ChaseDream

标题: 逻辑错题帖~~ [打印本页]

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 10:29
标题: 逻辑错题帖~~

39. Quasars---celestial objects so far away that theirlight takes at least 500 million years to reach Earth---have been seen since1963. For anything that far away to appear from Earth the way quasars do, itwould have to burn steadily at a rate that produces more light than 90 billionsuns would produce. But nothing that burns at a rate that produces that muchlight could exist for more than about 100 million years.

If the statements above are true, which one of thefollowing must also be true on the basis of them?

A. Instrumentsin use before 1963 were not sensitive enough to permit quasars to be seen.

B. Lightfrom quasars first began reaching Earth in 1963.

C. Anythingthat from Earth appears as bright as a quasar does must produce more light thanwould be produced by 90 billion suns.

D. Nothingthat is as far from Earth as quasars are can continue to exist for more thanabout 100 million years.

E. Noquasar that has ever been seen from Earth exists any longer.

答案：E

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 10:30
思路：
A：可能足够sensative，只是没有观察到而已。
B：同样只是没有观察到而已。
C：没有定义与地球的距离。
D：没有定义亮度
E：原文实际认为现在看到的来自Quasars的光是500万年前发出的。而在400万年前这些类星体就已经燃尽不存在了。

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 10:34
41. Raymond Burr played the role of lawyer Perry Mason on television. Burr’s death in 1993 prompted a prominent lawyer to say “Although not a lawyer, Mr. Burr strove for such authenticity that we feel as if we lost one of our own.” This comment from a prestigious attorney provides appalling evidence that, in the face of television, even some legal professionals are losing their ability to distinguish fiction from reality.

The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

A. takes the views of one lawyer to represent the views of all lawyers
B. criticizes the lawyer rather than the lawyer’s statement
C. presumes that the lawyer is qualified to evaluate the performance of an actor
D. focuses on a famous actor’s portrayal of a lawyer rather than on the usual way in which lawyers are portrayed on television
E. ignores the part of the lawyer’s remark that indicates an awareness of the difference between reality and fiction
答案：E

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 10:36
The lawyer says: "Although not a lawyer, Mr. Burr strove for such authenticity that we feel as if we lost one of our own.”

It clearly shows when the lawyer states the above words, he knows that Mr. Burr was only an actor. So his claim of Mr. Burr as one of them is only a way to praise the actor, but not to accept him as a colleague.

Hence, A B C D have nothing to do with the argument that "some legal professionals are losing their ability to distinguish fiction from reality". In other words, ABCD are irrelevant.

Therefore, the only correct answer is E.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 10:39
43. Zoos have served both as educational resources and as entertainment. Unfortunately, removing animals from their natural habitats to stock the earliest zoos reduced certain species’ populations, endangering their survival. Today most new zoo animals are obtained from captive breeding programs, and many zoos now maintain breeding stocks for continued propagation of various species. This makes possible efforts to reestablish endangered species in the wild.
Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?
A. Zoos have played an essential role in educating the public about endangered species.
B. Some specimens of endangered species are born and bred in zoos.
C. No zoos exploit wild animals or endanger the survival of species.
D. Nearly all of the animals in zoos today were born in captivity.
E. The main purpose of zoos has shifted from entertainment to education.
参考答案：B

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 10:43
思路：
前提：指出动物园作为教育和娱乐两种目的，但是把动物从大自然装到笼子里减少了一些物种的数量，危及了他们的生存。
假设：现在大多数动物园的动物是通过俘获和饲养得到的，动物园通过此使稀有物种繁殖，从而使自然界的稀有物种能够有效的维持。
A. 文章没有提到，而且与所问的问题没太多相关性。
B. 正确。可以从文章中得到支持。
C. The sentence can not be reached by the passage, actually it is the opposite. From the passage we know that in the past certain species are reduced.
D. 说的是所有的动物，与文章新产生的动物most new zoo animals are obtained from captive breeding programs，范围不一致
E. 文章没有提到这一点。

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 10:47
47. High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the city’s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year’s rate. This is encouraging evidence that the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.

