credit-card users are concerned about the issues that are the
organization'sareas of concern; if so, then it is unlikely that the organization's logo
would attract much business for the Easy Credit Company.
Next,the author assumes that the public's concern about environmental issues
willresult in its taking steps to do something about the problem—in this case, touse the
EasyCredit Company credit card. This assumption is unsupported and runs contrary to
experience.Also, it is more reasonable to assume that people who are concerned about a
particular cause will choose a more direct means of expressing their concern.
In conclusion, the author's argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen
theargument, the author must show a positive link between the environmental issues
aboutwhich the public has expressed concern and the issues with which thisparticular
environmentalorganization is concerned. In addition, the author must provide evidence
tosupport the assumption that concern about a problem will cause people to do
something about the problem.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-1-30 16:55
【39】
The financial-planning office at Fern Valley University concludes that it is
necessaryto initiate a fund-raising campaign among alumni that will enable the
universityto expand the range of subjects it offers and increase the size of its library
facilities.It: argument is based on a five-year decline in enrollments and admission
applicationstogether with the claim that students cite poor teaching and inadequate
libraryresources as their chief sources of dissatisfaction with Fern Valley. The
conclusion of the financial-planning office is not strongly supported by the reasons
given.
To begin with, this argument depends on the assumption that providing a greater
range ofsubjects and a larger library will alleviate the students' chief sources of
dissatisfaction.However, the students have not complained about inadequate course
offeringsor about the size of the library; their complaint is that the existing coursesare
poorlytaught and that library resources are inadequate. Offering more kinds ofclasses
does notimprove teaching quality, and increasing a library's size does nothing to
enhanceits holdings, or resources. Accordingly, the recommendation does not bear
directly on the problem as stated.
Secondly,the proposal unfairly assumes that the recent enrollment and application
decline was caused by poor teaching and inadequate library resources. It is equally
possible that all colleges, regardless of teaching quality and library resources, have
experience dsimilar declines. These declines may have been due to unrelated factors,
such asunfavorable economic conditions, or an increase in high-paying computer jobs
not requiring a college education.
Thirdly,the author provides no support for the claim that students are dissatisfied
with the teaching and library resources at Fern Valley. It is possible that the claim is
based onhearsay or on scant anecdotal evidence. Without more information about the
basis ofthe claim, we cannot be sure that the financial-planning office is addressingthe
real problems.
In conclusion, the advice of the financial planning office is not well supported.To
strengthen the argument, the planning office must provide evidence that students are
dissatisfied with the range of subjects and with the library's size, and that this
dissatisfaction is the cause of the recent decline in enrollment and the number of
admission applications. To better assess the argument as it stands, we would need to
know whether the students' attitudes were measured in a reliable, scientific manner.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-2-1 21:24
【40】
This newsletter article claims that Professor Taylor's foreign-language program at
JonesUniversity is a model of foreign language instruction. This conclusion is basedon
a studyin which foreign language tests were given to students at 25 otheruniversities.
The studyshows that first-year language students at Jones speak more fluently after just
10 to 20weeks in the program than do 90 percent of foreign-language majors at other
collegesat graduation. Despite these impressive statistics, I am unconvinced by this
argument for two reasons.
To begin with, the assumption here is that students from Professor Taylor's
programhave learned more than foreign language students at other universities.
However,we are not given enough information about the study to be sure that this
comparisonis reliable. For example, the article does not tell us whether the foreign
languagestudents at Jones were given the tests; it only reports that the tests inquestion
were"given to students at 25 other colleges." If Jones students were nottested, then no
basisexists for comparing them to students at the other universities. In addition,the
articledoes not indicate whether students at all the universities, including Jones,were
given the same tests. If not, then again no basis exists for the comparison.
Furthermore, we cannot tell from this article whether the universities in the study,
or their students, are comparable in other ways. For instance, Jones might be a
prestigious university that draws its students from the top echelon of high school
graduates,while the other universities are lower-ranked schools with more lenient
admission requirements. In this event, the study wouldn't tell us much about Professor
Taylor's program, for the proficiency of his students might be a function of their
superior talent and intelligence.
In conclusion, the statistics cited in the article offer little support for the claim
about Taylor's program. To strengthen the argument, the author must show that the
universities in the study, including Jones, were comparable in other ways, that their
foreignlanguage students were tested identically, and that Taylor's program was the
only important difference between students tested at Jones and those tested at theother
universities.
作者: 剪布石 时间: 2017-2-2 22:27
楼主 题目是什么啊
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-2-6 17:56
大部分的没有收集到题目，只有个范文。。
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-2-6 17:58
【41】
The author rejects the claim that the loud engine noise of American-made
MotorcycleX appeals to the manufacturer's customers and explains why they are not
attracted to quieter, foreign-made imitations. The author's rejection is based on two
reasons.First, the author points out that foreign cars tend to be quieter than similar
American-madecars, yet they sell just as well. Secondly, the author claims that ads for
MotorcycleX do not emphasize its engine noise; instead, the ads highlight its durability
and sleeklines, and employ voice-overs of rock music rather than engine roar. In my
view,these reasons do not establish that the quieter engines of the foreignimitations fail
toaccount for their lack of appeal.
To begin with, the first reason rests on the assumption that what automobile
customers find appealing is analogous to what motorcycle customers find appealing.
This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between
automobiles and motorcycles, there are many dissimilarities as well. For example,
headroom,smooth ride, and quiet engines are usually desirable qualities in a car.
However,headroom is not a consideration for motorcycle customers; and many
motorcycleriders specifically want an exciting, challenging ride, not a smooth one. The
same maybe true of engine noise; it is possible that motorcyclists like what loudengine
noise adds to the experience of motorcycle riding.
The author's second reason is also problematic. Although the engine noise of
MotorcycleX is not explicitly touted in advertisements, it does not necessarily follow
that engine noise is not an important selling feature. Because Motorcycle X has been
manufactured in the U.S. for over 70 years, its reputation for engine noise is probably
already well known and need not be advertised. Moreover, the advertisers might use
rock music on Motorcycle X ad soundtracks for the specific purpose of suggesting, or
even simulating, its loud engine noise.
In conclusion, this author has not provided convincing reasons for rejecting the
claim that quieter engines make foreign-made motorcycles less popular. The author's
analogy involving foreign car sales is weak, and the claim about Motorcycle X
advertisements misses the purpose of including rock music in the ads.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-2-8 16:28
【42】
The author of this article argues that, to reverse declining revenues from campus
housing rentals, campus housing officials should decrease the number of available
housing units and reduce rent prices on the units. The author's line of reasoning isthat
fewer available units will limit supply while lower rents will increase demand,thereby
improving overall occupancy rates, and that the resulting increase in occupancy rates
will, inturn, boost revenues for the campus. This reasoning is unconvincing for several
reasons.
To begin with, the author assumes that boosting occupancy rates will improve
revenues.All other factors remaining unchanged, this would be the case. However, the
author proposes reducing both the supply of units and their rental prices. Both ofthese
actions would tend to reduce revenues. The author provides no evidence that the
revenue-enhancing effect of a higher occupancy rate will exceed the revenue-decreasing
effect ofreduced supply and price. Without such evidence, the argument is
unconvincing.
Secondly, the author assumes that lowering rents will lead to higher revenues by
increasing demand. However, it is possible that demand would decrease, depending on
the extent of the rent reduction as well as other factors—such as overallenrollment and
the supply and relative cost of off-campus housing. Moreover, even if demandincreases
by lowering rents, revenues will not necessarily increase as a result. Otherfactors, such
as maintenance and other costs of providing campus housing units and the reduced
supply ofrental units might contribute to a net decrease in revenue.
Thirdly,in asserting that lowering rental rates will increase demand, the author
assumes that current rental rates are causing low demand. However, low demand for
student housing could be a function of other factors. For instance, the student housing
units maybe old and poorly maintained. Perhaps students find the campus housing rules
oppressive,and therefore prefer to live off-campus; or perhaps enrollments are down
generally,affecting campus housing occupancy.
In conclusion, the author of this editorial has not argued effectively for a decrease
in thenumber of available campus housing units and a reduction in rental rates forthose
units. Tostrengthen the argument, the author must show that a rent reduction will
actually increase demand, and that the revenue-enhancing effect of greater demand will
out weighthe revenue-reducing effect of a smaller supply and of lower rental rates.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-2-10 15:13
【43】
The conclusion in this Avia Airlines memorandum is that a review of the airline's
baggage-handling procedures will not further its goal of maintaining or increasing the
number of Avia passengers. The author's line of reasoning is that the great majority of
Avia passengers are happy with baggage handling at the airline because only one
percent of passengers who traveled on Avia last year filed a complaint about Avia's
procedures.This argument is problematic in two important respects.
First, the argument turns on the assumption that the 99 percent of Avia passengers
who didnot complain were happy with the airline's baggage-handling procedures.
However,the author provides no evidence to support this assumption. The fact that, on
theaverage, 9 out of 1000 passengers took the time and effort to formally complain
indicates nothing about the experiences or attitudes of the remaining 991. It is possible
that many passengers were displeased but too busy to formally complain, while others
had no opinion at all. Lacking more complete information about passengers' attitudes,
we cannot assume that the great majority of passengers who did not complain were
happy.
Secondly, in the absence of information about the number of passengers per flight
and about the complaint records of competing airlines, the statistics presented in the
memorandum might distort the seriousness of the problem. Given that most modern
aircraft carry as many as 300 to 500 passengers, it is possible that Avia received as
many as 4or 5 complaints per flight. The author unfairly trivializes this record.
Moreover, the author fails to compare Avia's record with those of its competitors. It is
possible that a particular competitor received virtually no baggage-handling complaints
lastyear. If so, Avia's one percent complaint rate might be significant enough to
motivate customers to switch to another airline.
