再加两句， 感觉OG的VERBAL， 尤其SC， 答案不是PERFECT，只是比较而言THE BEST。
还有，学GMAT的恶果是写报告时欲书还羞，开会时欲言又止，@#$WQW%#$%RF
这三种限定性修饰的区别, 在我看来, 并不是correctiveness的问题. 我不鼓励把它作为解题点, 尽量靠其他明显, 有把握的知识点进行排除.
这个总结的一些观点只取证于OG, 加上我的主观分析, 所以很可能有错. 请大家辩证来看, 帮助完善.
以下例子均取自OG.
A. 对于政府法令的限制修饰(注意不是定语从句), 用现在分词.
100.
(A) prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(B) prohibiting that landfills accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(C) prohibiting landfills from accepting leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(D) that leaves, brush, and grass clippings cannot be accepted in landfills（C）
(E) that landfills cannot accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
Prohibiting 限制修饰bans
178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
Allowing限制修饰sentences
在这里必须要注意: 我说的是限制修饰, 而非宾语从句.
130. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that two upstate
(A) that two upstate
(B) that two upstate
(C) two upstate
(D) on two upstate
(E) on the restitution that two upstate
这题的正确答案是A. rule后面that引导的是宾语从句(rule虽然是政府法令, 但它是动词), 而非限制性定语从句. 不要混淆.
B. 分词比从句简洁, 但分词有局限性: 不能跳跃修饰.
178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
In B and C the verb phrases (performing... ) do not clearly modify criminals, because another noun (sentences) intrudes, ...
而定语从句可以跳跃修饰, 也可以就近, 关键看逻辑意思.
114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light
虽然这是个非限定性定语从句, 但我认为它是代词按逻辑意思指代最经典的例子!
除了以上涉及的, 我没有发现两者之间的其他区别.
C. with(前面没有逗号)也是限定修饰. 但with有两点禁忌.
1. with所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑宾语, 后面不可以再补出宾语.
102. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself
B: …and the prepositional phrase containing this participle (with... it) is unidiomatic.
192. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern
(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added
(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it（C）
(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added
虽然这里OG没有对D中with…it的结构提出质疑, 但我相信这也是错误的原因之一.
2. 当把with放在句末做修饰的时候要很小心, 因为with既可以做修饰, 又可以做伴随, 所以会有歧义.
212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.With在句子的谓语动词之后, 特别是在句末, 跟在名词后面, 很容易引起歧义, 因为分不清究竟限定修饰名词, 还是做谓语的伴随.
但当with前面的名词是特指, 不可以被限定性修饰, 这个禁忌就不存在.
56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya (C)
(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
这个without没有歧义, 肯定做伴随. 因为the Maya不可能被限定(Maya人就是Maya人, 不能说什么样的Maya人造了…言下之意, 还有另外一部分Maya人没有参与建造, 而句子本身要表达的意思是整体Maya人, 即使要对其进行修饰, 也只能是非限定性修饰.) 另外还有一些因为是特指而不会引起歧义的例子:
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.
(A) if there is a lack of some other doctor totestify (B) unle
(C) without another doctor's testimony
(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctor (C)
(E) lacking another doctor to testify
今天头一直很晕, 再加上总结的很仓促, 请大家斧正.
MM总结的很好，建议加精！语法区应该多些对单独考点的讨论，这样大家对容易混淆、容易错的考点会有更深的认识。
对MM总结的内容提出一些额外信息和更正，同样是我个人理解，供讨论：
携隐补充：分词短语的修饰歧义还在于它既可以作定语修饰就近的名词，也可以作状语修饰主句的谓语。
而定语从句可以跳跃修饰, 也可以就近, 关键看逻辑意思.
114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light
虽然这是个非限定性定语从句, 但我认为它是代词按逻辑意思指代最经典的例子!
携隐补充：本题我觉得不是跳跃修饰，本题的with small...可以视为一个插入语，而插入语是可以去掉而完全不影响句子意思和结构的。因此这里的which可以视为直接跟在a canoe后面，对这个which从句来说，最近的名词就是canoe。
携隐补充：除了我第一点中提到的重复性和一次性的区别，白勇的书里还有说，当涉及到完成时态时，分词短语必须转化为定语从句。就是说，当出现having done的分词短语，必须改为which have done的定语从句。
C. with(前面没有逗号)也是限定修饰. 但with有两点禁忌.
1. with所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑宾语, 后面不可以再补出宾语.
102. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself
B: …and the prepositional phrase containing this participle (with... it) is unidiomatic.
携隐补充：本题中，with是介词，介词后面只能跟名词或ing分词，而本题的B跟了“名词＋ing＋代词”这样的形式，所以OG解释说是unidiomatic的。
携隐补充：本题我认为with的用法没有错，with后面跟的是English，Spanish，and Italian words这个名词短语，而后面的having been added to it是修饰前面这个名词短语的。我前面说过了，分词短语不可以用在完成时上，having been added是错的。
2. 当把with放在句末做修饰的时候要很小心, 因为with既可以做修饰, 又可以做伴随, 所以会有歧义.
212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.With在句子的谓语动词之后, 特别是在句末, 跟在名词后面, 很容易引起歧义, 因为分不清究竟限定修饰名词, 还是做谓语的伴随.
但当with前面的名词是特指, 不可以被限定性修饰, 这个禁忌就不存在.
56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya (C)
(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
这个without没有歧义, 肯定做伴随. 因为the Maya不可能被限定(Maya人就是Maya人, 不能说什么样的Maya人造了…言下之意, 还有另外一部分Maya人没有参与建造, 而句子本身要表达的意思是整体Maya人, 即使要对其进行修饰, 也只能是非限定性修饰.) 另外还有一些因为是特指而不会引起歧义的例子:
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.
(A) if there is a lack of some other doctor totestify
(B) unle
(C) without another doctor's testimony
(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctor (C)
(E) lacking another doctor to testify
携隐补充：一般来说，修饰成分是形容词、分词短语和定语从句，主要还是考分词短语和定语从句，如果考介词短语修饰语的话，一般是考修饰歧义（介词短语到底是作定语还是作状语）。这是我个人感觉，MM可以继续总结看看。
感谢，薰衣紫草mm的总结和携隐mm的添砖加瓦
又一个经典的总结
MM总结的很好，建议加精！语法区应该多些对单独考点的讨论，这样大家对容易混淆、容易错的考点会有更深的认识。
对MM总结的内容提出一些额外信息和更正，同样是我个人理解，供讨论：
个人观点, 请多指教: 我并不认为分词就一定代表延续, 而从句就一定是一次性. 在GMAT中, 我觉得两者在意思上没有明显的区别.
OG199. Because the Earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern
(A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern
(B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern
(C) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern
(D) in the eastern
(E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West
正确答案中的occuring若按照延续性或"状态"是讲不通的. 地震不可能一直发生. 但政府法令却可以自成一类用分词. 我觉得是基于以下原因:
象importance, need, necessity这样的词后面若有修饰不能用that, 只能用of. 因为that是说明性的, 而of是限定性的. importance, need, necessity本身的意思足够明确, 不用在进一步说明, 而只能限定. 比如我们只能说....样的需要, 却不能说需要这个概念本身是什么. 需要就是需要, 不用解释. 同样. 一个法令比如说ban, ban本身就告诉我们这是一个禁令. 我们不用解释禁令是什么意思, 大家都知道, 但用分词的时候却起了修饰的作用, 告诉我们内容是什么.
我已经做了回答. (见上一个贴子)
携隐补充：分词短语的修饰歧义还在于它既可以作定语修饰就近的名词，也可以作状语修饰主句的谓语。
我认为分词短语修饰的歧义只限于前面有逗号的分词. 没有逗号的分词就近修饰, 前面有逗号的分词才可能做伴随. 所以分词短语的歧义只限于没有逗号.
C. with(前面没有逗号)也是限定修饰. 但with有两点禁忌.
1. with所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑宾语, 后面不可以再补出宾语.
102. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself
B: …and the prepositional phrase containing this participle (with... it) is unidiomatic.
携隐补充：本题中，with是介词，介词后面只能跟名词或ing分词，而本题的B跟了“名词＋ing＋代词”这样的形式，所以OG解释说是unidiomatic的。
同意!
携隐补充：本题我认为with的用法没有错，with后面跟的是English，Spanish，and Italian words这个名词短语，而后面的having been added to it是修饰前面这个名词短语的。我前面说过了，分词短语不可以用在完成时上，having been added是错的。
同意!
2. 当把with放在句末做修饰的时候要很小心, 因为with既可以做修饰, 又可以做伴随, 所以会有歧义.
212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.With在句子的谓语动词之后, 特别是在句末, 跟在名词后面, 很容易引起歧义, 因为分不清究竟限定修饰名词, 还是做谓语的伴随.
但当with前面的名词是特指, 不可以被限定性修饰, 这个禁忌就不存在.
56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya (C)
(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
这个without没有歧义, 肯定做伴随. 因为the Maya不可能被限定(Maya人就是Maya人, 不能说什么样的Maya人造了…言下之意, 还有另外一部分Maya人没有参与建造, 而句子本身要表达的意思是整体Maya人, 即使要对其进行修饰, 也只能是非限定性修饰.) 另外还有一些因为是特指而不会引起歧义的例子:
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.