Which one of the following, if true about the last year, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.       There was a recession that caused a high level of unemployment in the city.
B.       The morale of students who dropped out of high school had been low even before they reached high school.
C.       As in the preceding year, more high school students remained in school than dropped out.
D.       High schools in the city established placement offices to assist their graduates in obtaining employment.
E.       The antidropout program was primarily aimed at improving students’ morale in those high schools with the highest dropout rates.
答案：A

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 11:09
The passage puts forward a phenomenon that last year, however, the city’s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year’s rate; the passage attributes the phenomenon to the explanation that there is some program and the program helps the students’ morale. However if there are other reasons that could explain that mentioned phenomenon, the argument will be seriously weakened.
Choice A, by pointing out that a recession caused a high level of unemployment in the city, explains the phenomenon clearly. Furthermore, Choice A negates the effects of the so-called morale program. The students stay in the school not because they want to, but because they cannot find jobs so they have to stay.
Choice B has nothing to do with the reasoning in the passage because the passage does not deal with anything about the students before they join high school.
Choice C deals with the students remain in high school. However the passage discusses about students who dropped out.
Choice D clarifies what the program did about helping the students. This does not weaken the argument in the passage.
Choice E, just as D, only tells about the content of the program, does not weaken the argument.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 11:15
Questions 49-50
Joseph: My encyclopedia says that the mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in 1665 without leaving behind any written proof for a theorem that he claimed nonetheless to have proved. Probably this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved, since---as the article points out---no one else has been able to prove it. Therefore it is likely that Fermat was either lying or else mistaken when he made his claim.
Laura: Your encyclopedia is out of date. Recently someone has in fact proved Fermat’s theorem. And since the theorem is provable, your claim---that Fermat was lying or mistaken---clearly is wrong.

49. Joseph’s statement that “this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved” plays which one of the following roles in his argument?

A. an assumption for which no support is offered
B. a subsidiary conclusion on which his argument’s main conclusion is based
C. a potential objection that his argument anticipates and attempts to answer before it is raised
D. the principle claim that his argument is structured to refute
E. background information that neither supports nor undermines his argument’s conclusion
答案：B

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 11:17
Joseph的论证过程
EVIDENCE1：百科全书说：P宣称已证明某理论，但没有留下任何书面证据。（My encyclopedia says …….have proved.）
EVIDENCE2：没有人能够证明（since…. prove it）
Mid Conclusion：P没有证明他的理论。(EVIDENCE支持得到的中间结论)
Conclusion：P说谎或他的CLAIM错。（由EVIDENCE1和Mid Conclusion得到）

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 11:22
52. Birds need so much food energy to maintain their body temperatures that some of them spend most of their time eating. But a comparison of a bird of a seed-eating species to a bird of a nectar-eating species that has the same overall energy requirement would surely show that the seed-eating bird spends more time eating than does the nectar-eating bird, since a given amount of nectar provides more energy than does the same amount of seeds

The argument relies on which one of the following questionable assumptions

A. Birds of different species do not generally have the same overall energy requirements as each other
B. The nectar-eating bird does not sometimes also eat seeds
C. The time it takes for the nectar-eating bird to eat a given amount of nectar is not longer than the time it takes the seed-eating bird to eat the same amount of seeds
D. The seed-eating bird does not have a lower body temperature than that of the nectar-eating bird
E. The overall energy requirements of a given bird do not depend on factors such as the size of the bird, its nest-building habits; and the climate of the region in which it lives
答案：C

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 11:28
Nectar鸟和seed鸟需要能量一样多，但nectar食物单个能量大，所以nectar鸟吃的数量少。结论：nectar鸟吃东西花的时间少。使以上必然成立的条件（assumption)是nectar鸟一定吃的更快，不然还是有可能花的时间比seed鸟多。和C相反，所以c questionable。---- seanql

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-13 11:30
53. When investigators discovered that the director of a local charity had repeatedly overstated the number of people his charity had helped, the director accepted responsibility for the deception. However, the investigators claims that journalists were as much to blame as the director was for inflating the charity’s reputation, since they had naively accepted what the director told them, and simply reported as fact the numbers he gave them.

Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the investigators’ claim

A. Anyone who works for a charitable organization is obliged to be completely honest about the activities of that organization.
B. Anyone who knowingly aids a liar by trying to conceal the truth from others is also a liar.
C. Anyone who presents as factual a story that turns out to be untrue without first attempting to verify that story is no less responsible for the consequences of that story than anyone else is.
D. Anyone who lies in order to advance his or her own career is more deserving of blame than someone who lies in order to promote a good cause.
E. Anyone who accepts responsibility for a wrongful act that he or she committed is less deserving of blame than someone who tries to conceal his or her own wrongdoing.
答案：C

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-14 11:56
72. A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current consumption rates. Since a tax of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the additional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline would be ecologically sound and would keep our county from being too dependent on foreign oil producers.

Which one of the following most clearly identifies an error in the author’s reasoning?

A.The author cites irrelevant data.
B.The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures.
C.The author makes incompatible assumptions.
D.The author mistakes an effect for a cause.
E.The author appeals to conscience rather than reason

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-14 11:57
参考答案：C
思路：作者得出的结论有两个，1是提高汽油税率，可以同比提高税收所得，这一结论的前提条件是，汽油的消费量不受税率影响；2是提高税率可以降低对汽油的消费需求，这一结论的假设条件与前一结论的假设条件是互相矛盾的，因此显而易见，C正确。

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-15 15:03
42. Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to
delays, because it is diffi cult for passengers to exit
from the trains. Subway ridership is projected to
increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years. The
Mooreville Transit Authority plans to increase the
number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the
same period. Offi cials predict that this increase is
suffi cient to ensure that the incidence of delays due
to crowding does not increase.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest
grounds for the offi cials’ prediction?
(A) By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit
Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase
in train trips without purchasing any new
subway cars.
(B) The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent
increase in the number of bus trips on routes
that connect to subways.
(C) For most commuters who use the subway
system, there is no practical alternative public
transportation available.
(D) Most of the projected increase in ridership is
expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains
are now sparsely used.
(E) The 5 percent increase in the number of train
trips can be achieved without an equal increase
in Transit Authority operational costs.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-15 15:04
题目问的是，为什么乘客人数增加百分之二十，而只需要增加地车班次百分之五就够了。D中因为增加的乘客主要集中在off-peak hour时段,这个时段原本是有许多趟列车没有得到充分使用 (sparsely used),所以在人数增加20%的情况下,列车数只要增加5%就够.
估计不少筒子在做这题之前，犯了了个先入为主的错误，认为减少拥挤就得要在高峰期增加车次。
但是实际情况不是这样的。以我以前住的地方为例。早上高峰期以外的车次极少，结果上班族，旅行者，退休的老头老太，学生，全部都挤在那一段时间里，场面极为混乱。后来在非高峰期增加了班次，那些退休的老头老太，以及旅行者等都有了其他选择，而上班族和学生有的也会选择更早的班次来躲避高峰期，结果是皆大欢喜。这道题目我让我最迷惑的地方其实在问题里面。他问的是 strongest grounds，以中国人的逻辑，立刻就开始找背景原因了。可惜该选项比起传统意义上的ground，更像是method。如果问题是问有most Effective means（最有效的手段）的话，可能正确率就上去了。(解释来源：K满分的NN们)

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-15 20:12
Some species of Arctic birds are threatened by recent sharp increases in the population of snow geese, which breed in the Arctic and are displacing birds of less vigorous species. Although snow geese are a popular quarry for hunters in the southern regions where they winter, the hunting season ends if and when hunting has reduced the population by five percent, according to official estimates. Clearly, dropping this restriction would allow the other species to recover.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?

A. Hunting limits for snow geese were imposed many years ago in response to a sharp decline in the population of snow geese.
B. It has been many years since the restriction led to the hunting season for snow geese being closed earlier than the scheduled date.
C. The number of snow geese taken by hunters each year has grown every year for several years.
D. As their population has increased, snow geese have recolonized wintering grounds that they had not used for several seasons.
E. In the snow goose’s winter habitats, the goose faces no significant natural predation.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-15 20:24
此题CR暗含的一个推理是：restriction---->more SG---->threaten other species ,只有B选项指出不是限令导致了雪鹅数量的增长，所以weaken.

更详细点分析：
B.It has been many years since the restriction led to the hunting season for snow geese being closed earlier than the scheduled date.
自限令使对雪鹅的扑杀提前结束已经很多年了，但雪鹅数量是最近才又一个急剧增长，并对其他鸟类造成威胁，说明并不是限令造成了雪鹅数量的增长，因此取消限令也不会造成其他鸟类物种数量的回升。

这里最关键的是看清题目里的recent sharp increases 和选项里的it had been many year (解释来源：k满分）

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-15 20:59
Because visual inspection cannot reliably distinguish certain skin discolorations from skin cancers, dermatologists at clinics have needed to perform tests of skin tissue taken from patients. At Westville Hospital, dermatological diagnostic costs were reduced by the purchase of a new imaging machine that diagnoses skin cancer in such cases as reliably as the tissue tests do. Consequently, even though the machine is expensive, a dermatological clinic in Westville is considering buying one to reduce diagnostic costs.
Which of the following would it be most useful for the clinic to establish in order to make its decision?
A. Whether the visits of patients who require diagnosis of skin discolorations tend to be shorter in
duration at the clinic than at the hospital
B. Whether the principles on which the machine operates have been known to science for a long time
C. Whether the machine at the clinic would get significantly less heavy use than the machine at the
hospital does
D. Whether in certain cases of skin discoloration, visual inspection is sufficient to make a diagnosis of
skin cancer
E. Whether hospitals in other parts of the country have purchased such imaging machines

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-22 22:53
76. Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?

