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标题: 一個句意觀念破解「跳躍修飾」 [打印本页]

作者: danyuchn 时间: 2016-3-13 23:24
标题: 一個句意觀念破解「跳躍修飾」
在研讀SC的時候，大家最常問的其中一個問題就是：
關代子句何時能跳？何時不能跳？

也就是N1 + prep. + N2 +關代子句，到底要抓N1 還是N2的問題。

網路上流傳著各種不同的判斷準則，莫衷一是：
有人說非限定可跳限定不能的、有人說which可以that不能的、有人說中間隔的介係詞片語太長不能的......
（太長的定義是什麼？只能憑感覺吧）

在這裡，我有一個明確的判斷準則。

先說一下我的結論：
我認為「跳躍」兩字是誤導，修飾語根本不是跳躍。
原因將會在稍後敘明。

先舉官方題目的兩個有跳躍修飾的正確句子為例：

1. Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone.
2. Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.

前面所講的傳言不攻自破。
1是限定、2是非限定
1是that、2是which
1是跳過一個介係詞片語，2卻是跳過長長的兩個介係詞修飾the hearings

所以，我們勢必得重建觀念。

其實，所謂的「跳躍修飾」，應該正名為「包覆修飾」。讓我們來幫剛剛兩個句子重新標示：

1. Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone.

此處a tool for private conversation在句意上可以被視做一個單一概念的名詞，for private conversation被當做形容詞片語「作為私人溝通之用的」。因此，a tool for private conversation在句意上可以被視做是一個加上形容詞的名詞：「作為私人溝通之用的」＋「工具」＝「作為私人溝通之用的工具」

that could substitute for the telephone.的關代子句
是把作為修飾語的介係詞片語跟名詞「包覆」在一起，視為一個單一概念的大名詞來修飾。

只是因為a tool for private conversation這個大名詞的核心成分始終是a tool
所以我們才誤以為關代跳過for private conversation不理，只去修飾a tool。

事實上，關代子句的正確還原應為：
a tool for private conversation could substitute for the telephone.
而非
a tool could substitute for the telephone.

2. Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.

同理，which並非跳過President Richard Nixon跟impeachment，
而是把the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon「包覆」視為完整概念的大名詞：「尼克森總統彈劾聽證會」

只是因為核心成分是the hearings，所以我們才一直誤以為中間的介係詞片語被跳過了。

關代子句的正確還原應為：
the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon were televised nationwide.
而非
the hearings were televised nationwide.

那大家一定會問，有沒有不能跳過的情況？

The machine wrote the letter with a pen, which....

這裡的which絕對不可能跳過with a pen這個介係詞短語，
因為句意上"the letter with a pen"是不可能被包覆成為單一概念的名詞的。

當然，更不能跳過動詞wrote，修飾主詞machine。

結論：
跳躍修飾，其實就是「包覆修飾」。
若「N1 + prep. + N2 +關代子句」中的「N1+ prep. + N2 」可以被視做單一概念的名詞
（換言之，prep. N2是拿來修飾N1）則可以包覆起來視為一個大名詞，
修飾大名詞的核心成分N1（也就是大家常講的跳過去修飾N1）。

若是無法視作單一概念的名詞，則絕不能跳過。

Dustin

作者: colourfulR 时间: 2016-3-14 17:07
觉得楼主的包覆修饰讲的很到位！！！！！！

作者: colourfulR 时间: 2016-3-14 18:05
不知楼主可不可以再写一个关于分词修饰的总结

作者: uuuuuu_uu 时间: 2016-3-16 23:26
顶楼主！

作者: elusive 时间: 2016-3-19 12:27
跳还是不跳没有一个判断的标准啊，其实跳不跳都对，但是总的来说不跳>跳。考试中如果有两个选项---一个是跳，一个是不跳----都没语法错误，那么跳的那个不能选。

也就是说。

有的时候不跳对了，那是因为跳的那个选项错了。

作者: danyuchn 时间: 2016-3-19 19:16

elusive 发表于 2016-3-19 12:27
跳还是不跳没有一个判断的标准啊，其实跳不跳都对，但是总的来说不跳>跳。考试中如果有两个选项---一个是跳 ...

也不是這樣說的。。。比如這一題

The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological response.
A) that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
E) who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn.
兩個選項語法肯定都沒問題啊！
但答案還是那個跳了的A。
因為句意上lying->emotional reactions->physiolocial response才有[in turn]的循序漸進的銜接感。

所以還是回歸到這個帖子一開始所講的：判斷句意。

Dustin

作者: elusive 时间: 2016-3-20 01:37

danyuchn 发表于 2016-3-19 19:16
也不是這樣說的。。。比如這一題

The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying prod ...

一种情况：
Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was televised nationwide.

(A) later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was
(B) later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were
(C) later in the Untied States House of Representatives, it was not until 1974 that Barbara Jordan became a nationally recognized figure, with her participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was
(D) then also later in the United States House of Representatives, not until 1974 did Barbara Jordan become a nationally recognized figure, as she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, being
(E) then also later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was

B里面which代指hearings，没有错。
所以有一种观点说 which可以跳跃修饰

另一情况：
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in
California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down
from nearly there-quarters only a decade ago.
A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly
three-quarters only a decade ago
B. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a
decade ago, when it was nearly three-quarters
C. and that amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a
decade ago, when they were nearly three-quarters
D. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly
three-quarters a decade ago
E. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from what it was a
decade ago by nearly three-quarters.

A错了因为 which修饰加州。
所以另外一个观点说which只能修饰它前面的词语。

这两种观点看起来是不能调和的。

但是分析题目会发现第一题里面ACDE都有语法错误或者不必要的词语。所以最后的答案是B
第二题BCD都改变了句子原意，剩下 A vs E，结果E对了。

得出一个结论那就是: which 既可以跳跃修饰也可以修饰前面的词语。然后：
如果没有比跳跃修饰更好的答案，那么跳跃修饰是对的。
如果出现比跳跃修饰跟好的答案，那么跳跃修饰是错的。

我其实就想说明这个意思。
我同意你说的要用句子意思判断。

然后说测谎仪这个题：
A里面那个that指的是reactions，说的是emotional reactions产生了response.
B里面那个who说的是individual，意思是被测试的人产生了response。

两者都没错，但是看前面句子，最后还是返现说谎导致产生情感波动，情感波动产生不自觉的回复。所以A对了，不是individual产生回复。

作者: emmahiggins09 时间: 2016-7-12 06:19

elusive 发表于 2016-3-20 01:37
一种情况：
Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and la ...

个人感觉哈，不足指出请指正。我觉的你举的加州Non Hispanic 的例子因为逗号前是主系表结构，所以这里逗号之后用Ving 来补充说明主系表想要表达的意思所以D是对的。

这个和 ,which 的跳跃修饰似乎没啥大的关系，应该说是两个概念了
PS：关于主系表+ ，ving OG16 diagnotics test SC 49 题

作者: emmahiggins09 时间: 2016-7-12 06:20
楼主说的好精辟！手动点赞5分钟！！！

作者: elusive 时间: 2016-7-12 12:33

emmahiggins09 发表于 2016-7-12 06:19
个人感觉哈，不足指出请指正。我觉的你举的加州Non Hispanic 的例子因为逗号前是主系表结构，所以这里逗 ...

现在知道了

作者: 一定上 时间: 2016-10-21 03:48
顶楼主！

作者: e唉唷 时间: 2017-4-15 14:57
顶楼主！

作者: Mr.Long 时间: 2017-4-16 11:14
感谢分享！

作者: 琉璃瓶纸 时间: 2017-8-24 19:21
顶楼主！

作者: ysycoco 时间: 2017-8-26 22:36
Mark一下！

作者: ritsusong 时间: 2017-8-31 11:52
有了新的认识
因为介词结构可以修饰名词也可以修饰动词遇到的话要格外注意其修饰的是什么结构
从语义和从句中的动词形式两方面来判断

作者: 安吉拉宝贝 时间: 2017-8-31 23:59
楼主的解释是否可以理解为可跳跃修饰的which前面是可看作一个整体的“名词+修饰该名词的介词短语”？

[prep2012-sc-58]The Scandinavian assault on Western Europe culminated in the early eleventh century with the Danish conquest of the English kingdom, which other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat, unsuccessfully later in the same century.
这句话中的the conquest of the English kingdom应该也是符合上述条件的，虽然能理解e选项，但为什么原文这个答案不选呢？
另三个选项：
b) which other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat later that same century, but not successfully
c) an achievement that other Scandinavian kings attempted later in the century to repeat, but were not successful at it
d) an achievement attempted later in the century by other Scandinavian kings that was not successful
e) an achievement that other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat later in the century, but without success

作者: DaYangDa 时间: 2017-9-8 09:12
很精细，就怕考试时候来不及慢慢的看，看到代词直接就看前面的名词，感觉不对就删了。。。。。。。

作者: 垂钓猫 时间: 2017-10-15 20:34
Manhattan原文：Always test which clause to make sure that the which refers to the closest preceding main noun and do not the whole clause.
所以在which前，大家不需要考虑什么跳跃包裹的，选最近最主要的名词即可。

作者: danyuchn 时间: 2017-10-17 16:45

垂钓猫发表于 2017-10-15 20:34
Manhattan原文：Always test which clause to make sure that the which refers to the closest preceding ...

我原本不是在討論「是否修飾句子」的狀況啦

是在討論N1 +prep. N2 時，到底要修飾N1還是N2的狀況。
which是本來就不能修飾整個句子的。

作者: danyuchn 时间: 2017-10-17 16:47

安吉拉宝贝发表于 2017-8-31 23:59
楼主的解释是否可以理解为可跳跃修饰的which前面是可看作一个整体的“名词+修饰该名词的介词短语”？

The ...

由於跳躍修飾有歧義（會讓讀者多一層思考：到底是代N2還是N1），但歧義在考點層級上是「相對考點」，所以相對選項若表同樣合理的語意下，不跳會更清楚。

關於考點層級可以參考：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81a1McsOLj0

作者: 傻库迷妹 时间: 2017-12-3 18:49
感谢大神的讲解！！！！

作者: bigbaox 时间: 2018-7-30 12:09
赞赞还是对句子结构要有一个整体的把握

作者: bigbaox 时间: 2018-7-30 12:10
ps期待Dustin大神总结的逻辑和阅读！！！

作者: 不要等待验证 时间: 2018-10-8 14:26
明白了！谢谢大神！

作者: 沐e 时间: 2018-10-14 18:40
顶楼主！

作者: Akiii 时间: 2018-10-18 15:49
dustin你好, 你说的这个n.+介词+n.的结构，其实之前RON 也说过which可以指代前面那个n.，参考og里面Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson , which were written 这道题。
我困惑的是，如果不是介词而是ed分词修饰n.，which也可以跳跃修饰那个n.吗？
看了曼哈顿的答案觉得非常困惑的一道题，请赐教，谢谢！！

An economic recession can result from a lowering of employment rates triggered by a drop in investment, which causes people to cut consumer spending and starts a cycle of layoffs leading back to even lower employment rates.
• a lowering of employment rates triggered by a drop in investment, which causes people to cut consumer spending and start a cycle of layoffs leading back to even lower employment rates.
• a lowering of employment rates triggered by dropping investment, which causes people to cut consumer spending and starts a cycle of layoffs leading back to even lower employment rates.
• falling employment rates triggered by a drop in investment, which cause cutbacks in consumer spending, starting a cycle of layoffs that lead to even lower employment rates. （key，但是这里的which不是只能指代investment吗？）
• falling employment rates that are triggered by a drop in investment, causing people to cut consumer spending and starting a cycle of layoffs that lead back to even lower employment rates.
• falling employment rates that are triggered by a drop in investment, causing cutbacks in consumer spending and starting a cycle of layoffs leading to even lower employment rates.

作者: EthanYangYYC 时间: 2018-10-23 21:03
我真的太佩服楼主了！真的深深感谢！！！

作者: 700即可 时间: 2018-11-27 10:01

Akiii 发表于 2018-10-18 15:49
dustin你好, 你说的这个n.+介词+n.的结构，其实之前RON 也说过which可以指代前面那个n.，参考og里面Emily D ...

这个题选什么呀

作者: 700即可 时间: 2018-11-27 10:02
以前没看大神这篇的时候，直接觉得which就近指代能排除好多选项（无论对错），但是现在看什么都觉得是对的，好惆怅

作者: 阿A啊啊啊啊啊 时间: 2019-1-20 15:57
支持楼主！其实楼主对于跳跃修饰的见解和Ron的见解是很相似的。我记得某期Ron视频有说到这个问题。

作者: DianaSVX 时间: 2019-4-29 10:49
看一下！

作者: yainzz 时间: 2019-6-21 07:27

Akiii 发表于 2018-10-18 15:49
dustin你好, 你说的这个n.+介词+n.的结构，其实之前RON 也说过which可以指代前面那个n.，参考og里面Emily D ...

你这个得看意思啊。。。investment怎么会导致消费变少呢。。。而且答案特意把a lowering of …改成falling，我觉得是想突出前面的重心是employment rates，因为当a lowering of的时候，重心在前面

作者: frederickge 时间: 2019-9-23 15:03
楼主的解答比Ron在视频里面更好一些，Ron其实提到隔位修饰只出现在被修饰词后面有“介词+宾语”的情况下，但是并没有直接给到我们“归为一个主体”的概念，十分感谢啦！近期做了SC700-800和 GWD一些题，总结了一些经验，后来发现和你的前面的一些帖子提到的考点高度重合，真的都是高分题大部分会出现的考点。现在看来Manhattan语法书，OG Prep真的还都是最基础的考点，也就是第一层级考点，还是非常重要的，期待能沾沾你的仙气~

作者: HannahGo 时间: 2019-11-15 19:48
顶楼主！

作者: 蛋卷酱 时间: 2019-11-19 20:49
学习！！！

作者: 八月十一 时间: 2019-11-21 10:18
谢谢

作者: 我快要晕了 时间: 2020-7-11 22:17
太棒了，解决了我长久以来的疑惑

作者: 深高金的zkk 时间: 2020-9-7 20:44
讲解很到位！特别感谢！！！！

作者: LSY211CD 时间: 2020-10-2 17:10
感谢分享！

作者: Piliip 时间: 2020-11-6 18:33
感谢楼主！

作者: Kkkkkkkarine 时间: 2020-12-26 00:10
感谢楼主，收获颇多
但是我遇到一道OG题目，不知道这算不算一种跳跃修饰
Gusty westerly winds will continueto usher in a seasonably cool air mass into the region, as a broad area of high pressure will build and bring fair and dry weather for several days.

A. to usher in a seasonably cool air mass into the region, as a broad area of high pressure will build and
B. ushering in a seasonably cool air mass into the region and a broad area of high pressure will build that
C. to usher in a seasonably cool air mass to the region, a broad area of high pressure building, and
D. ushering a seasonably cool air mass in the region, with a broad area of high pressure building and
E. to usher a seasonably cool air mass into the region while a broad area of high pressure builds, which will
正确选项是E, 这里的which是修饰high pressure的。
其它选项有语义错误或者语法错误，这里不赘述了，因为和主题不相关，主要想说说正确答案里的which指代问题
我做题的时候想当然认为which错误指代了前面的句子，因为这是一个根本性错误，直接排除掉了E
看了很多解释，比较能接受的是句子后半部分原本的结构是while a broad area of high pressure(which will bring fair and dry weather for several days) builds，由于build这个部分太短，所以把较长的修饰部分后移，这算不算题主说的情况的一种特例？并没有跳跃不重要的修饰的结构指代前面的名词，而跳跃了一个谓语

作者: mstudyingsc 时间: 2022-9-14 14:38
Mark一下！

作者: may745 时间: 2023-1-3 17:28

danyuchn 发表于 2016-3-19 19:16
也不是這樣說的。。。比如這一題

The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying prod ...

同意！

作者: Cocoboyxx 时间: 2023-3-23 11:55
谢谢dustin 醍醐灌顶

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