(A) if there is a lack of some other doctor totestify
(B) unle
(C) without another doctor's testimony
(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctor (C)
(E) lacking another doctor to testify
携隐补充：一般来说，修饰成分是形容词、分词短语和定语从句，主要还是考分词短语和定语从句，如果考介词短语修饰语的话，一般是考修饰歧义（介词短语到底是作定语还是作状语）。这是我个人感觉，MM可以继续总结看看。
XDF同时也说过，分词短语强调状态，定语从句强调一时的动作：）
个人观点, 请多指教: 我并不认为分词就一定代表延续, 而从句就一定是一次性. 在GMAT中, 我觉得两者在意思上没有明显的区别.
OG199. Because the Earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern
(A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern
(B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern
(C) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern
(D) in the eastern
(E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West
正确答案中的occuring若按照延续性或"状态"是讲不通的. 地震不可能一直发生.
我仍然认为分词和定语从句是有强调状态和强调某个时点发生的动作之分的。尤其是that定语从句，OG里很多解释都说，是因为动作发生在某个时点。这里不用that从句，是因为句子想表达的是一种地震，而不是在某个时点发生的地震。这里无论用that occured还是用that occures或that will occur都是不对的，因为这不是一个事实动作，只是一种假设。
另一方面，地震的发生不是一时半会的，是一个持续性的动作。这里用ing分词很合适啊。
谈谈自己的观点:
首先Occur是一个不具备延续性的动词, 对于这种不能表示延续性的名词, 现在分词只表示一种状态.
其次, OG里面真正涉及的考点只有现在分词和过去分词的区别, 对于分词和定语从句, 似乎没有明确的说明区别, ETS既然没有说过, 就最好不要把它当成判断的核心依据. 只能当成一种验证答案是否正确的方法.
OG里面真正涉及的考点只有现在分词和过去分词的区别, 对于分词和定语从句, 似乎没有明确的说明区别, ETS既然没有说过, 就最好不要把它当成判断的核心依据. 只能当成一种验证答案是否正确的方法.
>>GMAT有没有考到这两者间的SUBTLE DIFFERENCE?
如果OG上没有, 就别深入了, 我一直坚持GARBAGE-IN, GARBAGE-OUT 的原则, 赫赫,, OG IS THE GOD INTERMS OF GMAT.
不过, 地震这个例子不是太好, 在美国人民的眼里, 东岸的地震是百年不遇一次, 而西部(从北面的华盛顿州, OR州, 到南面CA州的环太平洋沿岸)的确是时刻在地震, 我去年去落衫机就经历过一次小震./ 所以, 在这句话里OCCURING表示一直在发生是成立的. 不表示延续性
并不是要较劲: 美国西海岸(特别是落衫机附近)确实一直地震, 落衫机的地震通常频率很高, 但持续的时间并不长. 这跟动作的延续性无关. 原文中明确的说an earthquake, 也就是说是一次东岸的地震和一次西岸的地震比较. 如果用分词,按照qingdaonyc前辈的说法, 就表明这一次地震持续了很久很久(不象是美国的地震). 即便要表达很多次地震, 也应该用that occur frequently从句来避免歧义, 否则用了分词, , 究竟是一次地震持续了很久还是很多次地震呢?
若有冒犯, 请多指教!
没有冒犯, 大家一起探讨问题而已/更不敢是前辈,怕等到而立之年的时候, 连站也站不住了,赫赫,
看来要说服你挺难,我把原文给简化一下. Because xxxxx, an earthquake in the eastern US will typically devastate xxxx greater than will a quake occurring in the West.
不知道你是怎么读的, 我是感觉 A QUAKE & AN EARTHQUAKE 在这里是泛指, 不表明这一次地震持续了很久很久,而是任何一次地震.
还有, 如果代入that occur frequently从句来避免歧义,变为Because xxxxx, an earthquake in the eastern US will typically devastate xxxx greater than will a quake that occur frequently in the West.
我会觉的读起来很不舒服.
总之, 一开始我读OG这话时, 一眼看去几十个字, 眼里有印象的只觉的有2块, DEVASTATE 和 GREATER THAN, 没想这么多关于OCCURING AND THAT OCCUR 的问题.
若没冒犯, 请多指教
不是我难被说服, 只看你能不能说服我.
我说的从句that occur frequently只是一个例子. 我的观点本来就是分词比从句简洁, 如果在没有歧义的情况下, 两者在意思上没有明显差异.
