Plus, I don't think "这套系统未经过检验" is the conclusion, while "飞行员拒绝使用" clearly is.
lease help!!!!!!!!!
lease help!!!!!!!!!lease help!!!!!!!!!
Questions 22-23
Doctors in Britain have long suspected that patients who wear tinted eyeglasses are abnormally prone to depression and hypochondria. Psychological tests given there to hospital patients admitted for physical complaints like heart pain and digestive distress confirmed such a relationship. Perhaps people whose relationship to the world is psychologically painful choose such glasses to reduce visual stimulation, which is perceived as irritating. At any rate, it can be concluded that when such glasses are worn, it is because the wearer has a tendency to be depressed or hypochondriacal.
22. The argument assumes which one of the following?
(A) Depression is not caused in some cases by an organic condition of the body.
(B) Wearers do not think of the tinted glasses as a means of distancing themselves from ocher people.
(C) Depression can have many causes, including actual conditions about which it is reasonable for anyone to be depressed.
(D) For hypochondriacs wearing tinted glasses, the glasses serve as a visual signal to others that the wearer’s health is delicate.（E）
(E) The tinting does not dim light to the eye enough to depress the wearer’s mood substantially.
23. Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument EXCEPT:
(A) Some people wear tinted glasses not because they choose to do so but because a medical condition of their eyes forces them to do so.
(B) Even a depressed or hypochondriacal person can have valid medical complaints, so a doctor should perform all the usual objective tests in diagnosing such persons.
(C) The confirmatory tests were not done for places such as western North America where the usual quality of light differs from that prevailing in Britain.
(D) Fashions with respect to wearing tinted glasses differ in different parts of the world.（B）
(E) At the hospitals where the tests were given, patients who were admitted for conditions less ambiguous than heart pain or digestive distress did not show the relationship between tinted glasses and depression or hypochondria.
从大全copy的，兰色的是答案。有疑问请找gemj。
那位nn能指导一下evidence和conclusion到底怎么快速看出来？是不是事实就是evidence，臆断的就是conclusion呢？
I can not understand why C can weaken the arguement. I think C is irrelevant to the reasoning.
The arguement focuses on the relationship between the tinged sun glasses and the depression, and doesn't say anything about the quality of light. Even if the quality of light in Britain is different from that of western North America, the arguement about the relationship between wearing tinged glasses and depression still can hold.
Who can explain why the test done in western North America may weaken the conclusion?
I can not understand why C can weaken the arguement. I think C is irrelevant to the reasoning.
The arguement focuses on the relationship between the tinged sun glasses and the depression, and doesn't say anything about the quality of light. Even if the quality of light in Britain is different from that of western North America, the arguement about the relationship between wearing tinged glasses and depression still can hold.
Who can explain why the test done in western North America may weaken the conclusion?
C说这样的测试在美国（也不一定说要在美国，只要不在英国就可以）没有做啊，题目只是说在英国做了这样的测试后，就得出结论说只要戴眼镱的都容易有这样的倾向。所以C指出这样的推理是以偏概全的。
Pilots: Pilots will not fly in planes with collision-avoidance systems that are not fully tested. Malfunctioning systems could mislead pilots, causing crashes.
可是我觉得结论是Malfunctioning systems could mislead pilots, causing crashes.
查了费费课堂笔记上也这么写的。
我天生不分evidence&conclusion
23题到底选什么啊?
搜索了也没有相关讨论,哪位来解释一下啊!!!
UP!
看到现在还是不理解!
我认为B的问题在于选项里面并没有提到这些病人和tinted眼镜的关系。
(B) Even a depressed or hypochondriacal person can have valid medical complaints, so a doctor should perform all the usual objective tests in diagnosing such persons.
这个选项应该怎么理解？
depressed或者hypo的人可以有效的medical comlaints, 所以医生应该用所有的usual objective tests来诊断这样的人。 题目中并没有说关于test是怎么进行的，只是说test确认了这样一种relationship，所以我觉得B选项没有weaken什么啊，比较无关。
而D项
(D) Fashions with respect to wearing tinted glasses differ in different parts of the world.
就刚好直接解释了 楼主分析的 B2当中假设前提 when such glasses are worn，并不一定是这些人有病，而是因为 fashion的原因。
以上是我的拙见，请大家批评指正。
前提不可否定，因为前提是一个不可推翻的事实。
还是借助FEIFEI笔记上的milk题。
原题：Metropolis regualtion limiting to four days the period during which milk can be sold to cosumers after pasteurization is unresonable. Under optimal conditions, pasteurized milk kept at 40 degrees F remains unspoiled for at least 14 days. If Metropolis current limitation were changed to eight days, milk prices would drop, but product quality would be unaffected. 问weaken?
