ChaseDream

标题: 求助: OG逻辑106题...ORZ... [打印本页]

作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-23 17:10
标题: 求助: OG逻辑106题...ORZ...
求助: OG106.Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.【Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.】
看到proportion,要注意比例问题
(B) Children who areallergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to haveallergies to other substances.正确 因为由于这种原因导致的过敏孩子数量,没有比因为其他原因过敏的孩子要多,符合比例问题的考虑。
(C) Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not morelikely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. 但是因为其他原因导致的过敏就医数也上升了 分子上升了,分母也上升了,因此不是没有解决文中的gap吗?

到底题目应该怎么看,我总感觉做逻辑的时候,最重要的就是限定词的提示了。不管看了多少遍,题目总引导我选B,大神NN快粗线吧,引导引导我吧,到底怎么看题哇? 跪谢!!!!!


作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-23 17:11
第一次发帖提问,自己顶哈。
作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-23 17:18
啊,忘记说了,正确答案选C的
作者: alzn2765    时间: 2015-9-23 19:44
统计枚举题

直接举例说明:

10年前:100个娃,10个送去护士小姐,10% allergic reactions to those chemicals

现在:还是100个娃,20个送去护士小姐,20% allergic reactions to those chemicals

结论:要么是娃们比10年前变得敏感了,那么是娃们比10年前更多的暴露在有害化学物质之下。

这里有一个Assumption:送去护士小姐那里的娃就是allergic reactions to those chemicals的娃的总数,是一个“完美”的样本。

可如果 送去护士小姐那里的娃 并不代表 allergic reactions to those chemicals的娃的总数 呢?也就是样本是没有代表性的呢?

10年前:100个娃,100个都allergic reactions to those chemicals,但家里穷啊!家长懒啊!只有10个送去护士小姐,10% 送去护士小姐那里,但是100%都allergic reactions to those chemicals。

现在:还是100个娃,只有20个allergic reactions to those chemicals,且20个都送去护士小姐,20% allergic reactions to those chemicals

结论:要么是娃们比10年前变得敏感了,那么是娃们比10年前更多的暴露在有害化学物质之下 无法成立。

统计枚举的本质就是质疑假设。

作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-24 19:14
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-23 19:44
统计枚举题

直接举例说明:

哦,所以说这道题的重点在于样本代表性问题,而非我所说的比例问题喽。
assumption在于过去的100个中的10个并没有代表性,与现在100个中的20个相比,影响送至就医数的主观医院发生了变化,所以得出的结论就站不住脚了。

昨晚又看了一下关于B这个选项错误的OG解释
Only school-nurseisits for allergic reactions to the cleaners and pesticide is used in elementary schools are in question in the argument. Of course there could be school-nursevisits for allergic reactions to other things, but that issue does not arise in the argument.

感觉好像有点摸清思路了,to make sure,根据你的思路,我又自己分析了一遍:
P1:Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used inelementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in somechildren. (介绍背景:用commonly来引导reader造成过敏反映的是清洁剂)
P2:Elementary school nurses(in Renston)report that the proportion of school children sent to them(1) for treatment of allergic reactions to thosechemicals(2)(看有这许多限定修饰,暗示限定范围可能不是重点)has increased significantly over the past ten years.(逻辑链开始:调查显示--提示属于“统计枚举”题范畴,突破口在a.样本是否具有代表性b.样本数量是否足够)
-->Therefore, either Renston’sschoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, orthey are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
Which of thefollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) The number ofschool nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased overthe past ten years.
--文中的核心内容是由10年前的过敏就医数对比现今过敏就医数,而得出这种改变的原因,取非以下,就算护士的数量真的减少了,就医数(核心内容)也不会变。
(B) Children who areallergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to haveallergies to other substances.正确 比例问题-- Only school-nurseisits for allergic reactions to the cleaners and pesticide is used in elementary schools are in question in the argument. Of course therecould be school-nursevisits for allergic reactions to other things, but that issue does not arise in theargument.
这道题考的并不是限定范围问题—然而,好像GMAT逻辑题一般不会在核心词的限定修饰上出题,除了在1st family中must be true等类型中,错误选项设置上可能会有扩大修饰范围的情况,造成exaggerated answer。(待讨论...)
(C) Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not morelikely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
–Aha!讲到过去的样本其实是有问题的,即没有代表性,正中下怀!
(D) The chemicalsare not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartmentbuildings in Renston.--又是限定修饰问题,相比较于B选项,一眼排除原因在于,这种限定还是限定在非核心内容上,更是差到十万八千里了。
(E) Childrenattending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’spopulation now than they did ten years ago.--
取非,比例问题,与数量无关,就算适读儿童数增多,接触到这种过敏原的孩子也变多了。

个人见解,欢迎拍砖!!!