In conclusion, the author has failed to demonstrate that a review of the baggage-
handling procedures at Avia Airlines is not needed to maintain or increase the number
of Avia'spassengers. To strengthen the argument, the author must at the very least
provide affirmative evidence that most Avia passengers last year were indeed happy
with baggage-handling procedures. To better evaluate the argument, we would need
more information about the numbers of Avia passengers per flight last year and about
the baggage-handling records of Avia's competitors.
作者: 人间烟火Sue 时间: 2017-2-13 15:14
【44】
The author of this article argues that the country of Sacchar can best solve its
current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of its main export, sugar. The lineof
reasoning is that this action would make Sacchar more competitive with other sugar-
exporting countries, thereby increasing sales of Sacchar's sugar abroad and, in turn,
substantially reducing the trade-deficit. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a
couple ofreasons.
In the first place, this argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of thetrade
deficit problem Sacchar currently faces. A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends
more onimports than it earns from exports. The author's argument relies on the
assumption that earnings from imports will remain constant. However, the author
provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenuesfrom
imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of actionproposed
by the authormight be unnecessary to solve Sacchar's trade deficit problem. Conversely,
it ispossible that revenues from imports are likely to decrease dramatically in thenear
future.To the extent that this is the case, lowering sugar prices may have a negligible
countervailingeffect, depending on the demand for Sacchar's sugar.
In the second place, increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will notyield
anincrease in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome theloss in
income due to the lower price. This raises three questions the author fails toaddress.
First,will a price decrease in fact stimulate demand? Second, is demand sufficient to
meet the increase in supply? Third, can Sacchar increase the sugar production
sufficientlyto overcome the deficit? In the absence of answers to these questions, we
cannot assess the author's proposal.
In conclusion, the author provides an incomplete analysis of the problem and, as a
result,provides a questionable solution. To better evaluate the proposal, we wouldneed
to knowhow revenues from imports are likely to change in the future. To strengthen the
argument,the author must provide evidence that demand is sufficient to meet the
propose dincrease in supply, and that Sacchar has sufficient resources to accommodate
the increase.
作者: XTing 时间: 2017-4-21 22:38
谢谢楼主！比心
作者: MMMM25 时间: 2017-5-9 15:01
Aspartame vs. sugar
People who use the artificial sweetener aspartame are better off consuming sugar, since aspartame are actually contribute to weight gain rather than weight loss. For example, high levels of aspartame have been shown to trigger a craving for food by depleting the brain of a chemical that registers satiety, or the sense of being full. Furthermore, the studies suggest that sugars, if consumed after at least 45 minutes of continuous exercise, actually the body’s ability to burn fat. Consequently, those who drink aspartame-sweetened juices after exercise will also lose this calorie-burning benefit. Thus it appears that people consuming aspartame rather than sugar are unlikely to achieve their dietary goals.
In this argument, the author concluded that aspartame does not contribute to weight loss as the sugar do. He manipulated two reasons to support his position. First is that high level of aspartame consuming will trigger more demand for food. Second is that sugar but not aspartame, if took after at least 45 minutes of continuous exercise, can help to burn the body’s fat. This argument is neither sound nor convinced for below reasons.
First, the author failed to compare comparing objects, or sugar and aspartame, on the same ground. Just as in his first reason he utilized to support his final conclusion, he just mentioned sugar’s benefit for weight losing. However, he explained nothing about aspartame in this aspect. Without this kind of direct comparing, this findings about sugar should be used as a cause to reach the final conclusion that aspartame does no help for achieving dietary goals.
Second, still focusing on the first excuse. The author said that high level of aspartame will deplete the brain of chemical that controls human sense of being full or statiety. One concern is how high level it is. Can that high level of consuming aspartame be too high to obtain in our daily live. If the level for aspartame consumption to cause brain to secrete the chemical is too high, as such 10 kilograms of aspartame consuming is the minimum amount for causing brain chemical, we will have more confidence to refuse this findings as one reason for author’s final conclusion.
Adding all analyses together, the author failed to compare aspartame and sugar at the same ground. He did not provide more information about high level for evaluating whether or not it is easy to get that level. So at the current stage, his final conclusion citing that consuming aspartame but not sugar is difficult to achieve dietary goals.
这是我这个作文万年4分的人写的一篇练习。 大神帮我看看，我该怎么提高
作者: 梦之所及 时间: 2017-5-10 19:07
感谢分享！
作者: kaito1412 时间: 2017-5-11 13:45
感谢分享！
作者: MMMM25 时间: 2017-5-11 16:01
我更想有人帮指出问题出在哪里，我怎么提高
作者: MMMM25 时间: 2017-7-27 16:51
请问楼主考试的题目，和GMAT给的练习题目是不一样的对吧
作者: Iris飘 时间: 2017-9-4 16:04
作者: blinkice 时间: 2017-12-13 20:33
Mark一下！
| 欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) |
Powered by Discuz! X3.3 |