我也承认分词或从句在这题里不是解题点, 但既然已经死了这么多脑细胞, 我就要解释到底, 不然枉费以上交锋:
我也认为an earthquake在这里是泛指. 但泛指的意思是随便一个地震, 而原文要表达的意思也是: 随便一个地震(with the same magnitude)在东西两岸造成的破坏不同. 泛指没有限定具体哪个地震, 但却明确了对象的个数. 就象OG里陨石砸人的那道题, 很明确的是泛指, 但也限定了发生的频率, 即个数. 假设分词表延续是正确的, 那么就说明那一次地震一直在发生(虽然不确定具体哪一次地震). 但这从事实上来讲是说不通的. 所以, 分词并不表示延续, 分词和从句并没有明显区别.
请多指教!
紫草MM，我觉得“持续发生的地震”和“发生多次的地震”还是有很大区别的。“持续性地震”的意思，并不等于occur frequently的意思。一次地震，可能会持续很久，不断有新的喷发，不断有余震，这都属于同一次地震。而occur frequently的意思，是经常发生不同的地震。这不符合原文意思。
昨天看了几道也是用ing分词的题目，我有一些新的体会。本题中之所以用ocurring，是否能解释为“正在发生”？只有正在发生，才能对应前面的will时态。用that从句的话，除非你也用is occurring时态，否则其他时态都和前面的will a quake时态不对应。（只有正在发生的地震，才“将要”破坏多少地域）。但如果真的用了that is occurring，你就把一个假设的事件变成一个真实的事件了。参见OG126题：
126. More than thirty years ago Dr. Barbara McClintock, the Nobel Prize winner, reported that genes can "jump," as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another.
(A) as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(B) like pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(C) as pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(D) like pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(E) as do pearls that move mysteriously from one necklace to some other one
Choice B, the best answer, correctly and idiomatically uses the preposition like to introduce a comparison that is expressed , in a prepositional phrase. In A, as is used unidiomatically; in j comparison, as is properly employed as a conjunction introducing a subordinate clause. Choices C, D, and E are all faulty because the verb do suggests that the migrating pearls are presented as a real phenomenon, not as a figurative illustration. Also, in D, like is used ungrammatically to introduce a subordinate clause (pearls do ...); and in E, the phrase some other one, substituted for another, is awkward and wordy.
正确答案B表达一个假设事件，用的也是moving。
哈哈, 我们是在共同进步,而不是短兵相接. 否则的话, 我认输把.
语言与思维的关系是最精微的，从对于一种语言的学习和探讨问题中，可以摸出一点这个民族的思维特点与长短来.而对我们谈的那一点,当前是尽量按OG的思路来, 随时间的推移,和对英语的不断接触,会领悟的.所以那几个脑细胞没有白浪费.. 携隐的解释有意思.
昨天晚上去NYU参加一个宴会,正好赶上学校的毕业典礼, 照了张相.传上来看看.
哈哈, 我们是在共同进步,而不是短兵相接. 否则的话, 我认输把.
语言与思维的关系是最精微的，从对于一种语言的学习和探讨问题中，可以摸出一点这个民族的思维特点与长短来.而对我们谈的那一点,当前是尽量按OG的思路来, 随时间的推移,和对英语的不断接触,会领悟的.所以那几个脑细胞没有白浪费.. 携隐的解释有意思.
昨天晚上去NYU参加一个宴会,正好赶上学校的毕业典礼, 照了张相.传上来看看.
言之有理, 所言极是. 但, 未战先降, 兵家大忌.
另外, 自己对英语的领悟, 我相信, 不是将来时.
请多指教!
紫草MM，我觉得“持续发生的地震”和“发生多次的地震”还是有很大区别的。“持续性地震”的意思，并不等于occur frequently的意思。一次地震，可能会持续很久，不断有新的喷发，不断有余震，这都属于同一次地震。而occur frequently的意思，是经常发生不同的地震。这不符合原文意思。
同意! 这也是我上一个帖子的初衷.
昨天看了几道也是用ing分词的题目，我有一些新的体会。本题中之所以用ocurring，是否能解释为“正在发生”？只有正在发生，才能对应前面的will时态。用that从句的话，除非你也用is occurring时态，否则其他时态都和前面的will a quake时态不对应。（只有正在发生的地震，才“将要”破坏多少地域）。但如果真的用了that is occurring，你就把一个假设的事件变成一个真实的事件了。参见OG126题：
126. More than thirty years ago Dr. Barbara McClintock, the Nobel Prize winner, reported that genes can "jump," as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another.
(A) as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(B) like pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(C) as pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(D) like pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(E) as do pearls that move mysteriously from one necklace to some other one
Choice B, the best answer, correctly and idiomatically uses the preposition like to introduce a comparison that is expressed , in a prepositional phrase. In A, as is used unidiomatically; in j comparison, as is properly employed as a conjunction introducing a subordinate clause. Choices C, D, and E are all faulty because the verb do suggests that the migrating pearls are presented as a real phenomenon, not as a figurative illustration. Also, in D, like is used ungrammatically to introduce a subordinate clause (pearls do ...); and in E, the phrase some other one, substituted for another, is awkward and wordy.
