~受益匪浅阿~~~序:
复习语法一段时日, 并没有想象中的如渐佳境. 当建立起主谓一致, 逻辑统一, 平行对称……这些简单的概念之后, 面对代词指代这样的问题却越来越胆怯. 似乎进入了一个平台期-----做题越多却不见长进, 甚至越困惑.
Ford424在版里掀起了定语从句终级大讨论, 于是风云四起, 开始了不下一个星期的舌战. 感谢ford424让我不得不面对这个一直在回避的问题，令我意识到自己建立起来的思维体系在ETS面前是多么的不堪一击, 也感谢Aquarius死缠烂打的努力.
硬着头皮解决一直以来的疑惑, 疯狂搜索以前的帖子. 发现前辈早有类似的讨论, 且水平之高, 见地之深足以著书立说! 也许在你看来只不过是又一个性情中人的褒扬之词, 但我在键盘上敲打这些文字的时候真可谓念天地之悠悠, 独怆然而泣下……本该接着看书, 却百感交集, 不把这些智慧火花写出来与大家分享, 枉费先闲基业! 遂成此文.
正文:
熟读OG不难发现ETS对代词指代的规律也没有定论.
OG119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.
(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of
(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business
(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of
(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business（B）
(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business
OG1. The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child.
(A) occurring when a child
(B) occurring when children
(C) that occurred when a child
(D) that occurred when they were children (D)
(E) that has occurred as each was a child
OG 114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light
所以我们在思考的时候不妨运用以下三个方法:
OG128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties
(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
(C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties
(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties（E）
(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
OG127. In theory, international civil servants at the United Nations are prohibited from continuing to draw salaries from their own governments; in practice, however, some governments merely substitute living allowances for their employees’ paychecks, assigned by them to the United Nations.
(A) for their employees’ paychecks, assigned by them
(B) for the paychecks of their employees who have been assigned
(C) for the paychecks of their employees, having been assigned
(D) in place of their employees’ paychecks, for those of them assigned（B）
(E) in place of the paychecks of their employees to have been assigned by them
OG71. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions, then taking turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
(A) subscriptions, then taking turns drawing
(B) subscriptions, and then taking turns drawing
(C) subscriptions and then took turns drawing
(D) subscriptions and then took turns, they drew（C）
(E) subscriptions and then drew, taking turns
指代问题是一个极其灵活的考点, 若能避开就避开, 通过其他考点判断. 若指代的错误是effectiveness的问题, 先不要用他来排除选项, 以免冤枉了好人. 总结的规律要通过搜索或是到版上与别人探讨以求印证.
跋:
走笔至此, 我已不敢再随便总结规律, 因为无论总结的时候多有把握, 之后不久又会被自己推翻.
登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远；顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。
欲登巨人肩膀, 研读前人精华.
好东西,顶!
有句话送给所有在SC里面水深火热的同胞们吧：“语法错了，还有的搞，逻辑错了，就真的没的玩了。”
写完自己也觉得抽象，因为信都可以在火山里面暴发，ETS的辩证法学得越来越好，一句话，所谓的公理年代已然过去，逻辑意思为王。
PS.这个世界上你只能证明有什么，但是很难证明没有什么，只有基于数学的完全归纳法可以做到，所以不要感觉莫名其妙就不选。
MM见笑了！
总结的很好，肯定一下！
另外有个问题，也困扰了我一段时间了，
OG71. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions, then taking turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
这里面的as limited life funds是什么成份呢？状语？对于这个很不理解？！
先谢谢大家了。
MM见笑了！
总结的很好，肯定一下！
另外有个问题，也困扰了我一段时间了，
OG71. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions, then taking turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
这里面的as limited life funds是什么成份呢？状语？对于这个很不理解？！
先谢谢大家了。
yes, comparison is good!
have you seen "consider x y"? similarly, organize x as y (y = limited life funds).
Scapier，麻烦说的详细一点，不是很理解啊？！
consider X Y里面Y应该是宾补吧，但是organize as X前面没有宾语啊？
好东西………………让我无比汗颜…………
我的语法，果然水啊……难怪大全狂错………………………………
Scapier，麻烦说的详细一点，不是很理解啊？！
consider X Y里面Y应该是宾补吧，但是organize as X前面没有宾语啊？
主句是一个被动句, 如果把它改写就是:
一个东东organized the original building and loan associations as limited life funds
associations就是宾语.
有人能回答我的问题吗?
thanks in advance!
