Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged (to produce or cause to happen for public view or public effect “stage a track meet” “stage a hunger strike”) an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times (at times: adv.有时, 不时) threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.
To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.
The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.
No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first, economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom (in full bloom: adv.开着花), a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.
1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.
(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth century Athens.
(C) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.
(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.（E）
(E) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress. E
5. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to
(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model A===B
(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium
(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium
(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists（B）
(E) argue that military conquest is the paramount element in the growth of empires
如果按照第五题的话，那么第一题主旨说The revival of the Byzantine Empire ......the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.就矛盾了把？第五说军事经济文化的发展顺序 not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium，那第一题的主旨说军事经济文化的the commonly accepted order of progress不是有很大的矛盾么？。。。。。。。。不明
另外，第五题也说出了最后一段的意思啊，这个怎么回事？
The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress
拜占庭帝国的复兴过程是在第四段中最终确定的，即文化－经济－军事；这个过程与第三段中所描述的一般过程相反。
In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium
而在第三段中，作者先给出一个符合一般过程的解释，即军事－经济－文化。实际上在下一段中这个一般过程被否定了。
两题不矛盾。
贴第二题:
2. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?
(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival
(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured
(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closely interrelated in different societies
(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar, they are unrelated to other historical examples（C）
(E) To indicate that, wherever possible, historians should seek to make comparisons with the earliest chronological examples of revival
答案:C
可是我怎么觉得这一段作者在论证同时研究 military, cultural, and economic 三者的必要性呢?
拉出Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens只是为这个必要性提供论证,而不是为了证明他们和B有所联系.
所以我觉得...这道题目没有答案阿....
汗~~~~~~~HELP!!!!!
第二段開頭To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. 我理解的意思是M,C,E是三面(三個因素)一體(振興繁榮的國家)
而後面也說這三個因素gone together發生在許多國家,例如羅馬跟雅典
選項(C)的意思應該是說這三個因素是緊密連結的,且適用於不同的國家
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