正确答案B表达一个假设事件，用的也是moving。
这里表达假设跟moving现在分词的使用无关. OG的解释是如果补出了谓语动词do就会变成一个真实事件. 言下之意, 没有do就不会存在这种暗示, 而不是因为moving才表达了假设的意思.
现在分词确实可以传达"正在发生"的含义, 但我还是相信作为限定修饰, 分词和从句只要时态用对(因为从句涉及时态), 没有明显差异, 不应该作为解题点.
OG223. As business grows more complex, students majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming increasingly successful in the job market.
(A) majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming increasingly
(B) who major in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more
(C) who majored in specialized areas such as those of finance and marketing are being increasingly
(D) who major in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming more and more (B)
(E) having majored in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are being increasingly
正确答案B里用了限定性从句who, 而不是majoring. 这是一个纯粹的ongoing condition的例子, 如果只有分词表达延续或正在进行, 非majoring莫属, 但B却用了从句. 可见, 不能依照延续/一次性, 或状态/事实来区分从句和分词.
降是因为累了，赫赫
OG223的解释明确了主要问题是 SUCH AS /LIKE
，BECOMING 的FORM，DOUBLE VERBIAGE
次要问题是BEING V BECOMING
细微问题（个人的看法）是 INCREASINGLY感觉不如MORE AND MORE 舒服贴切； 然后是 MAJORING V WHO MAJOR
我认为A 边为 students majoring in specialized areas such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more 的话就没错了。---，
再加两句， 感觉OG的VERBAL， 尤其SC， 答案不是PERFECT，只是比较而言THE BEST。
还有，学GMAT的恶果是写报告时欲书还羞，开会时欲言又止，@#$WQW%#$%RF
qingdaonyc真是有趣，不过我觉得钻研英文的习惯表达也很有意思。我们不是不懂，只是不熟悉他们的习惯用法，什么单词表达什么意思，什么单词惯用什么状态……，希望在讨论中慢慢发现他们的习惯，也很有趣的。
紫草，我的意思不是moving代表假设，而是好像在这种假设类的句子中常见ing，好像没有看到用从句的，于是我猜想，是否在假设事件中，从来不用从句，因为从句包含了时态必然代表真实发生的事件？
OG里面真正涉及的考点只有现在分词和过去分词的区别, 对于分词和定语从句, 似乎没有明确的说明区别, ETS既然没有说过, 就最好不要把它当成判断的核心依据. 只能当成一种验证答案是否正确的方法.
>>GMAT有没有考到这两者间的SUBTLE DIFFERENCE?
如果OG上没有, 就别深入了, 我一直坚持GARBAGE-IN, GARBAGE-OUT 的原则, 赫赫,, OG IS THE GOD INTERMS OF GMAT.
不过, 地震这个例子不是太好, 在美国人民的眼里, 东岸的地震是百年不遇一次, 而西部(从北面的华盛顿州, OR州, 到南面CA州的环太平洋沿岸)的确是时刻在地震, 我去年去落衫机就经历过一次小震./ 所以, 在这句话里OCCURING表示一直在发生是成立的. 不表示延续性
我觉的这里的occuring表示的一种repeat的情况,符合a quake的范指的概念,事实上这里的occuring可以视为是a quake of.... that occurs in the WEST 的简写.
本来分词就是从句的一种简化形式,就定语从句来说(状语和同位语的简化略有不同), that be Ven简化成过去分词做定语; that is Ving 和 that V是简化成现在分词;唯一比较麻烦的是分词缺乏对过去时态的表现力,所以如果从句就过去时的话,就比较难简化成分词形式.
降是因为累了，赫赫
OG223的解释明确了主要问题是 SUCH AS /LIKE
，BECOMING 的FORM，DOUBLE VERBIAGE
次要问题是BEING V BECOMING
细微问题（个人的看法）是 INCREASINGLY感觉不如MORE AND MORE 舒服贴切； 然后是 MAJORING V WHO MAJOR
我认为A 边为 students majoring in specialized areas such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more 的话就没错了。---，
OG白纸黑字的解释并不难懂. 选优的原则也自在人心.
但它背后说明了一个问题: 1. 分词与从句之间的所谓差异即便有, 充其量只是effectiveness的问题, 不足以作为解题点; 2. 如果只有分词才能表达进行或现在(如果真的如此排他), 那就是correctiveness的问题, 而这个答案whose major必须改写, 但事实却没有. 所以两种可能都不成立.
请多指教!