谢谢薰衣紫草，好文一篇~受益匪浅阿~~~
邏輯至上~谢谢！非常好！
这个帖子写的极好，不但有归纳，有分析，而且告诉我们一个道理：ETS的语法没有绝对正确的规律。
终于发现什么叫一山还有一山高，cd里面真实卧虎藏龙。
是唉，这种大牛MM很稀缺的哦，但是在CD上还是有很多的，熏衣、携隐、mari、还有那几个可爱的版主MM，^_^一并感谢。
MM见笑了！
总结的很好，肯定一下！
另外有个问题，也困扰了我一段时间了，
OG71. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds,
whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions, then taking turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
这里面的as limited life funds是什么成份呢？状语？对于这个很不理解？！
先谢谢大家了。
我的理解是：the associations是以 limited life funds（封闭式基金）的形式organized的（不知道life怎么翻译）。as limited life funds 修饰organized。
老帖子，又是好帖子
再翻来看看，在ＳＣ总结上收益非浅
公理时代已经过去,逻辑才是王道! 强烈感觉到
OG 114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light
1. 我个人感觉跳跃修饰,在划线部分考的不多,最常见的就是上面这题 这里的with small ribs and rails of cedar,很明显是个介词短语 ,我有时候就把他当做一个插入语的成分,那么which 就很明显是指代canoe
2.其他的么一般来说都是指代与其相临的名词
代词指代也是俺心中的痛牙~~~
区别是， 俺心中的痛有很多。。。。
顶好贴！
又看到MM的贴子了。。激动得想哭了。。
斗胆在前辈的讨论上续貂，敬请指正...
关于代词指代,一般遵循就近指代原则.也就是说大部分是指代最近的那个词.
但只要逻辑正确,没有歧义,并非不可以跳跃指代.也就是说,当最近的那个词不合适,我们可以跳过它往前找.
比如指示代词明明是个whose,最近的那个词却是个物,就要再往前找,直到找到人为止;
又比如指示代词明明是个it,最近的那个词却是个复数,也要再往前找,直到找到单数名词为止;
再比如从句的谓语明明是个一般现在时的动词原型,最近的那个逻辑主语却是个单数,也要再往前找,直到找到复数名词为止...
归纳起来就是,代词可以跳跃指代,但必须遵守人物一致,指代一致,主谓一致等要求.当有上述条件限定的时候,代词的跳跃指代不会产生歧义.
只要是逻辑正确,没有歧义,语法无硬伤的句子就是好句子.
看一下紫草jj引用的几个特例
已放入正确选项)
OG119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business more than $100 billion a year.
这里which原本应该就近指代abuse,而且逻辑上似乎也说的通.(若不是看了本贴我一直就这么以为了)
但OG解释里面明确说:it is the effects of drug and alcohol abuse that already cost business the sum mentioned. 也就是说which指代的是effects.
为什么呢?线索就在cost.根据主句的时态,这里的cost也是一般现在时,也就是限制了which指代的必须是复数,于是排除了指代abuse的歧义.
有人可能要问为什么这里的cost不是过去分词?况且前面还有个already.
很明显如果是过去分词,这里少了have(has).其实already+一般现在时动词的情况很常见,不强调动作已完成,只表示动作已发生.体会一下I already do my homework.和I have already done my homework.
The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce
that occurred when they were children.
首先这里的that就近指代divorce,没有疑问.
其次,后面的they跳过了好多名词,指代的是young men and women.因为中间的effects和divorce都不是人,不会产生歧义.
OG 114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
这题其实不能算特例,with small...作为插入语不影响句子结构,因此which仍是就近指代canoe.
OG128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties.
这题也是根据主谓一致排除了指代fertilizer的可能.
OG127. In theory, international civil servants at the United Nations are prohibited from continuing to draw salaries from their own governments; in practice, however, some governments merely substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees
who have been assigned the United Nations.
这里更直观,who就近指代employees,满足主谓一致,逻辑上也没有问题.不可能跳跃去指代paychecks(薪水)
OG71. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions and then took turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
同上,whose不能指代funds,只能往前追溯到associations.
再看一个反例:OG128的D选项.
OG128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties
这里的that就近指代irrigation,主谓一致也没有问题,应该说语法上没有错误.但是如此一来逻辑上将application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation割裂了.换句话说,that was required by...逻辑上应该指代application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation,也就是说其实表语应该是were.
所以选项D的that逻辑上应该指代application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation,但形式上指代了irrigation,所以还是属于指代错误.
综上,代词指代问题其实是一个逻辑问题,先要根据句子意思判断指代的是什么,再看形式上有没有语法和歧义问题.
Thanks a lot!
指代也是我的痛！与LZ有同感！
非常感谢！
终于找到了~！！顶一下明天看呼呼
ford424 发表于 2005-4-2 09:55
好东西,顶!有句话送给所有在SC里面水深火热的同胞们吧：“语法错了，还有的搞，逻辑错了，就真的没的玩了。 ...
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