作者: alzn2765    时间: 2015-9-24 19:43
橙子会飞 发表于 2015-9-24 19:14
哦,所以说这道题的重点在于样本代表性问题,而非我所说的比例问题喽。
assumption在于过去的100个中的10 ...

如果是Assumption题,看到原文没有提到的新信息,可以直接确定为错误选项

B中Children who areallergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances. 出现了原文没有的“无关比较”,可以直接排除,根本不用再考虑这个选项的逻辑。
作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-24 20:27
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-24 19:43
如果是Assumption题,看到原文没有提到的新信息,可以直接确定为错误选项。

B中Children who areallergic ...

嗯,对的,
OG106.Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.【Therefore, either Renston’s school children have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.】
文中讲到的过敏都没有提及到allergies to other substances这个新信息。

但是我还不是太理解你说的“如果是Assumption题,看到原文没有提到的新信息,可以直接确定为错误选项。”Manhattan里面有说,assumption题属于2nd family是允许新信息出现在错误选项中的。比如下一题:
og83
Many people suffer an allergic reaction tocertain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine aspreservatives. 【However,since there are several winemakers who add sulfites to none of the wines theyproduce, people (who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites) candrink wines produced by these winemakers without risking an allergic reactionto sulfites.】
Which of thefollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(E) Sulfites are notnaturally present in the wines produced by these winemakers in amounts largeenough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.最贴合premises关于S造成过敏。取非,造成结论不成立
(为什么又是过敏问题)文中没有提到自然形成的硫酸盐,但是他依旧是正确答案。啊啊,这厮为什么,偶的头要想破了。。。

都怪我太笨,我觉的我对你的话可能理解的不太到位,NN大人能多解释下么~~


作者: alzn2765    时间: 2015-9-24 21:27
橙子会飞 发表于 2015-9-24 20:27
嗯,对的,
OG106.Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or ...

我举一个跟这题一样的例子:

地沟油不干净,人吃了拉肚子,我家楼下有个烧烤摊,摊主肯定没用地沟油,所以我吃他家的烤串一定不会因为食品卫生问题而拉肚子。

你觉得我的结论成立吗?

在肉串上爬过去的小强说:因为我?
在肉串上爬过去的米奇说:因为我?
老板那上完厕所从来不洗的手说:因为我?
肉串上过期20年的孜然粉说:因为我?

为了让我的结论成立,我需要假设什么?
作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-25 18:44
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-24 21:27
我举一个跟这题一样的例子:

地沟油不干净,人吃了拉肚子,我家楼下有个烧烤摊,摊主肯定没用地沟油,所 ...

P1:地沟油不干净,人吃了拉肚子(这是背景)
P2:我家楼下有个烧烤摊,摊主肯定没用地沟油
C:所以我吃他家的烤串一定不会因为食品卫生问题而拉肚子。
逻辑链:没用地沟油,就不会因为卫生问题拉肚子

---需要的假设应该是其他卫生问题都不会出现吧。
因为结论中已经提及卫生问题这个范畴,所以小强等等原因都不算新信息,应该是这样吧大神?




作者: alzn2765    时间: 2015-9-25 18:57
橙子会飞 发表于 2015-9-25 18:44
P1:地沟油不干净,人吃了拉肚子(这是背景)
P2:我家楼下有个烧烤摊,摊主肯定没用地沟油
C:所以我吃 ...

所以,如果选项是:

该地摊的卫生条件良好,没有鼠患会导致卫生隐患 或者 该地摊的卫生条件良好,没有蟑螂导致卫生隐患 或者 摊主有良好的个人卫生习惯(等于“摊主不良的个人卫生习惯”) 或者 摊主一定没有采用其他劣质的食材

如果这些是正确选项,我是否引入了“新信息”?
注意我对新信息采取的是肯定态度还是否定态度

如果说肯定“新信息”的存在叫“引入新信息”,那么否定“新信息”的存在也叫“引入新信息”吗?