A. Blackbirds build better nests than other birds.
B. The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increase with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction.
C. The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.
D. Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.
E. Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-22 23:20
77. How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airline have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots’ lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes.

Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends?

A. Training programs can eliminate pilot errors.
B. Commercial pilot routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers.
C. The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time.
D. Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes.
E. Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-22 23:20
(A) Training programs can eliminate pilot errors. - It is already stated in the argument. Cannot be an assumption. Argument talks about increasing the training programs. - Incorrect

(B) Commercial pilots routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers. - This is also a given piece of information which can be inferred from the given passage. - Incorrect

(C) The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time. - The use of words like "will" makes it an obvious thing. Focusing on actual flying time may not decrease crashes. - Incorrect

(D) Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. - "Important contributor" states that the lact of actual flying time is one of the contributors for pilor errors. This fills the gap in the argument. Hence this is the assumption - Correct

(E) Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs. - It can be considered to be out of scope - Incorrect

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 15:00
91. Leachate is a solution, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landifill’s site. If and only if the landfill’s capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities. A method must be found for disposing of leach ate. Most landfill leachate is sent directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.

Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem.
B. If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment.
C. No sewage treatment plants are capable of handling leachate.
D. Some landfill leachate is sent to sewage treatment plants that are incapable of handling it.
E. If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill’s capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 15:44
此题为充要条件的逆否命题。
A是B的充要条件，那末他的逆否命题比正确！非B推出非A

If and only if the landfill’s capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, ---------〉If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill’s capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded.

参考答案E
思路：原文说：“Leachate（浸析液）是一种水渗透过垃圾填埋地后生成的溶液，这种溶液通常是高度污染的。当且仅当超出垃圾填埋的容水能力时（A），Leachate会泄露到外界环境中（B）。必须找到一种处理L的方法。许多L被送去用于污水灌溉，但不是所有的污水灌溉的植物都有能力处理这种被高度污染的水”。
原文中If and only if A then B(从B可推出A)；选项E为If not A then not B（非A推非B）正确

A. 原文没有说
B. 条件不对
C. 原文是一部分plants没有这种能力
D. 原文只说明并非所有的污水灌溉的植物都有能力处理这种被高度污染的水，没说some Leachate一定是被送去浇那些无此能力的植物。

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 15:50
92. Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain’s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self-prescribed medication.

Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage?

A. Seasonal depression is one of the most easily treated forms of depression.
B. Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain.
C. People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year.
D. Some antidepressants act by changing the brain’s level of serotonin.
E. Raising the level of neurotransmitters in the brain effectively relieves depression.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 15:52
yup D should be it...
the passage says that because of lack of sunlight causes depression... but doesnt imply that serotonin levels are lowered...
for instance one can consider this scenario.. depression can be caused by multiple factors X or Y (let x be another element and Y be serotonin)
if X*Y are above a level, the guy is happy... if it receeds below a level the guy gets depressed...
so although Y (serotonin) has remained constant in winter, X could fall to an extent that X*Y is less than the depression line.
and to compensate for the loss of X (which possibly is due to weather conditions and cannot be changed) we are increasing Y to take the score above the depression line..
so B cannot be concluded outright..
D on the other hand says carbohydrates boost the brain’s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improve the mood.
hence atleast ONE (and in gmat language that is some) antidepressents change the levels of sorotonin.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 16:36
Zelda: Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behavior generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence, Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct.
Anson: Then Dr. Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist, Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.

100. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson’s argument?

A. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze is inaccurate.
B. Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved.
C. No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations.
D. Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze.
E. Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psychologists.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 16:37
Let me give you an outline of how I do this question.
1. After reading the question, I know that it is an INFERENCE question. I know that the answer is a REQUIRED condition for the conclusion.
2. Read the argument and understand that the Anson’s conclusion is: Dr. Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist. The premise is: a. research was not conclusive, and b. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.
3. Read the choices.
a. Typical wrong answer. It is irrelevant because whether the evidence is accurate or not is not what Anson cares about. It is the conclusiveness of the evidence that he cares about. Whether it is accurate or not, if the two conditions in (2) are met, the doctor is not responsible according to Anson’s argument.
b. Reads like right answer. It follows both 2a and 2b. Use “not” to test it: Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories CAN responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved. It is a statement that directly counters Anson’s argument. So if Not B is true, Anson’s argument does not hold.
c. This is another typical wrong answer. It is contrary to what Anson argues. So it cannot be right. Use “not” to test it and I can see that Not C is in accordance with Anson. So C is not right.
d. D does not follow the reasoning of Anson. Anson does not care about if it is about rats in a maze or birds in a cage. What he cares about is how theories are drawn by psychologists. So D can be removed quickly.
e. Another typical wrong answer. A  B does not equal to B  A. Basic logic error.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 16:52
The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain.

102. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?

(A) The brain of a person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia.
(B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used in its treatment.
(C) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of a person who is not a twin.
(D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size.
(E) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 16:53
双胞胎一模一样。有一个s，得s的大脑要小于他哥哥。两个都不得就不会这样。所以大脑的物理结构导致了s
削弱：得了s 后会影响大脑发育，大脑变小
加强：除了大脑的物理结构，其他原因不会导致s
原文：If one schizophrenic，then one smaller。If neither schizophrenic, then no difference. Conclusion: damage to physical structure cause schizophrenic
核心词：schizophrenic 注意：比较是在twin中进行的
我的习惯是从下到上地看选项。
E 无关项
D 原文没有的信息
C扩大了比较范围
A 扩大了比较范围
B ETS最爱：无他因

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 17:01
The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain.
103. If the statements on which the conclusion above is based are all true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

A. People who lack a genetic susceptibility for the disease will not develop schizophrenia
B. Medications can control most of the symptoms of schizophrenics share many of the characteristics found in those of people without the disorder
C. The brains of schizophrenics share many of the characteristics found in those of people without the disorder
D. It will eventually be possible to determine whether or not someone will develop schizophrenia on the basis of genetic information alone
E. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia are the result of childhood viral infections that inhibit the development of brain cells

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 17:03
答案：C
题干： could be true, EXCEPT = must be false (按照老管的方法，找最确定的)
people without disorder 讨论范围错误（我自己想的，可能有误，欢迎指正）

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 17:23
105. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.

Which one of the following most helps account for apparent contradiction above?

A. A disproportionately large number of high ranking alumni responded to the survey.
B. Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank.
C. Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey.
D. Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey.
E. Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 17:30
107. Because of the recent transformation of the market, Quore, Inc., must increase the next two years, or it will certainly go bankrupt. In fact, however, Quore’s production structure is such that if a 10 percent productivity increase is possible, then a 20 percent increase is attainable.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must on the basis of them also be true?

A.       It is only Quore’s production structure that makes it possible for Quore to survive the transformation of the market.
B.       Quore will not go bankrupt if it achieves a productivity increase of 20 percent over the next two years.
C.       If the market had not been transformed, Quore would have required no productivity increase in order to avoid bankruptcy.
D.       Because of the transformation of the market, Quore will achieve a productivity increase of 10 percent over the next two years.
E.       If a 20 percent productivity increase is unattainable for Quore, then it must go bankrupt.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 18:24

xyxyxy_123 发表于 2016-5-25 17:23
105. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When ask ...

P: Half of the respondents responded that they are in top quarter of their class.

The only way this can be true is if most of the respondents to the survey are high-ranking.

Say there are 100 members and 25 members were surveyed.

If 20 of them responded that they were in top quarter of the class, this means that a higher proportion of the respondents were high-ranking.

A is the answer.

C actually doesn't explain the paradox.

作者: xyxyxy_123 时间: 2016-5-25 18:31

xyxyxy_123 发表于 2016-5-25 17:30
107. Because of the recent transformation of the market, Quore, Inc., must increase the next two yea ...

【正确答案】E
【解题思路】
本题的类型是归纳类，即如果原文正确，可以得出什么结论或推出什么。
可简化题干的表述为：
①transformation of the market（A）→Q increase its production（B）
②Q not increase its production（非B）→Q will go bankrupt（C）
选项A的表述为：Q’s production structure→Q will not go bankrupt（非C），无法从题干中推出。
选项B的表述为：Q increase production（B）→Q will not go bankrupt（非C），为②的逆命题，不成立（原命题与其逆否命题等价）。
选项C的表述为：market had not been transformed（非A）→Q will not need to increase its production（非B），为①的逆命题，不成立（原命题与其逆否命题等价）。
选项D的表述为：transformation of the market（A）→Q will achieve a productivity increase，无法从题干中推出。
选项E的表述为：Q not increase production（非B）→Q will go bankrupt（C），与②一致。

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