天山6-25, GWD 10 Q25-28 印第安水权逻辑结构 - ChaseDream

In Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flow-

Line ing through or adjacent to the (5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation.

在winters v United States一案中，最高法院判定经由建立保留地的条款，印第安人拥有流经或者临近FB印第安保留地的水域的用水权。

Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court (10) ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which (15) their lands would have been use less.

这一条款没有提及水权，但是最高法院判定当联合政府建立保留地的时候，是有意保留水权和印第安人公平交易的，因为没有水权，印第安人的土地无法得到更大的利用。

Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve

water for particular purposes if (20) (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — i.e., withdrawn from(25) the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government (30) intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation.

在引用winters的基础上，后来的决议判定法院能找到联邦法律在如下的情况下为特殊的用途保留水权，（1）如果决议中的土地位于一个被包围的领土中，这一领土隶属于最高联邦权限。（2）如果决议中的土地已经正式的从联邦公共土地中脱离—即从可为私人占有的联邦土地中脱离—而且单独保留。（3）如果情形表明政府建立保留地的时候有意同时保留水权和土地。

Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights (35) through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty.

基于他们先于美国主权建立之前对水域的改道和对水域的使用权，一些印第安部落也在法庭上获得了水权。

For example, the Rio Grande (40) pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. 比如说，当美国在1848年建立主权的时候，RG印第安村庄就已经存在了！

Although they at that time became part of the United States, the pueblo lands (45) never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from50) public lands as American Indian reservations.

尽管当时他们成为了美国的一部分，这个村庄的土地从来都没有正式成为联邦公共土地的一部分；没有任何条款，法令或者行政命令曾经指定这个村庄为印第安保留地或者把这个村庄从公共土地中脱离出去成为保留地。

This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. 但是这个事实并没有阻碍winters条款的实施。

What constitutes an American Indian (55) reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States.

印第安保留地的组成是一个基于实用的问题，而不是一个法律定义的问题。

This pragmatic (60) approach is buttressed by Arizonav. California (1963), wherein the

Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not(65) affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine.

这种注重实效的策略在Arizona v. California (1963)得到了支持。当时最高法院判定任何形式的联邦保留地的建立的模式都不影响winters条款的运用。

Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, (70) the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.因此，在1848年P村庄的印第安人拥有比其他人优先的水权，那一年P村庄应该被认为成为了保留地。

这篇文章的逻辑是比较绕，但是读懂文章以后还是比较清楚的。首先用FB案例引出相关对水权的3条判定法则。接着举RG部落的例子，尽管从当时的情况看，RG的例子不符合判定法则，但是还是获得了水权，因为保留地的建立是一个实用性质的问题，其实用性超出了法律的定义，所以RG村庄还是符合判定法则的，因为当时P村庄实际上被认为是一个保留地（尽管没有官方的正式认可RG是保留地，但是从实用的角度任何RG是一个保留地，只是保留地建立的方式不同而已）

According to the passage, which of the following was rue of the treaty estabilshing the Fort Berthold Indian eservation?

D.It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation's inhabitants.

Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which (15) their lands would have been use less.

以下是引用IceOnMe在2005-6-14的发言：

但我觉得didn't != fail哎

fail 里带了作者的主观态度

是不是钻NJJ了捏

以下是引用而今迈步从头越在2005-5-26 11:43:00的发言：

GWD-10-Q25 to GWD-10-Q28: