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标题: 饺子之RON视频解析------Modifier1 [打印本页]

作者: 仝介 时间: 2015-12-22 11:09
标题: 饺子之RON视频解析------Modifier1

February 16 2012

Gerund:V+ing

Verbal nouns

例1：

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far stricter than the federal rules.

(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt

(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of

(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting

(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of

第一步：区分 gerund和verbal nouns

What’s the difference between the “adoption” and “adopting”?

Grammatically, both function as nouns.

The first is actually a noun ;the second is a gerund.

Try to explain the difference in meaning:

I have dedicated my career to the exposure of injustice in the court system.

-----I am somehow involved with the exposure of injustice, but not necessarily directly (eg.maybe I donate $ to a charity that does this)

I have dedicated my career to exposing injustice in the court system.

-----I am the one who has actually been exposing injustice.

Verbal nouns (like “the exposure”) are IMPERSONAL: they don’t convey the idea that the subject is directly involved.

Gerunds generally do convey the idea that the subject is directly involved in the process.

2 problems with (d)

If you write “imposing new controls...AND adopting emission limits”.then the implication is that these are 2 DIFFERENT,INDEPENDENT things.

Another example:

There was a lot of traffic on the freeway, and I was late to work.

file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\ksohtml\wps490B.tmp.pngPlan to+verb & plan for+verb-ING

Meaning: This verb is some action that I directly plan to do.

I plan to sell my old clothes.

My plan is to sell my old clothes.

---This is what I’m going to do.

In this sentence, the imposition of new controls is what the states

Directly plan to do, so you should use “plan to”.

Remember---You can’t use grammatical structures at random!

If things are SUPPOSED to be parallel---according to the intended meaning of the sentence---then they should be parallel.

If not, then they shouldn’t be parallel!

X and Y is used for two SEPARATE, INDEPENDENT things/actions.

That’s not happening here,so parallel structure is WRONG.

例2 The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.

(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing
(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing
(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the construction of
(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by the construction of
(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of

In this sentence, the impersonal option----”the construction of”----is better, because we are talking about the process from a detached standpoint(there’s no mention of a subject who is directly involved)

& The Army Engineering Corps redirected the rivers by constructing canals. --correct.

(c)SUBJ, WHICH (VERB)BUT (VERB)...this is a fragment.

If you see constructions that are modifiers(eg. which) in some choices. But are actual verbs/clauses in other choices. Then you should check for fragments and run-ons.

(d)Subj,(ing modifier),but (ing modifier)---fragment

(e)subj, ing modifier, verb...

小结：

Here’s what we learned so far:

*Verbal nouns(the exposure, the construction, the adoption)are impersonal, referring to the overall notion of this action(and its consequences)without an explicit reference to who/what is performing the action.

Eg. The adoption of strict drug laws normally just drives the drug trade underground.

---correct (this is impersonal; there’s no reference to who is adopting these laws)

Adopting strict drug laws normally just drives the drug trade underground.

----this would only make sense in a conversation with someone who actually had the power to adopt drug laws.

*Gerund forms(adopting,constructing,exposing)are used when the subject is directly involved.

Congress drove the drug trade underground by adopting strict drug laws.

*Gerund forms can also be used to describe a PROCESS performed by people-even if the person/people performing the process are not mentioned--if the focus of the sentence is on the steps/execution of the process itself.

Swimming is good exercise.

Losing weight often, but not always, involves counting calories.

The focus is on the ACTUAL PROCESS---NOT ON THE GENERAL idea of these things.

例3 Genetic engineering sometimes entails plant or animal genes' getting spliced into other species' DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off insects or disease.

(A) plant or animal genes' getting spliced into other species' DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off getting verb+ed is not formally acceptable

(B) plant or animal genes that get spliced into the DNA of other species, either for improving crop yields or the warding off of

This is not accurate .This implies the genetic engineering process ---splicing is acceptable

(D) splicing plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, either to improve crop yields or to ward off

(E) splicing of plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, for either the improvement of crop yields or to ward off

简单的可以一步到位：parallelism

Either X or Y (X AND Y must match)

这里正是一个非常形象的举例，genetic engineering 的process包括了splicing（gerund）

例4

The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether.

(A) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether nonsense

(B) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells nonsense

(C) burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

(D) more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether

(E) the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

最简单的就是Parallelism

X and,in some cases Y

分析选项C

This ING is not personalized

However, burning and replacing is the process taken by human.

例5 Critics of the research study claimed that monkeys are different enough from human beings that comparing the two species can be as questionable--or as useless--as comparisons between humans and mice.

A.different enough from human beings that comparing the two species can

B.different enough from human beings so that comparing the two species can

C.different enough from human beings for comparing the two species to

D.so different from human beings that comparisons between the two species can

E.so different from human beings for comparisons between the two species to

最简单的就是Parallelism

_______ can be as questionable as comparisons between......

前面也应该是comparison

Two situations in which you use -ING:

*Personalized?

*Process-oriented?

例6： George Washington Carver dedicated his life to the economic strengthening of the South with improvement of soil and diversification of crops.
(A) the economic strengthening of the South with improvement of soil and diversification of crops
(B) strengthening the economy in the South with soil improvement and the diversification of crops
(C) strengthening the economy of the South through soil improvement and crop diversification
(D) the strengthening of the economy of the South through improving soil and crop diversifying
(E) the economic strengthening in the South with improving soil and diversifying crops

On the right--parallelism between two ways of strengthening the economy.

GWC dedicated his life to +v+ing(明确GWC是动作的发起者)

例7： The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.

A passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.

B the passage of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, which allows companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent that they will sell

C the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling

D the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999, and it allows companies to seek up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent to sell

E the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, passed in 1999, and it allows companies to seek up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling

Can we use “passing”?

*PERSONALIZED? No---the person/people who passed the law are not mentioned

*PROCESS? No-this sentence is not at all about the steps /process of passing a law.

Other quick points:

* COMPARE the use of “which”in (b)and (c). Which refers to the act ,so it should be placed next to the name of the act.

Also, in 1999 describes the passage, so this modifier is also better placed in (c)than(b).

When you see the SAME MODIFIER, MOVE AROUND to different places in the sentence ,ask yourself a simple question:which version places the modifier CLOSEST to the stuff that it actually describes?

我不知道怎么设置密码，所以大家都可以随便下载，反正我和大家一样都在备考。

作者: Faitaipei 时间: 2016-1-20 23:35
谢谢楼主！我还正在愁听不懂。加油，希望继续喔！

作者: 孤胆英雄 时间: 2016-5-12 19:46
感谢分享！

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