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1110. It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year.

(A) the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year

(B) the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion a year because of lost industrial output and tax revenues

(C) illiteracy costs the United States at least $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues

(D) $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues is the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy

(E) lost industrial output and tax revenues cost the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy

In choices A, B, and D, the combined use of annual and a year is redundant. Choices A, D, and E are awkward and confused because other constructions intrude within the phrase cost... of illiteracy: for greatest clarity, cost should be followed immediately by a phrase (e.g., of illiteracy ) that identifies the nature of the cost.Choice E is particularly garbled in reversing cause and effect, saying that it is lost output and revenues rather than illiteracy that costs the United States over $20 billion a year. Choice B is wordy and awkward, and idiom requires in rather than because of to introduce a phrase identifying the constituents of the $20 billion loss. Concise, logically worded, and idiomatic, choice C is best.

而且那个帖子里提问题也提的很乱，有credit、句意逻辑、cost三个问题，所以我才单独开贴提问的

OG里说：Choices A, D, and E are awkward and confused because other constructions intrude within the phrase cost... of illiteracy: for greatest clarity, cost should be followed immediately by a phrase (e.g., of illiteracy ) that identifies the nature of the cost

大全840. The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(A) The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(B) The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(C) By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(D) To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.（E）

(E) It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

the cost to sb of doing sth这里的顺序改变是不是因为of doing sth太长而移至后面？

OG110:cost to the LACE w:st="on">United StatesLACE> of illiteracy 翻译一下就知道of illiteracy 是cost 的定义, 最本质.

但是, 文无定法. 大全840只能遵从优选法来解题, 这就是GMAT的根本, 同样也是她的挑战所在.

以下是引用hylrd在2005-6-5 11:43:00的发言：
我觉得可能是这样的：og 中所说的cost should be followed immediately by a phrase (e.g., of illiteracy ) that identifies the nature of the cost 是指名词性的cost必须立即加上of, 确实，a、d、e的cost 都是名词的用法，而cost也有动词用法，如：cost sb sth, 正确答案所用。也正因为如此，名词性的cost 必须在后面直接加of 而不能插入其他词

感觉实际上110的A并不是不对，如果排除annual的问题，只是不是最好。

110是综合来考的，不要仅仅卡在cost上。840倒是考cost的用法更多一些，都是名词形式。

cost 后面不是要紧跟of的介词短语，主要是说清cost的作用和目的。immediately稍微有些绝对，考试时要多看看其他选项了。

唯心一点说, 如果遇到cost of, 我还是会优先想到这两个不能分开, 毕竟, OG里面明确的提出这个问题两次.

以下是引用ring_cheng在2005-6-5 9:13:00的发言：

我对cost的用法也很是疑惑：

也即cost of sth to sb应为正确用法

可是在大全840中cost的用法却有出入：

大全840. The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(A) The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(B) The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(C) By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(D) To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.（E）

the cost to sb of doing sth这里的顺序改变是不是因为of doing sth太长而移至后面？

我觉得它的意思是最清晰明了的用法是cost of但也没有明确说cost 和of间加to是错的

13楼说得也非常正确。ETS象一个佛，他心中有数，一抬手，一举足中间都暗藏玄机。

OG110中说for greatest clarity，是因为有另外一题（大全840）不是greatest clarity的，但也可以接受。

以下是引用薰衣紫草在2005-6-5 13:18:00的发言：

这里其实是个状语修饰的问题.

状语修饰的原则: 越本质的特性越就近.

OG110:cost to the United States of illiteracy 翻译一下就知道of illiteracy 是cost 的定义, 最本质.

但是, 文无定法. 大全840只能遵从优选法来解题, 这就是GMAT的根本, 同样也是她的挑战所在.

(A) the annual cost
to the United States of illiteracy
in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year

首先，这个不符合the cost of 的原则，其次整个主语很冗长cost to XXX in XXX，很难理解，再次，annual 和a year重复意思了。

(B) the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion a year because of lost industrial output and tax revenues

because of lost industrial output and tax revenues使句子的意思转变了，in XX表示在什么方面的支出成本，而because of XX 表示由于什么导致支出，句意变化了。同时，annual and a year is redundant in the same sentense.

(D) $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues is the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy

即使翻成中文，都不符合中文的表达，在英语肯定也是拗口的：每年在工业产出和税收收入方面200亿usd的损失是每年美国由于文盲造成的成本。

(E) lost industrial output and tax revenues cost the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy