[原创]总结“-ing分词短语”在句中的用法 - ChaseDream

又一个语法考点的总结（现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法）

修饰名词的话限制定语首选that 非限制首选,which 在题目中(做为考点的话)一般是这样来优先及, 但用ing修饰的也是可以的.(如:caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other=which orbit each other)

但如果要修饰一个句子的话就只能用VING了,做伴随状语,或者是分词独立结构

"修饰名词的话限制定语首选that 非限制首选,which 在题目中(做为考点的话)一般是这样来优先及, 但用ing修饰的也是可以的."

如果是这样的话, 估计谁也不敢用, 因为这样排除的风险太大, 即使用了也绝对是提心吊胆. OG告诉我们, 这两个的选择完全基于句意和逻辑, 没有什么首选.

n，现在分词<n which 253
一个句子+逗号+分词，分词修饰就近的名词
N+逗号+插入语+逗号+分词，分词是可以修饰N的。当然，是否最佳，是否最清晰，看情况 253
N，句子（插入语），that 因为that不能做非限定修饰，所以that强行指向N，而不是the nearest noun。这个强行指向是否合乎逻辑，临场判断。

以下是引用Avantasia在2005-5-1 13:36:00的发言：

"修饰名词的话限制定语首选that 非限制首选,which 在题目中(做为考点的话)一般是这样来优先及, 但用ing修饰的也是可以的."

以下是引用小女公子在2005-5-1 19:37:00的发言：

nice 东东……

我的分享

n，现在分词<n which 253
一个句子+逗号+分词，分词修饰就近的名词
N+逗号+插入语+逗号+分词，分词是可以修饰N的。当然，是否最佳，是否最清晰，看情况 253

mm, 253题并没有你所说的“一个句子+逗号+分词”分词修饰就近的名词的情况呀。

253. Analysts blamed May's sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, colder and wetter than was usual in some regions. which slowed sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.

(C) since it was colder and wetter than usually in some regions, which slowed

Choice B is the best answer. It is concise and idiomatic, and which has a clear referent, the weather. In A, the insertion of was is unnecessary, and the referent of which is not clear because regions, not weather, is the nearest noun. In C, the adjective usual is needed in place of the adverb usually, and the referent of which is unclear because regions, not weather, is the nearest noun. In D and E, the verb phrases (being colder ..., having been colder . ..) do not refer as clearly to the noun weather as the pronoun which does. Choice D needs the adjective usual in place of the adverb usually, while choice E fails to maintain parallelism in verb tense (having been... and slowed).

我觉得还是像我前面所说的，逗号+分词，优先修饰前面句子的主语，而不是就近修饰。所以ETS说D、E的分词短语不能清楚地修饰名词weather。

A. "3、放在一个句子（包括从句）的句末，修饰前面句子的主语。却不是就近修饰句子的宾语."

这里有一点值得注意. 当-ing (前面有逗号的) 位于句末修饰句子主语时, ing分词的逻辑主语一定要与主语一致. 这种情况等价于-ing位于句首(我们非常熟悉的样子)--- 逻辑主语与后面主句主语必须一致.

BTW: 而这一点对于过去分词就不存在: 过去分词位于句首, 逻辑主语必须一致; 过去分词在句末(无论前面有没有逗号), 大多是就近修饰, 逻辑主语可以不一致.

B. 如果是-ing + n. 那现在分词就不是修饰词, 而是表示一个动作, 后面的名词是动作的对象.

以下是引用IceOnMe在2005-5-1 12:58:00的发言：

偶觉得是关键看要修饰的名词还是一个句子

但如果要修饰一个句子的话就只能用VING了,做伴随状语,或者是分词独立结构

盼指正

OG199. Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West.

(A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern

United States

than it does in the West

(B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern

United States

instead of the West

United States

than one of comparable magnitude occurring in the West

(D) in the eastern

United States

will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West（D）

(E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West

关于优先什么的并不是说存在肯定对错的问题,只是偶自己在做题时的一个先看后看的问题,节约时间用.

以下是引用薰衣紫草在2005-5-4 4:27:00的发言：

同意!

补充一下:

A. "3、放在一个句子（包括从句）的句末，修饰前面句子的主语。却不是就近修饰句子的宾语."

B. 如果是-ing + n. 那现在分词就不是修饰词, 而是表示一个动作, 后面的名词是动作的对象.

同意紫草MM，再补充一下，这里放在一个句子（包括从句）的句末，修饰前面句子的主语的用法要小心些，一般的状语从句（时间/条件/原因从句）后跟ING分词会有歧义：ing是修饰从句的主语还是主句的主语？

35. A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it p

(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it pa

(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress it

(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compres

(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it

Choice A is ambiguous because the grammatical function of depending on mass is uncertain: the phrase could modify either the whole preceding statement or only the words after it passes through a red giant stage. In the latter case, choice A states in effect that a star depends on its mass as it passes through this phase, not the fate of the star depends on the star’s mass. Choice B suffers from the same ambiguity. Choices C and E illogically maintain that the star’s mass, not star itself, passes through the red giant stage to assume another form. Choice D is the correct answer for this difficult question

1. In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.

OG253 - Analysts blamed May's sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.
(A) colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed
(B) which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing—>伴随结果（整个which从句对后面的影响）
(C) since it was colder and wetter than usually in some regions, which slowed
(D) being colder and wetter than usually in some regions, slowing
(E) having been colder and wetter than was usual in some regions and slowed

以下是引用calla在2005-4-29 23:35:00的发言：

一、“逗号+ ing分词”短语

1、修饰前面的句子，表示伴随或结果。这方面例子比较多，我就不举例了。

2、做插入语，位于句中就近修饰名词，是非限定性修饰语。如OG258题的B选项。

258. The British sociologist and activist Barbara Wootton once noted as a humorous example of income maldistribution that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning annually exactly what she then earned as director of adult education for London.

(A) that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning

(B) that the elephant, giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo, had been earning

(D) the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and was earning（A）

(E) the elephant giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and that it earned

OG解释说B选项giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo是非限定性修饰，这种情况下the structure of noted... that the elephant, giving rides ..., had been earning falsely implies that the reader already knows about the elephant--that is, that the existence of this particular elephant is not new information.

3、放在一个句子（包括从句）的句末，修饰前面句子的主语。却不是就近修饰句子的宾语。如OG的256题和120题

256. The nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.

(A) The nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.

(B) To the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote two letters, being the only eyewitness accounts of the great eruption of Vesuvius.

(C) The only eyewitness account is in two letters by the nephew of Pliny the Elder writing to the historian Tacitus an account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.

(D) Writing the only eyewitness account, Pliny the Elder's nephew accounted for the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.

(E) In two letters to the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.

In B, the verb phrase that begins being the only eyewitness accounts modifies the subject of the preceding clause, suggesting nonsensically that the nephew of Pliny the Elder himself was the eyewitness accounts.

120. The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken by General Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as a fortress.

(A) who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as

(B) who, establishing a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like

(D) who had established a mosque in the building, using the Acropolis to be

(E) establishing a mosque in the building and using the Acropolis as

in E, establishing and using modify Athens, thus producing an absurd statement

“逗号+ing分词放在句末修饰宾语的例子好像很少，目前我还未见到，如果有谁见到，请指出。我觉得，如果想要用非限定性修饰语修饰宾语最好用定于从句，用“逗号+ing分词”容易引起歧义。

Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

(D) According to a recent United States study, identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior

这里的答案是D，这里的including显然修饰similarities

而不是修饰句子的主语identical twins ，请教

二、“n.+分词短语”（中间没有逗号”）

就近修饰名词，做限定性修饰语。如OG237

237. It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other at close range.

(A) may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other

(B) may be caused by the interaction between two stars that each orbit the other

(C) are because of the interaction between two stars that orbit each other

(D) are caused by the interaction of two stars where each is orbiting the other

(E) are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other

选E

恩，大概就是这么多了，有没有NN补充或者提出不同意见呢？

我觉得你举的这个例子不能算作分词修饰，因为including是一个习惯用语。

,doing修饰前面紧跟的名词是不是只有including一个例外？但其实在OG11-Diagnostic Test49里，也用了generations of actors including MB and RDN,including前面并没有逗号。是不是可以理解为有没有都可以？

另外关于doing没有逗号的用法，其他帖子好像大多总结为非限定修饰啊

不过lz举的例子two stars
orbiting each other好像也确实是限定性修饰，疑惑……

刚看了其他帖子的讨论，原来这里的two stars
orbiting each other其实是有泛指的感觉在的。而如果用two stars that orbit each other就变成特指两颗星了。

看来我还要多体会，刚开始觉得是翻译成“相互orbit的两颗星”，这样就算是限定了。看来限定非限定还是要在对比中找感觉啊！