再加两句， 感觉OG的VERBAL， 尤其SC， 答案不是PERFECT，只是比较而言THE BEST。
还有，学GMAT的恶果是写报告时欲书还羞，开会时欲言又止，@#$WQW%#$%RF
我现在听周围人讲话怎么听怎么不顺耳, 好象从头到尾都在纠他们错. 最后, 他们说的内容我全不记得.
qingdaonyc真是有趣，不过我觉得钻研英文的习惯表达也很有意思。我们不是不懂，只是不熟悉他们的习惯用法，什么单词表达什么意思，什么单词惯用什么状态……，希望在讨论中慢慢发现他们的习惯，也很有趣的。
紫草，我的意思不是moving代表假设，而是好像在这种假设类的句子中常见ing，好像没有看到用从句的，于是我猜想，是否在假设事件中，从来不用从句，因为从句包含了时态必然代表真实发生的事件？
Simply put life is interesting...
==========================
It is difficult for me to bridge ‘V+ing’ to ‘一种repeat的情况’
===========================
分词与从句之间的所谓差异即便有, 充其量只是effectiveness的问题, 不足以作为解题点
>>>I cannot agree more. Let me clarify my standpoint. The order and rule to choose the correct answer should be in alignment with those in OG.
如果只有分词才能表达进行或现在(如果真的如此排他), 那就是correctiveness的问题, 而这个答案whose major必须改写, 但事实却没有. 所以两种可能都不成立.
>>>? I cannot understand.
Simply put life is interesting...
==========================
It is difficult for me to bridge ‘V+ing’ to ‘一种repeat的情况’
===========================
分词与从句之间的所谓差异即便有, 充其量只是effectiveness的问题, 不足以作为解题点
>>>I cannot agree more. Let me clarify my standpoint.
The order and rule to choose the correct answer should be in alignment with those in OG.
如果只有分词才能表达进行或现在(如果真的如此排他), 那就是correctiveness的问题, 而这个答案whose major必须改写, 但事实却没有. 所以两种可能都不成立.
>>>? I cannot understand.
_ing ending是表示了repeat or continuous 这是kaplan的语法说明中写的
另外,对于从句的分词简化处理,只使用于非限定性定语从句(多数是做补语成分的),而不适用于
限定性定语,所以whose major无法改成majoring
_ing ending是表示了repeat or continuous 这是kaplan的语法说明中写的
另外,对于从句的分词简化处理,只使用于非限定性定语从句(多数是做补语成分的),而不适用于
限定性定语,所以whose major无法改成majoring
1. 对于Kaplan是否与OG完全一致, 以前有过讨论 (请看7楼以下)
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&replyID=1007137&id=105145&skin=0
2. 对于 "对于从句的分词简化处理,只使用于非限定性定语从句,不适用于限定性定语", 请看
OG167. Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes and so were probably without language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.
(A) Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes
(B) Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape's
(C) The vocal tracts of Neanderthals resembled an ape's
(D) The Neanderthal's vocal tracts resembled the apes’ (B)
(E) The vocal tracts of the Neanderthals resembled those of the apes
正确答案B就是将原文中的限制性定语从句改成了分词结构.
3. 我承认在分词做伴随时, 确实implies continuous action. 这是OG白纸黑字写明的. 但当分词与从句同做限定或非限定修饰时, 综观OG, 没有提及两者之间延续或非延续的区别. 如果有, 请告诉我, 我也多知道一个知识点. 先谢过. 我的原则: OG没说的, 我先假设它不存在.
Simply put life is interesting...
==========================
It is difficult for me to bridge ‘V+ing’ to ‘一种repeat的情况’
===========================
分词与从句之间的所谓差异即便有, 充其量只是effectiveness的问题, 不足以作为解题点
>>>I cannot agree more. Let me clarify my standpoint.
The order and rule to choose the correct answer should be in alignment with those in OG.
如果只有分词才能表达进行或现在(如果真的如此排他), 那就是correctiveness的问题, 而这个答案whose major必须改写, 但事实却没有. 所以两种可能都不成立.
>>>? I cannot understand.
如果在做限定或非限定修饰的时候, 只有分词才能表达进行或延续, 从句不能, 而且两者之间的区别涉及correctiveness, 那么223正确答案中的whose major就必须改写, 因为这道题连ETS自己也说是on going condition. 但正确答案用的却是从句. 以上论证可以推出: 1. 即便分词与从句有这样的区别, 也是effectiveness的问题; 或者2. 这两者之间跟本就没有这方面的区别.
我的思路: 我先承认2, 因为承认2更有把握. 如果哪天我发现OG确实有提到1, 那我就承认1, 否则, 我就一直坚持2. 到目前为止, 我还没看到OG说1, 所以我还坚持2.
Bingo! [到目前为止, 我还没看到OG说1, 所以我还坚持2.]，==》 所以不用再DRILL DOWN 拉，OG没说。
另外，看到什么限定/非限定，补语，定语从句。。。。这些TERMS，我头就先大了/。
放心不下, 钢材问了3个同事, 2个ANGLOS,一个BLACK, 结论近似as belows.