作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-25 20:15
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-25 18:57
所以,如果选项是:

该地摊的卫生条件良好,没有鼠患会导致卫生隐患 或者 该地摊的卫生条件 ...

否定新信息存在,就不叫了吧。我自己的理解是,因为假设题并没有用新的信息作为结论成立的论据,而是通过否定新信息,即从反方向排除逻辑断层,从而加强了原有的逻辑推理。
就好像这题
113.The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed. (背景:讲B从V进口稳定数量的电视)However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. 【Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
逻辑链:只要B安装工人的减少,B国电视就需要从V进口    (gap有很多,例如工人生产效率提高等文章未考虑的新问题。所以,我们要做的便是将这些可能出现的新问题否决掉,排除逻辑断层。)(但是不会考虑进口国来源问题,因为这是前提中提到的背景之一,对不?)
(C) The average number of hours (it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a televisionhas not decreased significantly during the past three years.
----C选项是正确答案,虽然出现新的信息,但是通过否定新的信息对argument产生的可能影响而加强了原有的逻辑链。可能这也是为什么假设题最容易选出现否定词的选项的原因(因为存在很多其他原因/新信息,揭露逻辑的断层,所以通过否定这一可能,将会加强原文逻辑)

再回到最初的问题:
106.Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. (背景:孩子容易因为接触洗洁剂或杀虫剂中的化学物质而过敏)Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.【Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.】

(B) Children who areallergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
      B找的逻辑漏洞已经在前提中被排除了,违背了前提,所以OG会说 “Only school-nurseisits for allergic reactions to the cleaners and pesticide is used in elementary schools are in question in the argument.(即前提已经肯定了感染源的问题就来源于cleanser和pesticide)  所以是不相干的新信息,对吧NN?


作者: alzn2765    时间: 2015-9-25 20:48
橙子会飞 发表于 2015-9-25 20:15
否定新信息存在,就不叫了吧。我自己的理解是,因为假设题并没有用新的信息作为结论成立的论据,而是通过 ...

你这不是理解嘛?

我举这个例子是为了回答你问的这个问题:

但是我还不是太理解你说的“如果是Assumption题,看到原文没有提到的新信息,可以直接确定为错误选项。”Manhattan里面有说,assumption题属于2nd family是允许新信息出现在错误选项中的。比如下一题:
og83
Many people suffer an allergic reaction tocertain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine aspreservatives. 【However,since there are several winemakers who add sulfites to none of the wines theyproduce, people (who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites) candrink wines produced by these winemakers without risking an allergic reactionto sulfites.】
Which of thefollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(E) Sulfites are notnaturally present in the wines produced by these winemakers in amounts largeenough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.最贴合premises关于S造成过敏。取非,造成结论不成立
(为什么又是过敏问题)文中没有提到自然形成的硫酸盐,但是他依旧是正确答案。啊啊,这厮为什么,偶的头要想破了。。。

都怪我太笨,我觉的我对你的话可能理解的不太到位,NN大人能多解释下么~~



至于你问的113题,就是个平均值公式的直接运用。完全用不到逻辑,至少我是这么认为的。

作者: 橙子会飞    时间: 2015-9-25 21:06
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-25 20:48
你这不是理解嘛?

我举这个例子是为了回答你问的这个问题:

  噢噢噢!对!113题是数学平均值题!  电视机数=工人数*人均产TV数(或社会劳动平均时间)
谢谢大NN~所亏了NN的耐心分析,我才慢慢懂得并且理清了一些思路。话说NN的分析真是一针见血啊!!偶自己感觉做逻辑时,脑子还是很混沌的感觉,容易想乱想多想不清楚,最后把自己也绕进去,时间花多了,但是题目揍死选不粗来。。ORZ。。
话说NN大人思路好清晰啊,专业老师的水准啊!!!!
作者: jenius4869    时间: 2015-10-15 22:33
(B) Children who areallergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to haveallergies to other substances.正确 因为由于这种原因导致的过敏孩子数量,没有比因为其他原因过敏的孩子要多,符合比例问题的考虑。

我觉得你这里对这个选项的理解有误。这个选项翻译过来应该是[对这种chemicals过敏的孩子并不比其他孩子]更容易对其他物质过敏,而不是说[对这种chemical过敏的孩子]并不比[其他孩子对其他物质]过敏的多。是两种人群对同一种物质(other substances)的对比,不是不同物质(特定chemical和其他substances)。

Children [who areallergic to the chemicals] are no more likely than {other children} to haveallergies to other substances. 括号里面who是修饰children的,than 后面紧跟比较对象other children,to have allergies to other substances是比较内容。

所以OG会说这里是无关,因为不比较对其他物质过敏的孩子的多少问题。
作者: elusive    时间: 2016-2-17 11:31
因果推理

因为护手收到的患者增多了
所以现在的孩子过敏源更多了或者孩子更脆弱了。。。。。

反驳结果

A. The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
无关
B. Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
无关
C. Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
取非,现在的孩子are more likely to be sent,反驳了结论。不是过敏原和孩子免疫力的问题,而是更倾向于送医生
D. The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.

E. Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.       

作者: AnnAys    时间: 2016-7-9 23:11
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-23 19:44
统计枚举题

直接举例说明:

此贴已收录至《Alzn大神CD答疑集合》。
作者: AnnAys    时间: 2016-7-9 23:12
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-24 19:43
如果是Assumption题,看到原文没有提到的新信息,可以直接确定为错误选项。

B中Children who areallergic ...

此贴已收录至《Alzn大神CD答疑集合》。
作者: AnnAys    时间: 2016-7-9 23:30
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-24 21:27
我举一个跟这题一样的例子:

地沟油不干净,人吃了拉肚子,我家楼下有个烧烤摊,摊主肯定没用地沟油,所 ...

此贴已收录至《Alzn大神CD答疑集合》。
作者: AnnAys    时间: 2016-7-9 23:31
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-25 18:57
所以,如果选项是:

该地摊的卫生条件良好,没有鼠患会导致卫生隐患 或者 该地摊的卫生条件 ...

此贴已收录至《Alzn大神CD答疑集合》。
作者: yammm    时间: 2018-8-1 07:53
AnnAys 发表于 2016-7-9 23:30
此贴已收录至《Alzn大神CD答疑集合》。

有没有合集可以分享出来呀
作者: yammm    时间: 2018-8-1 09:06
OK,到了这个问题,同样很困惑,试着在答复板中写一写,缕清思路,希望我的思路能够帮助后来者

这题的结论是:孩子被送往校医的比例比过去十年增加了,要么是因为药性加强了,要么是因为学生体质差。
题干:使结论成立的假设-----即,不可以有第三种可能出现

选项C(OA):过敏的学生被送往校医的可能性,现在的 不大于 过去十年的。ie 现在的(就诊的孩子的可能性)<= 过去。

选项解析:过敏学生被送往校医的可能性



1. 现在=过去,即过去和现在,这个地方过敏的孩子被送到校医院的比例没变(可能一直都是20%)。保持“可能性”这个变量不变,才能说“要么……要么……”,才能说明是因为药效或者体质的问题,而不是别的什么原因导致 校医的孩子的比例增加。

2. 现在<过去,即家长其实更不愿意把孩子送往校医就诊,但是现在校医的中就诊的孩子的比例还是上升了,这就说明是药性或者是体质的问题。

3. 现在>过去,即家长现在更乐意把孩子送到校医就诊,说明除了药性、体质的问题之外,影响这个比例的假设又多了一个-----到校医院就诊的意愿,但是这个假设对就诊比例的影响是增加,这个假设的前提是现在和过去过敏的学生数量和总体学生的数量没有变,变得只有是否送去了医院。就不可能是 药性 或者 体质 的可能了。否定了结论中的前两个假设。(ie 选项的取非,使结论不成立)

sum:选项的意思其实是说,只有现在和过去的过敏学生被送往校医的可能性,(再啰嗦一句,ie所有过敏孩子中选择到校医院急诊的比例)不可以对这个原文中的“proportion”有影响。eg只要过敏,这个城市里面大概会有20%的过敏患者选择到校医院就医,其他的人可能会到其他地方就诊,或者不就诊。而20%这个数据从过去到现在,一直不变,或者变小。



作者: yammm    时间: 2018-8-1 09:13
alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-23 19:44
统计枚举题

直接举例说明:

自己思考过后,再来看大神的讲解,发现语言非常简练易懂,直击要害。
顺带说一句自己最开始没有看懂大神,但现在懂了,也给后来和我有一样迷惑的人有些许帮助:

大神说的是:C选项的取非。即“过敏孩子中去校医院就诊的比例”,现在>过去,使结论不成立




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