首先要找准前提和结论。
前提: Under optimal conditions, pasteurized milk kept at 40 degrees F remains unspoiled for at least 14 days.---一个不可推翻的事实。
结论: If Metropolis current limitation were changed to eight days, milk prices would drop, but product quality would be unaffected.结论中含有if...then...是个条件型结论。而其中的if Metropolis current limitation were changed to eight days不是前提，是个充分条件，因为结论是个充分必要条件的句子。不应当死板得记忆前提结论的标志词if...then...而是要结合具体题目文章。
重申:前提就是个不可推翻的事实，不会出现一个假设。
反对前提是迷惑选项是错误选项---反对前提反对的是其谓语不是其他句子成分。所以这个题反对前提是:Under optimal conditions, pasteurized milk kept at 40 degrees F does not remain unspoiled for at least 14 days. 而不是对under optimal conditions的否定。
这个题的正确答案：In Metropolis, conditions for handling and storing milk after pasteurization are seldom close to optimum.并没有反对前提中的谓语，而其实就是简简单单的断桥而已。因为这个题是有hidden premise的，当结论中说If Metropolis current limitation were changed to eight days...隐含的就是在under optimal conditions这个桥梁存在的时候，milk prices would drop还不影响产品质量。
OG11-18也是同理的，并没有反对前提，而是断了桥而已。
OG11-18：前提：...argue that in a free society people have the right to take risks as long as the people do not harm others as a result of taking the risks. 反对前提就是反对其谓语:...argue that in a free society people do not have the right to take risks as long as the people do not harm others as a result of taking the risks. 这叫反对前提。而题目的桥就是在people do not harm others as a result of taking the risks, it should be each person's decision whether or not to wear a seat belt. 正确答案就是断了这个桥而已。
大家切记，否定前提就是否定前提里的谓语动词，否定前提是错误选项是迷惑选项，不可以选的。
其实我看到lawyer的分析中weaken题里有好几个都写着是否定前提，其实不是否定前提，因为正确答案并不是去否定前提里的谓语，而是仅仅断了桥，把那个hidden premise给断了而已的。希望大家理解清楚。而且也不要一看到if...then..就死板得认为是前提结论的标志。有时候if...then...是出现在结论中的。例如milk这道题的结论中就是，这个是条件型结论(结论中带条件而已)。
前提就是一个不可推翻的事实。大家读题要分清楚前提和结论。
此题的前提---一个不可推翻的事实
sychological tests given there to hospital patients admitted for physical complaints like heart pain and digestive distress confirmed such a relationship.(后面选项并没有否定前提，因为否定前提是否定谓语，即:Psychological tests given there to hospital patients admitted for physical complaints like heart pain and digestive distress did not confirm such a relationship)
结论： it can be concluded that when such glasses are worn, it is because the wearer has a tendency to be depressed or hypochondriacal。就是说depression导致带eyeglasses.
此题是一个因果型的演绎题，结论去解释前提里出现的那个事实了。正确削弱就是A.他因。B.割断因果: 有因无果 有果无因 C. 因果颠倒 D.显示因果的资料不准确。
A.Some people wear tinted glasses not because they choose to do so but because a medical condition of their eyes forces them to do so. 他因---带不带眼镜是因为自身眼睛的medical condition而不是depression
C.The confirmatory tests were not done for places such as western North America where the usual quality of light differs from that prevailing in Britain. 显示因果的资料不准确(但是绝对没有否定前提说Psychological tests given there就是指Britain...did not confirm such a relationship)
(D) Fashions with respect to wearing tinted glasses differ in different parts of the world. 他因---带不带眼镜是因为fashion的原因而不是depression
(E) At the hospitals where the tests were given, patients who were admitted for conditions less ambiguous than heart pain or digestive distress did not show the relationship between tinted glasses and depression or hypochondria.显示因果的资料不准确,不能代表所有physical complaints的人。我们再来看一遍前提Psychological tests given there to hospital patients admitted for physical complaints like heart pain and digestive distress confirmed such a relationship.
它将patients admitted for physical complaints like heart pain and digestive distress这个病重程度的人的eyeglasses 与depression的关系推广到了所有病重程度不同的physical complaints的人。(同样也要注意，这也没有否定前提，因为physical complaints like heart pain and digestive distress这个病重程度的人还是confirm了sucn a relationship.读题要度准确，尤其是一些修饰词，后置定语等等)
所以答案应该选B.无关。(B) Even a depressed or hypochondriacal person can have valid medical complaints, so a doctor should perform all the usual objective tests in diagnosing such persons. 说了这么一句话，根本对结论没有任何影响，没有对eyeglasses和depression之间的关系进行任何削弱
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