1. Students majoring in xxxxxx è bear the meaning of a present action or event in progress,有正在…的含义.
2. Students who major in xxxxxxx è 2人说很少这么用, inferior to the above. 1 人说是一种generic 的form compared with the 1st
这两者之间有区别,好在GMAT不考…
我也顺便抓了一个人问, Anglo. 她告诉我, 对她来讲. 这两种表达没有区别.
我这么写好象故意找一个人来证明我的观点似的. 在问她之前, 我想, 无论她说什么我都认了. 在这个贴子上已经花了太多精力. 可她就是这么说的.
That's it! I swear this is gonna be the last word from me regarding this issue.
赫赫，That's it. I swear u will be good at the next test.
ring_cheng,你们那是不是也很热，怎得头衔是“征服，or蒸熟？ ”
原来N人是这样复习OG的
这三种限定性修饰的区别, 在我看来, 并不是correctiveness的问题. 我不鼓励把它作为解题点, 尽量靠其他明显, 有把握的知识点进行排除.
这个总结的一些观点只取证于OG, 加上我的主观分析, 所以很可能有错. 请大家辩证来看, 帮助完善.
以下例子均取自OG.
A. 对于政府法令的限制修饰(注意不是定语从句), 用现在分词.
100.
(A) prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(B) prohibiting that landfills accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(C) prohibiting landfills from accepting leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(D) that leaves, brush, and grass clippings cannot be accepted in landfills（C）
(E) that landfills cannot accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
Prohibiting 限制修饰bans
178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
Allowing限制修饰sentences
在这里必须要注意: 我说的是限制修饰, 而非宾语从句.
130. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that two upstate
(A) that two upstate
(B) that two upstate
(C) two upstate
(D) on two upstate
(E) on the restitution that two upstate
这题的正确答案是A. rule后面that引导的是宾语从句(rule虽然是政府法令, 但它是动词), 而非限制性定语从句. 不要混淆.
B. 分词比从句简洁, 但分词有局限性: 不能跳跃修饰.
178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
In B and C the verb phrases (performing... ) do not clearly modify criminals, because another noun (sentences) intrudes, ...
而定语从句可以跳跃修饰, 也可以就近, 关键看逻辑意思.
114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light
虽然这是个非限定性定语从句, 但我认为它是代词按逻辑意思指代最经典的例子!
除了以上涉及的, 我没有发现两者之间的其他区别.
C. with(前面没有逗号)也是限定修饰. 但with有两点禁忌.
1. with所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑宾语, 后面不可以再补出宾语.
102. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself
B: …and the prepositional phrase containing this participle (with... it) is unidiomatic.
192. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern
(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added
(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it（C）
(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added
虽然这里OG没有对D中with…it的结构提出质疑, 但我相信这也是错误的原因之一.
2. 当把with放在句末做修饰的时候要很小心, 因为with既可以做修饰, 又可以做伴随, 所以会有歧义.
212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.With在句子的谓语动词之后, 特别是在句末, 跟在名词后面, 很容易引起歧义, 因为分不清究竟限定修饰名词, 还是做谓语的伴随.
但当with前面的名词是特指, 不可以被限定性修饰, 这个禁忌就不存在.
56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya (C)
(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
这个without没有歧义, 肯定做伴随. 因为the Maya不可能被限定(Maya人就是Maya人, 不能说什么样的Maya人造了…言下之意, 还有另外一部分Maya人没有参与建造, 而句子本身要表达的意思是整体Maya人, 即使要对其进行修饰, 也只能是非限定性修饰.) 另外还有一些因为是特指而不会引起歧义的例子:
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.
(A) if there is a lack of some other doctor totestify (B) unle
(C) without another doctor's testimony
(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctor (C)
(E) lacking another doctor to testify
今天头一直很晕, 再加上总结的很仓促, 请大家斧正.
有没有哪位NN帮我找个without做限定修饰而非状语的例子？谢谢先。
xiexie, great!
牛人就是牛人啊~
太牛捏~~
这个帖子之前就瞅过，但是坦白说，除了感叹“19遍OG-SC”的紫草妹妹和小教主（小教室的主人携隐妹妹）实在值得钦佩之外，很惭愧地说偶只是看了她们的结论，不过今天，偶花了很长时间把妹妹们列举的例子对照着11th版本思考了个遍，然后觉得自己有些不同的理解，很想写出来，也许、多数、甚至一定是有错的，但还是想写出来，一来整理一下自己理解的碎片，最希望大家拍砖，但不是在网路的另一端拍出声来，而是在这里拍出字来，更希望得到版主前辈牛牛和路过的同志们多多指导帮助。
同意有逗号分隔的【句子（尾词是名词），分词结构】或者【句子（尾词是名词）+with/without结构】是修饰逗号前句子的主语行为，表伴随；但是偶之愚见——
【句子（尾词是名词）+分词结构】和【句子（尾词是名词）+with/without结构】，按照OG的喜好，也是偏向修饰句子的主语行为动作，表伴随居多。
OG10-192. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English. Spanish. and Italian words.
(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added
(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it
(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added
D offers an awkward adverbial construction, which cannot be used to modify nouns.
OG11-98. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.
(A) whose access to water was less limited
(B) where there was access to water that was less limited
(C) where they had less limited water access
(D) with less limitations on water access
(E) having less limitations to water access
D Limitations is a countable quantity, so it must be modified by fewer, not less这里OG没有讲with结构的问题，姑且当它是可行的吧
E As a countable quantity, limitations should be modified by fewer, not less; having is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans
请留意E项的解释：【句子（尾词是名词）+with结构】不确定是修饰最靠近的名词clans还是句子的主语Anasazi
The correct answer is A.
至于OG10- 56. Architects and stonemasons, the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel.（已代入正确答案C）
我觉得紫草妹妹说的the Maya限定不限定的，不是我这里想说的关键，所以暂且忽略，我引用这个，正确答案使用了【句子（尾词是名词）+with/without结构】是想举证，这个without结构也是修饰句子主语行为表伴随，而不是修饰最靠近的名词。
此外，对于这个——分词结构遇到having done就要躲的公理，我想说的是固定搭配用法除外，因为暂时还没整理出其他例子，所以将以下例子视为特例：
OG10-226.
Pablo Picasso, the late Spanish painter, credited African art with having had a strong influence on his work.
再有就是关于现在分词，OG的规则里面确实有视同“现在、延续”的含义，很多很多此解释现在分词都用到【ongoing】这个词，大家可以留意一下的。下面抽一个作为佐证：
OG10-106. The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.
(A) increasing the pressure
(B) the increasing pressure
(C) increased pressure
(D) the pressure increased
(E) the pressure increasing
In choice B, ......increasing implies without warrant that the increase has been continuing for some indefinite period of time, not that it occurs as a consequence of the bank's decision.
偶引用以上的例子只是想说一下自己学习OG到现在的体会，并不是或说绝对不是总结出什么规律啦，例如紫草妹妹引用的一个例子：
OG10-167. Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape's and so were probably without language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.（已代入正确答案B）
就跟偶上面的说法不一致，所以请注意，偶说的只是自己对OG偏好的领会，也许、多数、甚至一定是有错的，所以才写出来请大家拍砖指正！
最后，帖子有点长，希望大大们愿意瞅瞅，然后给偶指导指导哈！
顺便：同志们看看OG11紫皮书第57题的注释里面，竟然用了【Some other doctor is better expressed as another doctor. 】我狂晕，【比较级跟as连用不是死罪吗？】OG自己怎么可以这样误人子弟呀？我倒！爬起来再瞅一遍，没看错呀，这到底是怎么啦！
偶唯一可以将它理解为【expressed as】搭配，better做adv.修饰“is expressed”，而不是比较句型啦。大家看看有没有合理解释，指导一下偶喽！
To 紫草妹妹
A. 对于政府法令的限制修饰(注意不是定语从句), 用现在分词.
找到了一个例子用定于从句的
69. (28225-!-item-!-188;#058&003542)
The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of
high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing the
Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek up to $100,000
in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.
(A) passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek
up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling
(B) the passage of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, which allows
companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent that they will sell
(C) the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows
companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent of selling
(D) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999, and it allows
companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent to sell (C)
(E) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, passed in 1999 and allowing companies to
seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of
selling
答案是C，不过是非限定性修饰
我认为分词短语修饰的歧义只限于前面有逗号的分词. 没有逗号的分词就近修饰, 前面有逗号的分词才可能做伴随. 所以分词短语的歧义只限于没有逗号.
反例: OG11-98E的解释暗示分词可以跳跃修饰；E Limitations must be modified by fewer, not less; having is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans 98. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited. (A) whose access to water was less limited (B) where there was access to water that was less limited (C) where they had less limited water access (D) with less limitations on water access (E) having less limitations to water access
98. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.
(A) whose access to water was less limited
(B) where there was access to water that was less limited
(C) where they had less limited water access
(D) with less limitations on water access
(E) having less limitations to water access
薰衣紫草 发表于 2005-5-8 13:03
最后两个例子在编辑状态下明明是好好的, 怎么会这样. 我没办法改了, 请大家原谅.[此贴子已经被作者于2005-5 ...
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